Styles of mesoscale brittle deformations associated with the Miocene folding of the Taishu Group,Tsushima, between the Japan Sea and East China Sea backarc basins

The Taishu Group is a folded, Eocene–Lower Miocene, thick sedimentary package exposed widely on Tsushima Island between the Japan Sea and East China Sea. This location makes the strata important to understand tectonics and paleo-environments in the Far East, but the timing of the folding is controversial. We studied the styles of brittle deformations of the strata. It was found that flextural-slip folds were dominant. Mesoscale faults were classified into two groups: NE–SW trending reverse faults and NW–SE trending strike-slip faults. Members of both the groups showed movements largely perpendicular to the fold axes. The latter group consisted of sinistral and dextral faults. Accordingly, we interpreted that they were transfer faults activated during the folding. Consequently, mesoscale faults and flexural-slip faults evidence the map-scale plane strain of the Taishu Group in the plane perpendicular to the NE-trending fold axes. There were few transpressional deformations in the group. This is inconsistent with the transpression hypothesis for explaining the simultaneous folding and Japan Sea opening. Another hypothesis in which the folds in Tsushima are regarded as an onshore part of the Taiwan-Shinji fold belt is inconsistent with the timing of folding suggested by mining geologists to be consistent with and contemporaneous with this deformation. On the other hand, we found that dolerite dikes and sills were involved in the folding. Therefore, we conclude that the folding began during the late Early Miocene time and climaxed during the ore mineralization at around 15 Ma. We suggest that the folding in Tsushima was the easternmost manifestation of the compressional regime around the Yellow Sea and East China Sea in the Early to early Middle Miocene, and that the compression was brought about by the arrival of the Philippine Sea plate to initiate buoyant subduction under Kyushu.     

Models of passive margin inversion: implications for the Rhenohercynian fold-and-thrust belt, Belgium and Germany

Positive tectonic inversion is related to the transmission of compressional stresses along a décollement into the foreland of an orogenic zone. This stress and strain concentration in regions remote from the main orogenic front is commonly related to the presence of pre-existing rheological heterogeneities such as normal syn-depositional faults. During inversion, these pre-existing normal faults are reactivated as reverse faults. Tectonic inversion in the Rhenohercynian fold-and-thrust belt during the Variscan Orogeny shows that inversion is likely synchronous with the onset of collision in the hinterland. Here, we present the results of a simplified thermo-mechanical model (STM) which allows one to study strain partitioning between two orogenic zones. We show that, if the two orogenic zones have the same mechanical properties, the viscosity of the décollement, which links them, controls the initial strain partitioning. During subsequent finite shortening, erosional processes determine the partitioning of strain rate. The presence of a weak structure in the inverted zone and of a low-viscosity décollement leads to initial strain concentration in the inverted track rather than in the collision zone and a progressive decrease in strain partitioning between the two orogenic zones. The STM results are in good agreement with results of a 2D finite-element model. We conclude that, in the western part of the Rhenohercynian Massif, simultaneous uplift and deformation within the Mid-German Crystalline Rise (the main collision zone) and the Ardenne Anticlinorium (the inverted zone) lead to interpreting this orogenic event as a case of vice tectonic rather than the propagation of a ‘wave of folding’ towards the Variscan front, as suggested by previous authors.     

羊屎沟铁岭组大理岩鞘褶皱的变形特征分析

在羊屎沟铁岭组大理岩上发现鞘褶皱垂直于最大主应变轴X轴和垂直于中间应变主轴Y轴的切面,并对其变形特征及形成机制进行了考察和分析,认为,鞘褶皱所反映的韧性剪切作用方向大致为SSE方向150°～160°,且晚于铁岭组大理岩的形成时间。     

阜平猴石顶太古界褶皱的岩石磁性组构

猴石顶太古界重褶皱位于阜平太古宙穹状复合褶皱群中一个钩状褶皱的“钩子”部位。其中一层斜长角闪岩标志层的岩石磁性组构的分布情况为:1.在翼部的磁化率量值椭球是压扁形的,磁性叶理面的方向与变质层面及片麻理的方向基本一致,表现为向北西倾斜的倒转褶皱;2.在太古宙再次变形阶段所形成的转折端部位,磁性叶理面的走向变化较大,并出现拉长形的磁化率量值椭球,反映了经受过拉张作用的变形和多于一次的不同方向应力的作用;3.西翼的磁性线理值与磁性叶理值以及磁化率各向异性度都大,反映它经受过较强的剪切应力与压应力的作用;4.磁性线理主要倾向北半球,而且部分磁性线理近南北方向分布。 推测猴石顶重褶皱可能处于向北倾伏的主体构造的东侧。 上述岩石磁性是由自行设计的静态测量方法,用国产的数字式无定向磁力仪测定的。     

Large‐scale folding in the Asemi‐gawa region of the Sanbagawa Belt,southwest Japan

The Sanbagawa Belt generally shows higher metamorphic grade at higher structural levels. This inversion can be interpreted as reflecting an original inverted thermal structure typical of subduction zone environments. However, repetitions in the distribution of the metamorphic zones seen in central Shikoku, Japan, clearly show the original thermal structure has been affected by deformation after the peak of metamorphism. This repetition has been attributed to both the action of tectonic discontinuities and regional folding. It is important to distinguish between these two interpretations to determine the extent to which the original subduction zone sequence is preserved. Analyses of lithological and structural data reveal the presence of a large‐scale post‐metamorphic fold in the central part of the highest grade region. This folding has an axis that coincides with the thermal axis implied by the distribution of the metamorphic zonation, suggesting the repetition of metamorphic zones in this area can be accounted for by folding without the need for major discontinuities.     

CEMP在鄂尔多斯西缘前陆盆地应用效果分析

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘前陆盆地属典型的黄土塬地貌,地表黄土切割剧烈,地下地质构造复杂。鉴于电磁阵列剖面(CEMP)法在山前带勘探的方法优势以及在西部多年的勘探成效,对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘及周边地区首次进行了CEMP勘探。实践证明,CEMP法勘探在黄土塬、复杂山区可以获得丰富、可信的地质成果,为查明盆山接触关系、目的层构造形态及预测油气有利区提供重要的依据。     

利用河流阶地限定活动逆断层相关褶皱晚第四纪变形机制和速率：方法与认识

发育在褶皱区的河流阶地作为一种发育广泛、易于定年的被动变形的地貌标志物,已越来越多地被应用到活动逆断层相关褶皱晚第四纪变形的研究中;结合前生长地层和生长地层,可限定褶皱缩短总量和变形起始时间等参数,恢复从开始生长至晚第四纪以来完整的生长演化历史。文中对正弦曲线状和尖棱状弯滑褶皱模型、经典断弯褶皱模型和纯剪切断顶褶皱模型进行了总结和讨论。这些模型的提出为限定褶皱变形提供了很好的方法,但不能完全概括自然界中的褶皱模型,这就需要更多的野外地质、数值模拟和实验模拟工作。     

利用河流阶地限定活动褶皱的类型和生长机制:运动学模型

与生长地层类似,在活动褶皱生长发育过程中形成的河流阶地堆积、阶地面与褶皱陡坎记录了褶皱发育的详细过程,其基本几何结构主要受控于下伏褶皱生长的机制与类型。文中讨论了简单膝折带迁移(恒定翼间角)生长断弯褶皱与断展褶皱、翼旋转(恒定翼长)滑脱褶皱、膝折带迁移滑脱褶皱、膝折带迁移-翼旋转联合作用以及弧形弯曲枢纽膝折带迁移褶皱作用下河流阶地的几何结构以及阶地面与下伏基座岩层间的角度关系,提出了这几类褶皱生长与河流阶地相互关系的运动学模型,同时考虑了河流加积和下切侵蚀作用对河流阶地最终几何结构的影响。在这些模型中,变形河流阶地和褶皱陡坎的基本几何结构既具有相似之处,也有截然不同之处。因此,通过对河流阶地和褶皱陡坎的细致填图、测量和测年,不仅可推断其下伏活动褶皱的生长变形机制,而且可以估算褶皱的隆升速率和控制褶皱生长的断层的滑动速率     

扬子褶皱带侏罗纪砂岩古地磁及其褶皱带弧形弯曲的成因

为了更好地认识上扬子褶皱带和中扬子褶皱带走向差异的机制,我们对中、上扬子褶皱带过渡的关键地区重庆市万州和云阳两个地区的中、晚侏罗世砂岩进行了古地磁研究.逐步热退磁分离出两个组分,低温组分（LTC）在所有样品中均分离出来,为现代地磁场的重磁化;中侏罗世样品和万州地区的晚侏罗世样品分离出来的高温组分（HTC）也为现代地磁场的重磁化.云阳地区晚侏罗世样品分离出来的高温组分通过逐步展平褶皱检验显示：在褶皱展平至33.8%时,精度参数达到最大,相应的古地磁方向为D=19.1°,I=48.9°（α₉₅= 6.3°）,古地磁极为73.5°N,198.2°E（dp=5.5°, dm=8.3°）,与白垩纪参考古地磁极对比,此高温组分揭示云阳地区在褶皱变形的后期经历了7.7°±6.1°的顺时针旋转.结合前人的数据,我们认为中扬子褶皱带普遍存在弯山构造（orocline）,这可能与华北板块向华南板块的挤入作用有关;但是中、上扬子褶皱带过渡地区的弧形弯曲总体上不是由弯山构造形成的,很可能是在太平洋板块向北西方向俯冲的宏观板块构造背景下的应变分异作用形成的.     

新疆南天山亚肯背斜晚更新世以来的隆起和缩短

野外考察见到亚肯背斜区发育 3级主要地貌面 ,在第 2级和第 1级地貌面 (冲洪积扇 )之下采集了堆积物的热释光样品 ,测年结果分别为距今 3 96～ 4 36万年和 0 78万年 ,区域地貌对比研究认为 ,第 2级地貌面被废弃的时代为距今 4万年至 1 2～ 1 3万年 ,第 1级地貌面被废弃的时代为距今 0 78万年之后。横跨背斜不同部位地貌面的地形剖面表明 ,第 2级地貌面形成以来褶皱隆起高度达 6 0m ,第 1级地貌面褶皱隆起高度为 2 0m。地震反射剖面显示 ,亚肯背斜区滑脱面深度约7km ,由平衡地质剖面法得到第 2和第 1级地貌面形成以来褶皱的缩短量分别为 4 7m和 17 9m。第 2级地貌面形成以来褶皱的隆起和缩短速率分别为 1 5～ 5mm/a和 1 2～ 3 9mm/a,第 1级地貌面形成以来褶皱隆起和缩短速率分别为 2 5 6mm/a和 2 2 9mm/a     

高密度资料面元细分与速度分析关系研究

速度分析是地震资料处理的重要环节,制作准确的速度谱,可为动校正提供可靠的速度资料,并最终决定叠加资料的质量.本文在对速度分析的基本估算方法和应用要素做系统的概括总结后,对面元细分与速度分析关系进行了详细的理论研究和实际资料的检验.理论模型数据和胜利油田永新工区高密度实际资料处理表明,面元细分对速度谱的主要影响是覆盖次数,覆盖次数较低时,要准确获知速度较难;覆盖次数增大,速度谱变好,但其精度并不按覆盖次数线性增大.要实现高密度资料分辨率品质的提高,必须提高检波器接收精度.     

吐鲁番盆地地震地质初步研究

吐鲁番盆地是海西期褶皱基底上发生、发展起来的沉积盆地．晚新生代以来，盆地演化为单侧冲断推覆型压性盆地。盆地本世纪内地震活动水平整体上是较低的，但区内断裂、褶皱活动自晚更新世晚期以来就一直进行着。盆地中央断裂带经开挖研究认为，全新世以来有３次古地震活动事件，其大震复现间隔为３０００年左右．由于最后一次大震发生距今已有约２５００年，所以盆地中央潜在大震的危险。     

A method of estimating the stress exponent in the flow law for rocks using fold shape

On the basis of experiment and theory, we expect rocks to deform in a linear fashion when diffusive processes control deformation, and nonlinearly in most other situations. The geometric characteristics of buckle folds in layered materials are dependent on rheological parameters, and in particular depend strongly on the stress exponent,n _L , of the stiff layers involved. Thus, information about the deformation rocks have undergone and their rheological state during deformation can be obtained by studying fold shapes and strain distributions. This is important because there is uncertainty in extrapolating laboratory-derived flow laws to the very slow natural strain rates and large strains found in nature.We have studied the development of buckle folds in linear and nonlinear materials using finite-element modeling, and interpolated the numerical results to construct plots relating several geometric parameters to variations in power-law exponent,n _L , and viscosity ratio,m, of layer to matrix. Such plots allow for a comparison of the results of numerical models with data for many natural and experimentally-produced folds, and there is consistency among the data for folds produced in physical models, using both linear and nonlinear materials and the numerical simulations. data for folds from the Appalachian Mountains, the Alps and elsewhere, however, suggest high values ofn _L in the flow laws for a number of rock types. The unexpectedly high estimates ofn _L suggest that other factors, such as strain softening or anisotropy, may influence fold shape, and thus complicate the estimation of the rheological properties of rocks.     

Geodetic and geological evidence of active tectonics in south-western Sicily (Italy)

Integrated geological, geodetic and marine geophysical data provide evidence of active deformation in south-western Sicily, in an area spatially coincident with the macroseismic zone of the destructive 1968 Belice earthquake sequence. Even though the sequence represents the strongest seismic event recorded in Western Sicily in historical times, focal solutions provided by different authors are inconclusive on possible faulting mechanism, which ranges from thrusting to transpression, and the seismogenic source is still undefined. Interferometric (DInSAR) observations reveal a differential ground motion on a SW–NE alignment between Campobello di Mazara and Castelvetrano (CCA), located just west of the maximum macroseismic sector. In addition, new GPS campaign-mode data acquired across the CCA alignment documents NW–SE contractional strain accumulation. Morphostructural analysis allowed to associate the alignment detected through geodetic measurements with a topographic offset of Pleistocene marine sediments. The on-land data were complemented by new high-resolution marine geophysical surveys, which indicate recent contraction on the offshore extension of the CCA alignment. The discovery of archaeological remains displaced by a thrust fault associated with the alignment provided the first likely surface evidence of coseismic and/or aseismic deformation related to a seismogenic source in the area. Results of the integrated study supports the contention that oblique thrusting and folding in response to NW–SE oriented contraction is still active. Although we are not able to associate the CCA alignment to the 1968 seismic sequence or to the historical earthquakes that destroyed the ancient Greek city of Selinunte, located on the nearby coastline, our result must be incorporated in the seismic hazard evaluation of this densely populated area of Sicily.     

四川盆地的地震地质特征

四川盆地是我国具有代表性的中新生代沉积盆地,喜马拉雅运动使之发生褶皱变形。野外观察和深部探测资料表明,褶皱及与之相伴的断裂通常在3～5千米的深度上消失,为典型的浅层构造。上下层位构造形态的不协调现象是沿软弱层位发生滑脱作用的结果。盆地内的地震活动性比四川西部活动构造区明显减弱,仅有的几个中强地震震例表明,它们具有震源浅、震级低,烈度高且震中位置与背斜构造关系密切的特点。本文旨在通过盆地内盖层滑动及其与盖层沼皱、断裂的成因机制的讨论,探索导致盆地内地震活动特殊现象的原因。并预测盆地内未来地震的可能强度。     

新疆及其毗邻地区地震层析成像

利用新疆地震台网及其毗邻地区的国外地震台站提供的地震Ｐ波到时数据，重建了新疆及其毗邻地区地壳上地幔的三维速度图像．主要结果是：１．研究区地壳上地幔的地震波速度存在明显的横向不均匀性．这种不均匀性出现在不同构造单元之间，也出现在各构造单元之内．２．一般来说，研究区域内盆地是上地幔的隆起区，褶皱系是上地幔的坳陷区．３．岩石层厚度和软流层的深度与全球的平均结果有较大不同．４．海洋岩石层或大陆岩石层板块在兴都库什和克什米尔与中国交界地区的消减明显存在．５．地壳上地幔物质运动比较剧烈，有部分熔融物质上涌到地壳中部或更浅的深度．     

荷载对钻孔应变测值影响的实验及力学解析

介绍了弦频钻孔应变仪和体积式应变仪二次地表荷载试验的结果。根据弹性力学的理论和方法,对钻孔地壳应变测量及荷载试验的力学模型、边界条件等予以简化,使得经典的集中力作用于半无限弹性体表面的布辛奈斯克(Boussinesq)解,可有条件地运用于钻孔应变测量中地表荷载变化问题的定量分析研究。所给出的实验方法、研究思路及计算方法等,对定量研究钻孔应变测量中的荷载干扰、研究岩石力学性质、制定台站钻孔应变观测技术标准及观测规范等具有一定意义。     

Is the Fisher Distribution Additive?

The Probability Density Function (PDF) of the Fisher distribution is expressed by the expansion in spherical harmonics in order to prove that the product of two Fisher-distributed random rotations has a distribution of different type, which, however, may be well approximated by the Fisher one. The introduced formalism provides the pattern of how to cope with various types of the distribution on the sphere being combined as rotations.     

褶皱陡坎中相关断层在缩短量计算中的作用——以东秋里塔格背斜为例

通过对东秋里塔格背斜地区内与褶皱陡坎伴生的次级断层进行的地质调查,确定了该次级断层属于伸出向斜的逆冲断层,也给出了次级断层的发生时间晚于褶皱作用起始时间的1个变形实例。褶皱陡坎中发育的次级断层使得陡坎上盘地层沿断层面整体向上迁移,不仅次级断层使得阶地面发生掀斜并增大褶皱陡坎的坡度,而且直接影响了区域缩短增量计算的真实性。计算结果显示,当不考虑次级断层对褶皱陡坎高度的影响时,计算所得缩短增量为51.42m,考虑次级断层对褶皱陡坎高度的影响时,计算得到的地壳缩短量为45.23m。二者相差6.19m,偏差占总缩短增量的13.7%,是一个不可忽视的量值。东秋里塔格背斜北翼和南翼的褶皱陡坎发育于相同岩性的基岩中而且具有相同的形成机制。但是背斜北翼在水平距离不足300m的范围内发育了3级褶皱陡坎,这表明北翼相对于南翼,其活动枢纽带更为紧闭。这是由于北翼存在更加强烈的挤压应力及更加快速的隆升作用。因此,次级断层的研究对于正确认识区域构造演化、了解褶皱与断层相互作用关系具有重要意义。但是仍存在很多问题:1)受观察剖面范围有限、次级断层分布不连续和断距沿延伸方向不断增大等因素的制约,次级断层对缩短增量造成的影响可能被低估,计算结果应为缩短量的最小值。2)次级断层增加的陡坎高度与断层的断距、倾角具有怎样的定量关系?3)若次级断层只发育于活动枢纽带内,又会产生怎样的影响?这些问题还需更多的研究实例来进行更加深入的研究。     

渗流作用下岩溶陷落柱侧壁突水的临界水压解析解

在陷落柱侧壁突水研究中引入厚壁筒力学模型,将陷落柱侧壁煤柱视为多孔介质,考虑地下水的渗流体积力,应用摩尔库伦强度理论和弹塑性力学模型,推导出煤柱弹塑性状态应力解析式,以及煤柱内塑性区半径与水压力的关系表达式,同时编程试算出陷落柱侧壁突水的临界水压力。在此基础上,分析了煤柱孔隙率、煤柱抗剪强度参数以及煤柱宽度等因素对陷落柱侧壁突水的临界水压力的影响规律。研究结果表明：1煤柱能够承受的临界水压随着煤柱孔隙率的增加而降低,故当煤柱裂隙发育时,不考虑渗流力的结果将偏于安全;2煤柱宽度越大、抗剪强度越高,则临界水压越大,陷落柱侧壁突水的危险性越低;3可通过注入水泥浆液减小煤柱孔隙率和提高煤柱强度来防止陷落柱侧壁突水,同时可减少煤柱的留设宽度,对减少煤炭损失有着重要意义。