浅谈复杂地层科学钻探理念

随着地质找矿方向转向“攻深找盲”,钻探工程施工难度也节节攀升;未来钻孔多以深孔、斜孔为主,面临的地层情况也将越来越复杂,只有坚持科技钻探理念、做好科技钻探理念传承、加强钻探科技发展和更新、做好系统化、标准化、档案化的科学管理,才能为钻探企业注入新的活力,使其能在新的地勘形势下获得更强的生命力。     

面块切片在三维地震资料解释中的应用

目前的三维地震资料解释方法仍停留在二维解释的基础上。面块切片解释改变了传统的解释方法，利用了更多的三维信息，比较充分地发挥了三维数据体的三维立体优势，使解释过程更直观、更清楚，提高了解释精度和速度。     

高精度分频相干加强技术在微小断层识别中的应用

随着致密油、页岩气等非常规能源领域勘探程度的加深,特别是水平井位的大规模部署,微小断层的准确识别比以往更加重要。本文利用扩散滤波技术在压制噪声的同时能够增强地震同相轴横向连续性、使断点更加清晰、以及微小断层在窄频带地震数据中断层特征明显的特点,提出了一种基于高精度快速匹配追踪的分频相干加强微小断层识别方法。与常规短时窗傅氏变换谱分解技术相比,基于匹配追踪的谱分解技术更适用于地震信号非平稳性的特点。为了在保证匹配追踪算法计算高效性的同时进一步提高计算精度,对其进行了相应的改进：采用可变尺度参数的Morlet小波构建时频原子库,利用二阶微分复数道分析技术得到高分辨率三瞬参数,最后给出了具体的实现步骤。实际数据应用表明,与常规相干体技术相比,分频相干加强技术对微小断层的反映更为清晰、准确,而且对河道边界和岩性发育区等地质信息也有更好的反映。这不但为非常规勘探（以水平井钻探及大规模压裂为核心技术）提供了更详细的地质信息,而且在高含水老油田的剩余油开发中也将发挥更大的作用。     

The adoption of agroecology and conventional farming techniques varies with socio-demographic characteristics of small-scale farmers in the Fako and Meme divisions of Cameroon

This study verifies how the adoption of agroecology and conventional farming techniques varies among different socio-economic characteristics. Data acquisition involved the administering of 200 questionnaires and the organization of two focus group discussions (FGDs). The data collected were analysed using: frequencies, means, probabilities, odds and odd ratios. The FGDs were analysed using context analysis. The analyses were performed in SPSS version 20 and Wordstat 7. The results reveal that older respondents tend to adopt conventional farming techniques more than other categories due mainly to inertia or the inability to adapt to changes and their limited propensity to adopt agroecology techniques. Farmers with fewer years of farming experience are more open to agroecology related techniques due to higher inertia while those with more years of farming experience converge with older farmers who tend to prefer conventional farming. The higher the level of income, the more frequent the use of agroecology techniques. Families with more members who live and work on the farm are more open to agroecology; however, there is a limit beyond which the more the number of family members who live and work on the farm, the less the probability of adopting agroecology techniques. The higher the level of education, the greater the propensity to adopt and experiment with agroecology.     

三维自由表面多次波去除方法

多次波去除是地震数据处理与解释中的关键性问题,其去除结果直接影响地震数据的处理质量。笔者论述的自由表面多次波压制（SRME）是一种数据驱动理念,在不需任何地下信息和假设的情况下,利用地震数据的自身迭代就可以达到预测多次波的目的,并且相较于一些传统方法预测更加准确。面对越来越多的三维海洋地震采集,二维SRME方法暴露出其算法对三维构造的估计不足,所以有必要将SRME从二维向三维扩展。三维SRME相较于传统的二维SRME在考虑多次波贡献方面表现得更加全面,有效地计算地下每一处的多次波贡献,可以给出更准确的多次波预测。建立了三维倾斜层状速度模型,模拟含多次波的地震数据,利用3D SRME技术进行多次波预测,对比了2D SRME与3D SRME对三维地震数据的多次波预测结果,发现3D SRME的预测结果与理论多次波位置吻合;最后利用最小平方匹配减去法,实现了地震数据中多次波的去除,有效地压制了多次波信息。     

城市中心工程地质复杂地区基坑支护

本文以紧邻地铁站及鲁迅故居的北京市第三十五中学基坑工程为例,介绍工程地质条件复杂地区,基坑支护方案及施工安全措施。     

March 1990 Hailstorm Damage in Sydney,Australia

On 18 March 1990, an intense hailstorm in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia caused insured damage valued at A$million – the third most expensive loss event in Australian insurance history.While damage was widespread with claims for buildings spread across more than 130 postcodes, 20% of the claims came from just two postcodes. The proportion of dwellings of brick construction that made a claim was significantly less than the proportion of policies for this type of construction. Fibro (fibre-cement), timber and aluminium-clad dwellings are more likely to sustain damage than brick buildings in this type of storm.Hail caused the majority of damage to exterior building items while water damage more commonly affected interior building items and contents. While the repair of Interior building items such as ceilings and walls cost more than contents damage on average, the repair/replacement costs of contents contributed more to the total costs. Damage to window glass and roofs together made up more than 50% of the total claim.     

静压法施工预应力混凝土管桩的质量管理

预应力混凝土管桩采用静压法施工越来越普遍,其施工质量问题也倍受关注,现对其质量管理问题作本文谈论。     

技术方法的进步与地球科学的发展

地球科学作为自然科学的一大门类,其发展速度十分惊人。地球科学的迅速发展一方面反映了人类生产的发展对资源和环境方面愈来愈高的要求,一方面得益于科学技术的普遍发展为地球科学研究提供的越来越有利的条件。关于技术方法对地球科学研究的推动作用,人们早有认识,而现在更为深刻。当今对地球科学研究影响最大的关键技术,包括空间技术,深部探测技术,高新分析测试技术和数据综合分析技术,均来源于现代科学技术的最新发展。为了推动地球科学研究,不但要注意引进各种高新技术,还要注意将这些技术与地学研究相结合,发展和创造适合于地学研究的高新技术,并善于综合应用它们,使它们在地学研究中发挥最有效的作用。     

漫谈数据仓库技术在地勘行业内矿产资源信息共享的应用前景

将冶金地质系统50年来积累的地矿资源数据集中起来，便于管理和合理使用有用信息，建立矿产资源数据仓库是很重要的一种手段，数据仓库技术能将集成的数据置入多维空间，供地质人员从不同工作视角获取信息，综合分析数据，以指导找矿工作，在此，简要介绍了如何建立矿产资源数据仓库的过程。     

Accelerated Exhumation During the Cenozoic in the Dabie Mountains: Evidence from Fission-Track Ages

Zircon and apatite fission-track dating indicates that the exhumation of the Dabie Mountains tended to be accelerated in the Cenozoic and that the exhumation of the eastern Dabie Mountains was more and more intense from south to north, which is in accordance with the more and more intense dissection from south to north, as is reflected by the modern geomorphologic features of the Dabie Mountains. The accelerated exhumation during the Cenozoic was related to the high elevation of the Dabie Mountains resulting from Late Cretaceous-Palaeogene detachment faulting and subsequent fault-block uplift and subsidence. The average elevation at that time was at least about 660 m higher than that at the present. The intense exhumation lagged behind intense uplift.     

川鄂湘边区褶皱构造样式及其成因机制分析

川鄂湘边区从西向东由隔槽式褶皱向隔档式褶皱的变化反映在深部构造样式上 ,其卷入的构造层次逐渐变深 ,至湘西带已由侏罗山式薄皮构造转为基底卷入式的厚皮构造 ,构造样式也更趋复杂 ;但由地表向下构造样式却普遍表现为由复杂向简单的变化。平衡剖面分析揭示了上述规律性。区域构造分析表明 ,上述构造是燕山期由南东向北西不断推进的挤压力作用的结果。     

MT方法对一维地质体探测能力的研究

用MT方法对一维地质体的探测能力进行研究。结果表明 ,在合适条件下MT方法的探测深度可达几千公里。但具体探测深度与异常体的电性、规模、围岩电性有关。一般来说 ,异常体规模越大 ,可探测深度越大 ;异常体与围岩的电性差越大 ,可探测深度越大     

Radon reduction in homes constructed on saprolite in the Central Appalachians

 A 3-year study of indoor radon in more than 1000 homes in northern Virginia and southern Maryland was conducted using 3-month exposure alpha-track monitors. In a study set of 200 homes, first-floor indoor radon concentrations, which most closely approximates home exposure levels, averaged slightly more than 3 pCi/l. In a study set of 100 homes, sub-slab ventilation was used to reduce indoor radon concentrations. Interest in remediation was related to public perception of the hazardous nature of radon; people living in homes with indoor radon measurements of more than 4 pCi/l were more likely to participate in the remediation phase of the project. Sub-slab ventilation was successful in more than 90% of the homes in reducing indoor radon from concentrations as high as 30 pCi/ to less than 4 pCi/l, at least for the entire year of post-remediation radon measurements. Received: 29 February 1996 · Accepted: 29 May 1996     

我国地下水污染分析

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,在国民经济发展中起着举足轻重的作用。随着社会和经济的发展,对地下水的依赖越来越强,不仅数量上的需求增加,而且对质量的追求亦越来越高。然而由于人类对生产生活中所产生的固体、气体和液体废物的处置不当,从不同途径对地下水环境造成的污染越来越严重,有的已对人的正常生存造成很大的威胁。地下水污染源分为：天然污染源和人为污染源,而人为污染源可分为工业、农业、生活、矿业等污染源,除了少部分气体、液体污染物可直接通过岩石空隙进入地下水,大部分污染物会随补给地下水的水源一道进入地下水中。地下水一旦遭到污染,要治理是需付出巨大代价的。全社会应关注地下水管理,要预防为主、防治结合,加强地下水保护。要强化政策、法制和管理手段,发挥经济杠杆作用,特别严格限制重污染项目建设,要实现工业废水的就地处理,达标排放,逐步实现污水资源化。根据目前地下水出现的较多问题,加强地下水资源的质量管理,保护环境刻不容缓。全社会都应珍惜、爱惜地下水,实现水资源的可持续利用,支持国民经济的可持续发展。     

中西园林设计语言比较——建筑、水体

中国园林与西方园林由于思想文化的差异在园林设计语言上形成了不同的风格,这种差异在古典园林中表现得更为明显。在现代园林中,由于国际化进程的加快在园林设计语言风格上的差异日趋减少,不能再用某一固定定义得到完全的划分,取而代之的是设计上个性化、多样化的艺术形式的产生,丰富着园林的设计语言。本文通过对中西古典园林在建筑、水体等方面设计语言运用上的比较,以及现代园林中设计语言多样化的分析,目的在于丰富和深化园林设计语言,创作更加优秀的园林艺术作品。     

钦州湾海底沉积物Hg元素分布及其影响分析

钦州湾是广西最大的海湾,有丰富的港口资源,是广西海洋产业发展主要支柱区域之一.近年来的开发建设活动,加强了人为地质作用,地质环境问题越来越复杂,发展给环境带来了越来越大的压力.2006-2010年,中国地质调查局广州海洋地质调查局在北部湾广西沿海执行"北部湾广西近岸海洋地质环境与地质灾害调查"项目,对研究区进行了地质环境及人类活动影响的调查研究.论文根据海底表层沉积物和柱状样品测试资料,分析了钦州湾海底沉积物中有害元素Hg的平面分布和垂向分布特征,表明Hg污染主要来自于船舶影响.钦州湾口门内的Hg污染小于口门外,向外海则污染逐渐降低;Hg含量愈近海底,其值愈高.通过分析,认为Hg值在海底70 cm以下趋于稳定,确认约700年前开始,钦州湾受人类活动影响增加;约130年前,人类活动影响加剧.总体上,Hg测量值均低于标准值,说明钦州湾环境目前尚好.但环境已受到经济发展的影响.因此,必须加大保护环境的力度,防止污染程度加深.     

Conditioned duality between supercontinental 'assembly' and 'breakup' LIPs

A compilation of 178 more precise ages on 10 potential Large Igneous Provinces(LIPs) across southern Africa,is compared to Earth's supercontinental cycles,where 5 more prominent LIP-events all formed during the assembly of supercontinents,rather than during breakup.This temporal bias is confirmed by a focused review of field relationships,where these syn-assembly LIPs formed behind active continental arcs;whereas,the remaining postassembly-and likely breakup-related-LIPs never share such associations.Exploring the possibility of two radically different LIP-types,only the two younger breakup events(the Karoo LIP and Gannakouriep Suite) produced basalts with more enriched asthenospheric OIB-signatures;whereas,all assembly LIPs produced basalts with stronger lithospheric,as well as more or less primitive asthenospheric,signatures.A counterintuitive observation of Precambrian breakup LIPs outcropping as smaller fragments that are more peripherally located along craton margins,compared to assembly LIPs as well as the Phanerozoic Karoo breakup LIP,is explained by different preservation potentials during subsequent supercontinental cycles.Thus,further accentuating radical differences between(1) breakup LIPs,preferentially intruding along what evolves to become volcanic rifted margins that are more susceptible to deformation within subsequent orogens,and(2) assembly LIPs,typically emplaced along backarc rifts within more protected cratonic interiors.A conditioned duality is proposed,where assembly LIPs are primarily sustained by thermal blanketing(as well as local arc hydration and rifting) below assembling supercontinents and breakup LIPs more typically form above impinging mantle plumes.Such a duality is further related to an overall dynamic Earth model whereby predominantly supercontinent-orientated ocean lithospheric subduction establishes/revitalizes large low shear velocity provinces(LLSVPs) during assembly LIP-activity,and heating of such LLSVPs by the Earth's core subsequently leads to a derivation of mantle plumes during supercontinental breakup.     

城市化进程中的环境地质问题

该文针对当今城市建设中引发的越来越多环境地质问题及其成因机制开展一些前瞻生的基础性研究,结合具体实际就目前城市建设中存在的环境地质问题中几个较为突出的方面进行初步探讨.     

薄覆盖层隐伏断裂的纵横波联合探测

在薄覆盖层区域应用浅层纵波方法进行断裂探测往往仅能获取基岩顶面的反射波,难以精确判断隐伏断裂的位置及埋深.本文首先应用浅层纵波反射获取断裂的大致位置及埋深;然后应用超浅层横波反射进行位置确认及浅部断裂信息的补充完善.通过联合探测实现了对断裂平面位置上更可靠的定位,获得了断裂从浅层到超浅层不同深度范围更为丰富的构造特征信...