Frictional sliding of gabbro gouge under hydrothermal conditions

We investigated the frictional sliding behaviour of gabbro gouge under hydrothermal conditions. Experiments were performed on 1-mm-thick gabbro gouge sandwiched between country rock pieces (with gouge inclined 35° to the sample axis) in a triaxial testing system with argon gas as the confining medium. In the first series, experiments were conducted under effective normal stresses of 200 MPa and 300 MPa respectively, with pore pressure of 10 MPa. For temperature over 400 °C, pore pressure of 30 MPa was also applied to implement supercritical water conditions. At temperatures up to 615 °C, slip rate steps ranging from 0.0488 μm/s to 1.22 μm/s were applied to obtain the rate dependence of friction.At 200 MPa effective normal stress and a pore pressure of 10 MPa, the steady state rate dependence a–b shows velocity-weakening behaviour for temperatures between  200 and  310 °C. The higher temperature limit for velocity-weakening behaviour to occur extends up to  510 °C under supercritical water conditions with a pore pressure of 30 MPa. For the limited sliding distance in our experiments, only velocity-strengthening behaviour occurred at 300 MPa effective normal stress. Considering the limited displacement (< 3.5 mm), velocity-weakening behaviour may not be excluded in the high effective normal stress case for temperature below  510 °C.The coefficient of friction shows an increasing trend with increasing temperature in the low temperature range. The cut-off temperatures for the increasing trend are  250 °C and  440 °C, respectively for the 200 MPa and 300 MPa effective normal stress cases. Above the cut-off temperatures, the coefficient of friction at 1.83 mm permanent displacement varies around an average of 0.73, which is identical to the average for the oven-dried case [He, C., Yao, W., Wang, Z., Zhou, Y., 2006. Strength and stability of frictional sliding of gabbro gouge at elevated temperatures. Tectonophysics 427, 217–229, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.05.023]. Together with the small value of rate dependence (a–b < 0.0073) for the whole temperature range, these results indicate the absence of fluid-assisted creep.With the result of our experiments as a constraint on strength of frictional sliding, comparison between converted strength for strike–slip faults and creep strength of gabbro-like rocks implies fracturing and faulting behaviours in the lower crust of a cool area (Zhangbei) in North China.     

土工结构地震滑动位移统计分析

土工结构在地震荷载下的滑动位移是评估结构安全性能的重要参数。采用一种新型的地震波选择方法,在强震数据库中选择修改地震波,以有效地在结构动力分析中引入不同特征地震波的影响。通过一个简单的土工结构地震滑移模型,系统地分析了结构基本周期和滑动面屈服系数对地震滑移概率及相应滑移距离的影响,并提出了滑动体在不同地震场景和基本周期条件下的滑移概率和累积滑动位移的统计模型,对基于性能的土工结构抗震设计具有重要的参考意义。     

地震过程中斜坡滑动破坏实验分析

为了研究地震引起的斜坡滑动破坏规律及其位移、应变的变化规律,利用数字散斑相关方法(DSCM),对主要受水平方向地震动荷载作用下的斜坡进行了实验模拟。结果表明,斜坡的破坏首先从模型底部弱面位置开始,沿弱面逐渐扩展,最终破坏;斜坡所含弱面的深度,对破坏过程有重要的影响。     

Investigation of permanent displacements of near-fault seismic slopes by a general sliding block model

Landslides - A general sliding block model for calculating permanent displacement of slope is presented. Ground shaking can be applied to base or block in a direction horizontal or parallel to the...     

Surface displacements in Japan before the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake

Daily resolution data retrieved from the 1243 ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in Japan are utilized to expose surface displacements before the destructive M9 Tohoku-Oki earthquake (March 11, 2011). Variations in the residual GPS data, in which effects of the long-term plate movements, short-term noise and frequency-dependent variations have been removed through a band-pass filter via the Hilbert–Huang transform, are compared with parameters of the focal mechanism associated with the Tohoku-Oki earthquake for validation. Analytical results show that the southward movements, which were deduced from the residual displacements and agree with the strike of the rupture fault, became evident on the 65th day before the Tohoku-Oki earthquake. This observation suggests that the shear stress played an important role in the seismic incubation period. The westward movements, which are consistent with the angle of the maximum horizontal compressive stress, covered entire Japan and formed an impeded area (142°E, 42°N) about 75 km away from the epicenter on the 47th day prior to the earthquake. The horizontal displacements integrated with the vertical movements from the residual GPS data are very useful to construct comprehensive images in diagnosing the surface deformation from destructive earthquakes along the subduction zone.     

金江滑坡地震工况稳定分析与探讨

现阶段滑坡稳定计算大多采用拟静力方法中的极限平衡法,也是现行规范中推荐采用的计算方法.对于大多数滑坡持久工况和短暂工况该方法计算结果与地质理论评价结果基本一致,但对地震工况下的多数计算结果则与实际地质分析结果相差甚远.金江滑坡是白鹤滩水电站近坝区的一个巨型滑坡,在对该滑坡进行极限平衡法分析计算时,首先根据《水工建筑物抗震设计规范》(DL5073-2000)土石坝抗震稳定计算中对地震效应的处理方法,计算出滑坡体不同高度上的动态分布系数及相应高度上的水平向地震力和动态分布系数等效值,进而求解出地震力作用于整个滑坡体上的水平加速度折减值,然后再利用该水平加速度折减值进行稳定性计算.结果表明:在地震工况下金江滑坡整体稳定,稳定性系数为1.23~1.45,与实际地质理论分析结果具有较高的一致性,避免了完全按拟静力法计算结果与地质理论分析结果不符的问题出现.     

海底缓坡场地地震侧移数值分析方法

地震动使海底倾斜土层软化、液化并产生永久变形和位移。基于有限元理论,提出一种海底缓坡场地地震引起水平侧移的数值计算方法,将波浪荷载简化为恒定压力荷载和初始孔压,采用二维有效应力动力有限元分析方法进行液化分析,同时由模量软化理论得到土层在地震动各时段的模量,通过非线性静力方法计算软化、液化引起的水平侧移。由算例分析了土层坡度、液化层及上覆非液化层厚度、波浪荷载等因素对侧移的影响,通过对比分析表明了该方法的有效性,可为近海工程场地地震地质灾害评价提供参考数据。     

Centrifuge model test study on pile reinforcement behavior of cohesive soil slopes under earthquake conditions

In this study, dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the dynamic response of cohesive soil slopes with the use of stabilizing piles during an earthquake. The behavior of the pile reinforcement was analyzed based on the obtained deformation over the entire slope through image-based measurement, and the behavior of the slope was compared to that of an unreinforced slope. The piles significantly increased the stability of the slope and reduced its deformation during an earthquake. The bending moment of the piles exhibited a nearly triangular distribution due to the earthquake. The acceleration response of the slope increased with increasing elevation, and the displacement accumulated apparently irreversibly over the course of the earthquake. The piles significantly affected the deformation of the slope in a certain area, the boundary of which was defined using a continuous surface. A strain analysis of the slope demonstrated that the piles had a significant effect on the reduction in the deformation of the slope in their vicinities, and this effect expanded upward along the slope and arrested the possible slip surface that would have occurred in an unreinforced slope. Several influencing factors were simulated in the tests, and observation of these factors demonstrated that the dynamic response of the pile-reinforced slope was affected by the pile spacing, pile location, slope gradient, and input earthquake to varying extent.     

岩溶塌陷型水库地震的形成条件分析

目前,在我国发生岩溶塌陷型水库地震的震例已有10余座,震级不大,但对库区居民影响较深,个别地方还造成房屋的轻微破坏.本文通过对塌陷型水库地震的特点、岩溶发育的规律、影响岩溶发育的因素进行分析,归纳出不同的岩溶发育阶段与水库地震的关系.并结合多年实际工作经验,总结出根据岩体性状和空间展布、岩溶水文地质及岩溶管道系统与库水的关系等评价岩溶塌陷型水库地震的可能性、可能地点及震级上限的方法.     

Retrieving three-dimensional coseismic displacements of the 2008 Gaize,Tibet earthquake from multi-path interferometric phase analysis

In this paper, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from ENVISAT ASAR ascending, descending and ALOS PALSAR ascending orbits are collected to investigate the coseismic displacements of the Mw 6.4 earthquake occurred in Gaize, Tibet on January 9, 2008 and the Mw 5.9 aftershock on January 16, 2008. Two interferometric phase analysis techniques, i.e., D-InSAR and multi-aperture InSAR, are employed to process the SAR data, with which the displacement measurements along three different line-of-sight (LOS) and three different azimuth directions are retrieved, respectively. Complete three-dimensional (3-D) coseismic displacement fields caused by the earthquake are then resolved by integrating the obtained LOS and azimuth displacement measurements with a weighted least squares adjustment, whose distributions are conformed to the two north-northeast trending northwest-dipping normal faults detected in previous studies. Ground subsidence and uplift are observed in the hanging wall and footwall of the main fault, respectively, and the subsidence reaches its maximum in the hanging wall of the second fault as a superimposed result of the Gaize earthquake and its aftershock. Anti-symmetric horizontal movements are also detected during the seismic events, which move inward in the focal region, but outward at the marginal. The left-lateral motions near the main fault indicate a small striking slip component caused by the Gaize earthquake. Finally, we discuss the potential of applying the derived spatially continuous 3-D displacement fields to determine the high-resolution 3-D strain fields of the Gaize earthquake, which provide important knowledge for assessing the source mechanism.     

降雨入渗时无限边坡的水平位移与稳定性分析

采用Mohr-Coulomb强度理论,对下有不透水层的无限边坡进行了弹塑性分析,探讨了降雨过程中坡面水平位移的变化规律,分析了边坡安全系数和滑坡前坡面水平位移的关系。数值分析表明,土坡的抗剪强度参数、初始应力状态和降雨强度对边坡的安全系数和水平位移都有很大影响,但初始应力状态对滑坡发生的时间没有影响,对于具有较小抗剪强度参数的边坡,如果降雨强度较大,则滑坡时的水平位移较小。     

Modelling of sand behaviour under earthquake excitation

In this paper, liquefaction potential of loose sand deposit subjected to an earthquake loading is evaluated. The analysis is performed by using a finite element technique incorporating the equations of dynamics of saturated porous elastoplastic media. The soil response is modelled by an anisotropic hardening rule, similar to that as proposed by Poorooshasb and Pietruszczak.¹ The concept is based on the theory of bounding surface plasticity incorporating a non-associated flow rule and the idea of reflected plastic potential. The present paper provides a modified formulation to that discussed in Reference 1. Modifications are aimed at simplifying the concept for numerical implementations.     

Stability of saturated sands under earthquake loading

An analytical method used to evaluate the stability of saturated sands under earthquake loading is presented in this paper. The dynamic porewater pressure ratios in saturated sands and the critical porewater pressure ratios beyond which the sands will tend to an unstable state are computed. The above mentioned ratios are used to establish criteria for evaluating stability and liquefaction.     

上海地区沿海岸线工程受相对海平面上升影响浅析

上海由于其特殊的经济环境和地理位置,受海平面上升的影响特别显著.据推测,到2050年,由于海平面上升和地表沉降造成上海地区相对海平面升高50～70cm,将对沿海岸线工程构成直接威胁;(1)由海平面上升引起的地下水位上升会使土体有效重度减少和地基承载力降低.(2)计算表明,当海平面上升使附近地区地下水位升至地表以下1.0m时,上海地区浅层砂土层抗液化能力最多可降低40%,另外部分不液化场地可变为液化场地.(3)当海平面上升0.5m时,风曝潮位将增加0.43m,不仅增加了对海堤自身安全的威胁,而且海堤防御能力将由百年一遇和50年一遇变为50年一遇和20年一遇.潮位升高也将降低入海河流的行洪能力,加剧洪涝灾害.     

水平条形均布荷载下横观各向同性弹性地基的位移分析

分析了水平条形均布荷载下横观各向同性地基位移规律,归纳了位移随弹性模量比n之不同而变化的规律,提出了水平条形均布荷载下横观各向同性地基位移的近似简化解,以供岩土工程设计人员参考。     

地震作用下土钉支护边坡震后位移分析

基于土钉弹性支座假设,考虑了地震作用时边坡滑动体实时动态滑移对土钉受力的影响,结合拟静力极限平衡法推导了土钉受力实时动态变化与边坡震后位移计算表达式,提出了一种地震作用下土钉支护边坡震后位移计算的改进方法。结合算例分析表明,考虑与不考虑土钉受力实时动态变化的两种计算方法获得的边坡水平位移时程曲线规律基本一致,皆呈阶跃式增大趋势,但考虑土钉受力实时动态变化的改进计算方法得出的震后位移较不考虑的结果小,两种方法计算结果的差异随着土坡整体稳定性的提高而逐渐减小。结合相关文献中土钉支护边坡振动台试验数据,验证了改进方法的合理性。     

桩柱结构在地震作用下非线性响应研究

基于试验基础上建立的经典弹塑性模型--剑桥模型能够准确描述正常固结土的应力-应变关系。当土体的应力历史上经历过卸载或受到循环交变荷载作用即进入超固结状态,它作为土的应力历史的反映,相比正常固结土受力特性有着显著的差异。为研究超固结因素对土体加载特性的影响,在引入能考虑超固结状态影响的下负荷面剑桥模型后,通过三轴压缩和剪切试验对处于超固结状态下土体的受力特性进行了对比分析,并对循环剪切加载下的应力-应变关系以及超固结比的演化规律进行了研究。结果表明,下负荷面剑桥模型能准确反映超固结因素对土体力学特性的影响,相比原状土有着更高的屈服强度。而通过数值模拟自由场地基在地震作用下的动力响应可以看出,超固结因素对地基的动力响应起到了不可忽略的影响,尤其在强震下更需要考虑其影响。在自由场地基地震动力响应基础上,通过对桩柱结构桩-土耦合系统在地震作用下非线性动力响应的模拟对土体非线性以及超固结因素的影响进行了对比研究,研究表明：土体的非线性因素能显著降低结构振动响应中的高频成分,由于土体在交变加载下很快进入超固结状态,相对于剑桥模型,下负荷面剑桥模型在考虑超固结因素后土体的承载性能显著提高,尤其在强震作用下超固结因素带来的影响更加明显,因此,建议对桩基结构物地震响应研究考虑超固结因素影响,以提高桩基结构物地震响应模拟的精确度和可靠性。     

Pre-seismic, co-seismic and post-seismic displacements associated with the Bhuj 2001 earthquake derived from recent and historic geodetic data

The 26th January 2001 Bhuj earthquake occurred in the Kachchh Rift Basin which has a long history of major earthquakes. Great Triangulation Survey points (GTS) were first installed in the area in 1856–60 and some of these were measured using Global Positioning System (GPS) in the months of February and July 2001. Despite uncertainties associated with repairs and possible reconstruction of points in the past century, the re-measurements reveal pre-seismic, co-seismic and post-seismic deformation related to Bhuj earthquake. More than 25 Μ-strain contraction north of the epicenter appears to have occurred in the past 140 years corresponding to a linear convergence rate of approximately 10 mm/yr across the Rann of Kachchh. Motion of a single point at Jamnagar 150 km south of the epicenter in the 4 years prior to the earthquake, and GTS-GPS displacements in Kathiawar suggests that pre-seismic strain south of the epicenter was small and differs insignificantly from that measured elsewhere in India. Of the 20 points measured within 150 km of the epicenter, 12 were made at existing GTS points which revealed epicentral displacements of up to 1 m, and strain changes exceeding 30 Μ-strain. Observed displacements are consistent with reverse co-seismic slip. Re-measurements in July 2001 of one GTS point (Hathria) and eight new points established in February reveal post-seismic deformation consistent with continued slip on the Bhuj rupture zone.     

降雨条件下堆积层滑坡体滑动机制分析

以某物流园区堆积层滑坡体为例,分析了地质结构特征及滑坡类型。在此基础上,运用非饱和土力学方法,分析了滑坡体在降雨条件下的动态稳定性特征,揭示了滑动机制及原因,认为滑坡体位于坡面凹槽处,地形较陡、表面堆积层结构松散、强度差,为滑坡形成提供了便利条件;随着降雨持时的增长,降雨沿堆积体表面的裂缝入渗,在土-岩接触面上汇流贯通,形成滞水,降低了滑面土体的力学性质,产生动态浮托力,同时雨水不断充填裂缝和软弱结构面,产生顺坡向的动态扩张力,使张裂缝扩大,加剧堆积体的变形,促使其发生滑动。