经济全球化、全球金融危机与中国——基于金融地理学的视角

2008—2009年的全球金融危机对西方发达国家尤其是英美经济体的影响是深远的,反映在经济、政治和社会的各个层面。相关学科的学者从不同的视角对金融危机的爆发作出了解释。论文尝试从金融地理学的角度分析经济全球化与全球金融危机之间的关系并探讨危机对中国的影响。首先,研究考察了经济全球化背景下新的国际劳动力分工的形成,指出了金融危机的传导机制,并描绘了金融危机对世界经济地理塑造的空间差异。对中国来说,全球金融危机是外部性的,西方发达国家的经济衰退和消费收缩直接影响了中国的出口,但危机并没有动摇中国的金融体系。其次,解释了为什么全球金融危机没有动摇中国的金融体系。制度的空间异质性、市场经济制度的多样性、政府积极的宏观调控和中国以银行主导的金融体系都是重要因素。第三,金融危机之后中西方金融地理学家对中国问题的兴趣逐渐增加,文章总结了最新的研究进展并指出其存在的不足之处。最后,在西方金融地理学最新研究进展的基础上,对中国金融地理学的学科构建提出了建议。     

“Where to put the spare cash?” Subprime urbanization and the geographies of the financial crisis in the Global South

This article investigates the geographies of subprime urbanization, and by extension, the displacement of 2007–08 financial crisis to the Global South. Previous research examined the formative ways that technological innovations enabled mortgages to deterritorialize and circulate on secondary markets. Less is known about how cities with underdeveloped financial systems and housing markets have been impacted. The case of Tangier, Morocco, is used to argue that the geography of the crisis must be understood as a particular mode of urbanization, subprime urbanization, predicated upon the creation and exploitation of housing submarkets into new geographical frontiers. Subprime urbanization emerged in Tangier in response to the historic contradictions of regional disinvestment in northern Morocco. Weak financial inclusion for local low-income homebuyers led State bureaucrats to increasingly use housing policy to encourage European investment into Moroccan property markets, thereby transforming policy away from improving homeownership access and inclusion toward an urban model centered on the logics of international property speculation.     

Book reviews

Book reviews in this article:
A United Kingdom? Economic, social and political geographies by John Mohan
Losing place, refugee populations and rural transformations in East Africa by Jonathan Bascom
Latin America transformed: globalization and modernity edited by Robert N. Gwynne and Cristóbal Kay
Spaces of modernity: London's geographies 1680–1780 by Miles Ogborn
Landscape and Englishness by David Matless     

Locating art worlds: London and the making of Young British art

The international prominence of Young British art (YBa) in the 1990s gave London a contemporary art movement to match its role as one of the world's key centres of art exchange. Examining the rise of YBa in retrospect, this paper is concerned with the difference place makes in helping to shape the (hi)story of art. It is argued that London's established role as an international art centre was crucial in providing the density of networks, associations and facilities necessary to sustain an international art movement. At the same time, YBa's success can be linked to London's changing status as a cultural capital, as well as profound changes in the business of contemporary art. Attention is drawn to the ways in which the international art world is dominated by networks formed within and across a limited number of world art cities.     

Geographies of knowledge, practices of globalization: learning from the oil exploration and production industry

In this paper we initiate a dialogue between work on the geographies of globalization and knowledge economies, areas of inquiry that have tended to develop in isolation. We argue for a critical harnessing of these two bodies of work to (1) understand how and where different types of knowledge are acquired, produced and mobilized by firms as they seek to 'go global', (2) map the multi-scalar geographies of knowledge that enable practices of globalization and (3) examine the ways in which networks of knowledge structure emerging geographies of production. We demonstrate the potential of this move using oil exploration and production as an example.     

Geographies of the financial crisis

Real estate is, by definition, local as it is spatially fixed. Mortgage lending, however, has developed from a local to a national market and is increasingly a global market today. An understanding of the financial crisis is ultimately a spatialised understanding of the linkages between local and global. This article looks at the geographies of the mortgage crisis and credit crunch and asks the question: how are different places affected by the crisis? The article looks at different states, different cities, different neighbourhoods and different financial centres. Investors in many places had invested in residential mortgage backed securities and have seen their value drop. Housing bubbles, faltering economies and regulation together have shaped the geography of the financial crisis on the state and city level in the US. Subprime and predatory lending have affected low-income and minority communities more than others and we therefore not only see a concentration of foreclosures in certain cities, but also in certain neighbourhoods. On an international level, the long-term economical and political consequences of this are still mostly unknown, but it is clear that some financial centres in Asia (including the Middle East) will become more important now that globalisation is coming full circle. This article does not present new empirical research, but brings together work from different literatures that all in some way have a specific angle on the financial crisis. The aim of this article is to make the geographical dimensions of the financial crisis understandable to geographers that are not specialists in all – or even any – of these literatures, so that they can comprehend the spatialisation of this crisis.     

Evolution and prospect of financial inclusion research in China from the perspective of financial geography北大核心CSCD

普惠金融对降低贫困和促进发展成果分享具有重要意义,是国际金融地理学的重要研究议题。论文基于2005—2021年中国知网CNKI数据库3421篇核心期刊论文,利用知识图谱可视化技术分析了中国普惠金融研究的基本特征和热点演化,结果表明:(1)学术成果经历缓慢增长、快速增长、加速增长3个阶段,研究热点经由金融排斥、普惠金融到数字普惠金融的演化,其中农村、区域差异、空间格局及发展效应是各阶段的共同关注;(2)国内普惠金融研究具有学科交叉性、包容性、开放性,多学科的参与推动着普惠金融研究的蓬勃发展,在学科交叉融合过程中,不同学科又有各自的关注点;(3)基于金融地理学视角,提出普惠金融发展的空间过程、地方普惠金融发展的文化经济因素与关系网络、普惠金融的发展效应、金融科技的空间性及其潜在影响等未来研究议题。     

长三角一体化下的金融流动格局变动及驱动机理——基于上市企业金融交易数据的分析

金融资本是区域进行生产活动并进一步带动经济增长的原动力。结合新经济地理学与金融地理学的理论,将金融资源流动纳入市场化、全球化、分权化和一体化的研究框架之下,用网络分析的方法,构建区域金融流动的格局及机理的分析框架。基于长三角16 市金融发展状况和上市公司2002 年、2005 年、2008 年和2011 年的交易数据,构建了金融资源流动和联系的网络,并进一步测量了网络密度和中心度。结果显示,长三角金融发展与金融资源分布形成了差异显著但有缩小趋势的发展格局,除上海金融中心作用凸显之外,南京、杭州和宁波也成为金融流动网络中的重要空间节点;金融流动网络密度不断增强,跨省金融流动增多。分别选取表征市场化、全球化、分权化和一体化的指标,使用QAP网络分析方法揭示了长三角金融流动的动力机制。相关和回归分析结果表明,进出口总额、FDI、文化差异、外资金融法人数量和行政边界均对金融流动有显著的影响,相反金融业比重和地方财政收入自治率则并无显著作用。本文探讨了从地理学空间差异和空间相互作用的角度来解释金融差异与金融流动的方法,对于深入研究金融一体化问题有借鉴作用。     

More than gentrification: geographies of capitalist displacement in Los Angeles 1994–1999

Little is understood about displacement in urban contexts. While some of the difficulties are methodological, the more serious problem is conceptual. Outside of the rent gap hypothesis or the philosophy of property rights, there has been little theoretical inquiry into the causal dynamics of displacement. In this article, I present a study of evictions in Los Angeles that addresses these conceptual and empirical shortcomings. A spatial analysis of more than 70,000 georeferenced evictions between 1994 and 1999 documents the existence of four distinct geographies of displacement, each produced by separate types of causal circumstances. Gentrification explains only one of the four displacement geographies, while the other three are nongentrifying or pre-gentrifying contexts and more appropriately described through growth machine models, global city theory, and financial restructuring. The extent of displacement in pre- and nongentrifying areas reinforces Mark Davidson’s emphasis on Lefebvre’s production of space as a crucial framework for understanding displacement processes.     

中国金融排斥的省际差异及影响因素

从金融服务的渗透度、使用度、效用度、承受度四个维度构建金融排斥的综合评价指标体系,借鉴人类发展指数的编制方法,分别测算了2004年和2012年中国金融排斥指数;运用分层聚类法将中国省际金融排斥度划分为四个大类和六个亚类,并结合ArcGIS对金融排斥的省际差异变化特征进行分析;探讨了中国金融排斥省际差异的主要影响因素。研究表明：① 可将中国金融排斥程度划分为轻微、轻度、中度和重度四大类型;② 总体特征上,中国金融排斥程度高、地区差异大,形成东部地区明显低于中西部的空间格局;③ 通过两个时间断面比较发现,中国金融排斥程度平均水平略有增加,但总体稳定;④ 金融排斥四维度的省际空间差异大,且对金融排斥总体水平影响程度不一;⑤ 中国金融排斥度省际差异受城市化水平、地区收入水平、人口密度、政府经济行为、教育发展水平等多种因素影响;⑥ 促进区域经济发展、加强政府管制、发展微观金融是降低金融排斥的重要途径。     

地理、网络与信任:金融危机背景下的生产网络演化

网络演化是演化经济地理学研究的重要内容和新近热点之一。在当前的理论探讨中主要强调路径依赖和惯例对网络演化的强化作用,对于信任这个关键要素缺乏深入探讨。本文通过深度访谈和问卷调查相结合的方法,对比金融危机前后广东省纺织服装行业生产网络的空间结构,揭示信任与生产网络演化之间的互动机制。研究发现:信任是维系生产网络稳定性的基本要素之一,信任的强弱程度主要受合作类型(市场关系)、地理接近(空间关系)和社会文化接近根植性(社会关系)等因素影响。金融危机作为一种负面外部冲击,重构了广东省服装行业的生产网络。在这个过程中,较强信任关系的网络连结(潮汕地区)得以保留,并在危机过后进一步强化;而部分较弱信任关系的网络连结(珠三角地区)发生断裂,且在经济回暖之后被潮汕地区的网络所取代。     

奔向全球的经济地理:战略耦合与全球生产网络研究——"全球生产网络与中国战略耦合"专辑序言

进入21世纪以来,全球生产网络(Global Production Net-work,GPN)研究非常深刻地展现了 Peter Dicken所描绘的"全球-地方矛盾".这个概念由Dicken在1994年发表于《Economic Geography》上的Roepke Lecture特邀文章中首次提出[1].作为过去20多年经济地理学的一个主要学术支柱,GPN研究经历了两个重要的理论发展阶段,即从早期的广泛而一般的GPN框架2-4]过渡到更加具备解释性的GPN 2.0理论[5-7].在GPN研究理论快速发展的这个时期里,Coe等首先提出了"战略耦合"这一关键而新颖的概念[4],并由Yeung对其进行了完善[8-10].     

London: a sustainable city?

Observations include:
Ian Livingstone, London: a sustainable city?, p.77
Michael Parkinson, Key challenges for European cities: achieving competitiveness, cohesion and sustainability, p.78
Chris Hamnett, London's housing, p.80
Sarah Curtis, Health in London, p.84
Martin Frost, London's transport—investing for sustainability, p.92
Chris Birks, Mike Owen and Brian Arkell, London's water resources: threat or opportunity, p.92
Sean D Beevers, David C Carslaw and Gary W Fuller, London's air quality: nitrogen dioxide and particles (PM10) in London's air—present and future, p.97
Adam D Read, Where there's muck there's brass—the 'cost' of London'swaste?, p.103     

Multiple geographies of the Arab Internet

The Arab world plays a relatively minor role in the rapidly changing geographies of global cyberspace. This paper explores the multiple geographies of the Arab Internet. First, it addresses Internet penetration rates, which averaged 7.8 per cent in 2006, although these varied widely among and within the region's countries. Between 2000 and 2006, the number of users jumped by 830 per cent, indicating these geographies are in rapid flux. It then examines the telecommunications infrastructure of the Middle East and North Africa, including fixed and mobile telephone networks and Internet cafes. Third, it turns to the reasons why the Internet has experienced relatively late adoption among Arab countries, including the dominance of the Latin alphabet, high access costs reflecting state-owned telecommunications monopolies, low Arab literacy rates, and restrictive gender relations that keep the proportion of female users low. The paper pays special attention both to government censorship of the Arab Internet as well as resistance to such controls and attempts to utilize the Internet counter-hegemonically. Finally, it explores the impacts of the Internet on some Arab societies, including the opening of discursive communities of politics, the Palestinian–Israeli conflict, Iraq and electronic commerce.     

基于金融细分行业的长三角城市网络的组织模式及驱动因素

在区域经济一体化发展背景下,基于金融细分行业的城市网络研究逐渐成为金融地理学的研究热点。论文以1990—2017年长三角15524家金融企业为研究对象,应用连锁网络模型、模块度及QAP(quadratic assignment procedure)关系回归模型,探究长三角城市网络的组织模式及驱动因素。研究发现：① 银行业视角下,城市网络呈现以上海为核心向南京、杭州、宁波等城市辐射的扇形格局;保险业视角下,以上海为核心,以南京、杭州、合肥等城市为次核心的多中心网络格局较为凸显;证券业视角下,城市网络联系形态相对稳定。② 不同金融行业下,城市网络均具有明显的“小世界”与无标度网络特性,地理邻近、择优链接是影响网络“派系”划分的重要因素。③ 上海、南京、杭州、合肥等核心城市具备较强的网络辐射与集聚能力,在整体网络连接中扮演“守门人角色”;但由于证券企业数量相对较少、扩张速度较慢,导致其网络辐射与集聚能力远低于银行与保险网络。④ 人均GDP差值与银行网络呈倒U型关系;同一行政区划和地理邻近的城市能减小空间摩擦,促进要素流动;产业结构与金融环境相似的城市有助于解除锁定,从而加快其融入外部网络。     

出口对中国区域经济增长和产业结构转型的影响分析

1978年改革开放以来,特别是加入WTO以后,中国对外贸易迅速增加,成为经济增长的主要动力之一。这不仅改变了中国在世界经济中的地位,也导致了中国区域经济格局的变化。在当前全球金融危机下,中国对外出口大幅度下降。因而,定量研究出口对中国区域经济增长和产业结构转变的作用,对理解金融危机的影响具有重要意义。本文运用投入产出表方法,计算了中国各省市区对欧、美、日的商品出口对各自产业增加值和产业结构升级的贡献程度。研究发现,对欧、美、日出口在中国区域经济增长和产业结构转型中起着越来越重要的角色,特别是沿海地区。     

(Dis)connecting Colombo: Situating the Megapolis in Postwar Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is in the midst of a postwar infrastructure boom, with new investment directed into roads, ports, and airports as part of an uneven and contested development process. Taking the transformations unfolding in Colombo as our point of departure, we examine how the vision of megapolis has animated debates on the geographies of connectivity. The postwar Sri Lankan political landscape initially envisioned political integration, which was to be delivered through the expansion of national road networks. The political priorities in the past decade reoriented away from integrating the nation to the strategic positioning of Colombo as a financial trading hub for South Asia. Focusing on Colombo’s flagship Port City project, we problematize these models of development by foregrounding counternarratives that speak to concerns around debt, enclosure, persistent ethnic tensions, and the degradation of coastal ecosystems. Key Words: connectivity, ecological stress, infrastructure, Sri Lanka, uneven development.     

长三角城市群金融业演进的空间结构特征

金融是现代经济的核心,在同其他产业相互作用中不断发展。区域金融业空间合理布局则是保证区域内金融资源优化配置的重要基础,也是促进区域产业结构升级和区域经济一体化快速发展的有力保障。基于此,以长三角城市群为研究对象,采用金融地理学研究视角,在区域经济一体化迅速发展的大背景下尝试分析了长三角城市群金融业演进的空间结构特征。研究发现,区域金融业发展呈现出"一心两极多点"向"一心两极两轴多点"演进的空间结构特征。     

金融地理学视角下的证券市场投资潜力分析

本文从金融地理学的全新视角，采用2001年全年的数据，用实证的方法，对全国31个省、自治区、直辖市的证券市场投资潜力进行了分析预测、通过建立模型，得出不同地域的证券投资发展潜力，并在此基础上进行了聚类分析，将全国31个地区分为七类，揭示了区域金融发展的块状结构。鉴于金融地理学在国内研究的薄弱局面，本文对运用新兴边缘学科——金融地理学进行实际经济问题的数量分析做出了初步尝试。     

西方教育地理学研究评述与本土反思

近20 a来,西方教育地理学受马克思主义地理学以及社会文化地理学思想的影响,重新审视教育空间与社会结构的关联,从多维度进一步认识教育空间建构过程中的政治经济与社会文化机制。对西方教育地理学的产生和发展演变进行分析,并尝试从政治经济和社会文化两大视角,总结和归纳当前西方教育地理学研究的主要成果和内容。教育地理学是一门新兴而又发展迅猛的人文地理学分支,但该学科的理论和实证发展尚处于以西方为主导的阶段,强势的西方话语体系还未充分涉及和理解非西方国家背景下的教育现象。当前是非西方国家建构自身教育地理学理论特色,并与西方教育地理学研究展开理论和实践对话的重要机遇和窗口。中国拥有世界规模最大的教育群体,当前社会经济发展的转型和人口结构的改变也进一步塑造了教育空间的多样性和特殊性。总之,加深教育与空间关系的研究,增强教育地理学研究的中西对话,构建中国化的教育地理学研究体系,使教育空间成为考察中国社会经济转型的重要视角,是中国教育地理学研究未来应努力的方向。