地壳演化和成矿耦合--以华北陆块北缘中段为例

华北陆块北缘中段是我国地壳发展和演化历史最久的地区之一,它是我国最古老的华北古大陆的一部分,也是重要的矿产资源基地之一.从太古宙古陆块的形成至元古宙原始地壳的增生发展,直到中新生代构造岩浆强烈活化改造,本区经历了复杂多变的不少于8次重大的地质事件和演化阶段,与此同时形成了大量的铁、金、铅、锌、钼、银、铜、锰等矿产.     

华北陆块南、北缘铅锌矿床成矿特征对比

华北陆块北缘是中国重要铅锌成矿带,对其南缘地区铅锌矿的勘查近年进展明显,对比南、北缘成矿地质环境和矿床地质特征,有助于南缘地区铅锌找矿方向的进一步明确。对比分析表明,华北陆块南、北缘地质特征相似:南、北缘印支期铅锌成矿作用都不太发育,均在燕山期铅锌成矿明显;以与岩浆作用有关的接触交代、热液充填和变质热液成矿以及对早先形成的矿床或矿源层的变质改造作用为主,出现斑岩型、矽卡岩型、热液脉型及蚀变岩型等矿床类型;南、北缘铅锌矿都有由"层控"向"岩控"变化的趋势,成矿元素组合也由简单变得复杂。但华北陆块南、北缘不同的地质时代成矿的主导作用有所不同:北缘有太古宙VMS型矿床,而南缘发现的都是中元古代以来的矿床;北缘主要是元古宙和燕山期成矿作用,特别是中元古代Sedex型成矿作用更为显著,形成多个大型-超大型铅锌矿床,而南缘的成矿作用主要发生在古生代和燕山晚期,矿床规模多为中、小型,研究程度相对较低。栾川断裂以北的裂谷系中碳酸盐岩台地沉积有寻找MVT矿床的前景,宽坪岩群分布区可以作为今后寻找Sedex型铅锌矿床的重要地区。     

地壳演化和成矿耦合—以华北陆块北缘中段为例

华北陆块北缘中段是我国地壳发展和演化历史最久的地区之一，它是我国最古老的华北古大陆的一部分，也是重要的矿产资源基地之一，从太古宙古陆块的形成至元古宙原始地壳的增生发展，直到中新生代结构岩浆强烈强化改造，本区经历了复杂多变的不少于8次重大的地质事件和演化阶段，与此同时形成了大量的铁，金，铅，锌，钼，银，铜，锰等矿产。     

辽北华北陆块北缘晚前寒武纪造山带标志

辽北华北陆块北缘存在巨型的晚前寒武纪造山带,其标志有：开原蛇绿混杂岩、构造混杂岩、阿拉斯加型岩体、碰撞造山型花岗岩、榴辉岩高压变质带。它们呈狭长的带状分布于辽北建平－阜新－铁岭－清原一带,是晋宁造山运动期间,古亚洲洋板块依次向古华北板块俯冲碰撞造山的结果。     

华北陆块北缘稀土Mo- Pb- Zn- Au多金属成矿带特征及资源潜力

华北陆块北缘是我国稀土、钼、铅锌、金等矿产资源基地。本文在新的研究成果和认识基础上,通过综合分析,在该地区划分新的重要成矿部署区带,厘定边界并将其命名为"华北陆块北缘稀土Mo-Pb-Zn-Au多金属成矿带"。结合区域地质背景,初步建立了该成矿带成矿谱系。区内矿产以稀土、钼、铅锌、金等为主,主攻矿床类型为岩浆型稀土矿,热液脉型铅锌矿,斑岩型钼矿。结合研究区找矿最新进展和全国矿产资源潜力评价最新成果,划分和部署了12处远景区,为进一步实现找矿突破及地质找矿战略部署提供了科学依据。     

华北陆块南缘金矿成矿动力学探讨

通过对华北陆块南缘小秦岭-熊耳山地区金矿与花岗岩体、控矿构造的时、空关系分析,对金矿成矿动力学过程进行了探讨,认为造山晚期伸展构造环境下的花岗岩浆活动不仅为金矿成矿作用提供了部分成矿物质,更重要的是为金矿成矿作用提供了巨大的热动力,成矿流体的形成、演化伴随着岩浆形成演化、上升侵位的全过程,具有多源性;建立了造山晚期伸展构造环境下岩浆热动力成矿模式.对区内金矿找矿方向的确定具有指导意义.     

华北陆块南缘锑矿成矿带成矿规律初步研究

本文从矿床和地球化学等方面研究了华北陆块南缘锑矿成矿带矿化特征,并结合该锑矿带所处的大地构造位置,系统分析了锑矿带形成的机制和成矿作用及其成矿远景。     

河南省华北陆块南缘铅金成矿系统

华北陆块南缘是我国重要的多金属成矿带之一,可划分为两个成矿集中区:小秦岭-熊耳山金成矿带和栾川陆缘凹陷钼、钨、铅、锌成矿带.在其演化过程中形成不同的成矿系统,与铅成矿带有关的成矿系统为中新元古代拉张构造体制被动陆缘成矿系统:MVT型铅锌成矿系列和Sedex型铅锌成矿系列;中生代陆内碰撞成矿系统:与岩浆岩有关的热液充填交代型铅锌成矿系列.与金成矿带有关的成矿系统为古元古代古陆核边缘成矿系统:小秦岭石英脉型金矿成矿系列;中新元古代拉张构造体制被动陆缘成矿系统:熊耳山蚀变岩型金矿成矿系列.     

华北陆块北缘中段金矿床类型分布和地质特征

华北陆块北缘中段金矿床分布较多，产出较为集中，也是我国重要的黄金生产基地，本区是我国地质历史演化最久，又经历了多期、多阶段的构造－岩浆活动的叠加，因而金矿床的形成具有多期性、多样性、继承性和新生性等特点。本区金矿床主要产在绿岩带构造－岩浆活动的有利部位，统称绿岩带型金矿床，可分为同构造晚期初型金矿和构造期后再生型热液金矿床两类，又可细分为若干亚类，其中再生型热液金矿床分布较广，规模较大，具有较大找矿潜力。由于区内发育多期、多阶段的成矿构造－岩浆活动，因而在一个金矿床密集区内，有时不同的构造部位，分别产出初生型和再生型热液金矿床，这是指导找矿的重要地质依据。     

华北陆块北缘印支期S型花岗岩带特征及其构造环境

华北陆块北缘内蒙古中部地区分布着大量近东西向展布的印支期花岗岩，形成一条规模巨大的复式花岗岩带。岩石类型主要为斑状黑云二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩，1：5万区调同位素测年获得207～227Ma的一系列锆石U—Pb表面年龄，岩相学和岩石地球化学研究显示其具有S型花岗岩特征，表明其形成于碰撞后构造环境，并不是华北板块与西伯利亚板块碰撞造山作用的产物。     

华北地块北缘铅锌矿床类型、地质特征及构造演化

本文重点对华北地块北缘铅锌矿类型、特征、时空分布等进行了初步总结, 并探讨了铅锌成矿作用与区域构造演化的关系。通过初步总结认为, 该地区铅锌矿床的主要成因类型有SEDEX型、矽卡岩型、岩浆热液型、沉积改造型、MVT型及复合型等。从形成时间来看, 矿床主要形成于中元古代、晚古生代和中生代三个时期, 并在中元古代和中生代达到高峰。中元古代以形成SEDEX型、沉积改造型和MVT型矿床为主, 该时期处于被动陆缘基础上发育的裂谷环境; 晚古生代产出少量岩浆热液型铅锌矿床, 其形成可能为华北地块与西伯利亚南缘蒙古增生褶皱带拼合后的伸展及岩石圈拆沉作用有关; 中生代为岩浆热液型、矽卡岩型铅锌矿床的重要成矿期, 该时期主要发育陆内构造运动, 可能为欧亚构造动力学体系与西太平洋动力学体系复合、叠加作用的结果。     

华北地块北缘中新元古界沉积构造演化

根据文献资料及对研究区8 条实测剖面资料的综合分析结果表明,Columbia 超级大陆的裂解导致华北陆块北缘大陆裂 谷盆地的形成。随着大陆进一步伸展和洋壳的形成,华北地块北缘逐渐发展为被动大陆边缘。在1400 Ma 左右,即铁岭组 沉积后,华北地块北缘转变为活动大陆边缘。早期洋壳向华北地块低角度的俯冲造成弧后地区发生挤压（芹峪上升）,导致 铁岭组抬升和剥蚀,而后期洋壳高角度的俯冲又造成弧后区域发生强烈的伸展和断陷,沉积了下马岭组,并伴随辉绿岩的 侵入。华北地块与相邻地体之间的碰撞导致下马岭组的抬升（或蔚县抬升）以及碰撞花岗岩的形成,挤压构造发生的时间 对应于Rodinia 超级大陆的形成期。新元古代沉积是Rodinia 超级大陆裂解的结果。龙山组石英砂岩和海绿石砂岩是Rodinia 超级大陆裂解后的最早期沉积,记录了海侵初期的超覆过程。     

华北地台北缘海西期花岗岩类地球化学特征及构造环境探讨

本文论述了华北地台北缘多条海西期花岗岩带的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素分布特征，由北带至南带花岗岩类具有成分空间变化规律，微量元素特征类似于同碰撞花岗岩中微量元素分布特征。从而论述了在晚古生代期间蒙古洋壳继续俯冲消减在华北增生板块之下，多条海西期花岗岩带继承了早古生代岛弧环境成分极性空间变化规律，同时又具有同碰撞花岗岩的特征，探讨了古生代期间蒙古洋壳和华北陆壳板块运动发展历史。     

Triassic Granitic Magmatism at the Northern Margin of the North China Craton: Implications of Geochronology and Geochemistry for the Tectonic Evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The early Mesozoic marked an important transition from collisional orogeny to post-orogenic extension at the northern margin of the North China Craton(NCC). In this study, we undertook zircon U-Pb dating and whole-rock majorand trace-element geochemical analyses of early Mesozoic granitic rocks in the Chifeng area to establish their geochronological framework, petrogenesis, and implications for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Central Asia Orogenic Belt(CAOB). Zircon U-Pb dating results show that these rocks were emplaced in three stages during the Triassic:(1) syenogranites during 250–248 Ma,(2) granodiorites during 244–243 Ma, and(3) monzogranites and granodiorites during 232–230 Ma. These Triassic granitoids belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series and are evolved I-type granites. They have high SiO_2 and low Mg O contents with enrichments in light rare-earth elements, Zr, Hf, Rb, Th, and U, and depletions in Ba, Nb, Ta, Sr, and Eu. These geochemical data indicate that the granitoids were derived from partial melting of a lower-crustal source under relatively low-pressure conditions and subsequently underwent extensive fractional crystallization. Considering both the geochemical data and regional geological information, we propose that the 250–248 Ma syenogranites were emplaced in an extensional environment linked to slab break-off after closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean(PAO) along the Solonker-Xra Moron-Changchun suture zone. The 244–243 Ma granodiorites were formed in a compressional orogenic setting during collision between the Erguna-Xing'an-Songliao composite block and the NCC. The 232–230 Ma granodiorites and monzogranites were emplaced during the transition from compressional orogeny to post-orogenic extension. Overall, the early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Chifeng area can be divided into three main stages:(1) closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and extension related to slab break-off during the Early Triassic;(2) continuous collisional compression during the Middle Triassic after closure of the PAO; and(3) post-orogenic extension during the Late Triassic, most probably due to lithospheric delamination after amalgamation of the Erguna-Xing'an-Songliao composite block and the NCC.     

华北克拉通北缘白乃庙组变质火山岩锆石定年与岩石地球化学特征

白乃庙组绿片岩是白乃庙铜金矿床赋存层位,矿区构造上位于华北克拉通北缘古生代陆缘增生带内。岩石学、岩石地球化学特征指示该绿片岩原岩为中基性火山岩。对白乃庙组变质火山岩的锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS UPb年代学研究表明,该火山岩形成年龄为449±3Ma(n=33,MSWD=4.0),为晚奥陶世岩浆活动的产物。白乃庙组变质火山岩具有低的SiO2(43.47%~54.64%)、TiO2(0.60%~1.31%)和P2O5(0.08%~0.35%),宽的MgO(3.98%~12.99%)含量,属于钙碱性系列岩石,岩石富集大离子亲石元素K、Sr等,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta,Zr、Hf也表现为轻微的亏损。轻重稀土分馏明显,具有不同程度的Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.7~1.2)和轻微负的Ce异常(Ce/Ce*=0.74~1.01)。岩石地球化学特征表明白乃庙变质火山岩经历了一定程度的结晶分异,橄榄石和单斜辉石为主要的结晶相。该变质火山岩具有较低的Ti/Y(2.5~5.0)和Zr/Y(189~355)值、低的176 Hf/177 Hf比值和较宽的εHf(t)值,暗示源区可能为岩石圈地幔,且受到了地壳的混染。Nb和Ta强烈亏损、极低的Nb/Ta值(0.08~1.09)以及Ce的负异常表明与大洋板块的俯冲作用有关,岩浆源区可能已受到俯冲组分的影响。构造环境判别显示白乃庙变质火山岩为与消减作用有关的大陆弧岩浆岩。锆石二阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)变化范围为1073~1470Ma,平均值为1285Ma(n=30),暗示华北板块北缘在中—新元古代时期曾发生过一次重要的构造热事件。     

Geochronology of the Xiaodonggou Porphyry Mo Deposit in Northern Margin of North China Craton

The Xiaodonggou porphyry Mo deposit is located in the Mesozoic calc-alkaline Xiaodonggou granitoid within a Palaeozoic fold zone of northern China. The mineralization mainly occurred in an area of 0.54 km² at the south-eastern part of the Xiaodonggou granitoid. The mineralization includes disseminated molybdenite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite and pyrrhotite and stockwork quartz-sulfide veins. A molybdenite-rich inner core is surrounded by a concentric zone of the sulfide mineral assemblage of pyrite, galena and sphalerite. Intense potassic alteration is overprinted by sericitization and silicification in the mineralized zone. SHRIMP U-Pb data of zircon indicate that the granitoid crystallized at 142 ± 2 Ma (2σ). Re–Os age dating for six molybdenite samples from underground galleries of the deposit constrains the age of porphyry-style Mo mineralization to be 138.1 ± 2.8 Ma (2σ). These data suggest that porphyry-style mineralization was associated with the Xiaodonggou granitoid intrusion and support an Early Cretaceous porphyry-type metallogenic epoch along the northern margin of North China Craton.     

Metallogenic Systems on the Paleocontinental Margin of the North China Craton

The North China Craton (NCC) is one of the largest blocks composing the continent. Different types of continental margins well developed around the NCC, along with lots of metallogenic systems of different metals and different times. Based on the study on the structural evolution of the NCC, the authors made a new division of tectonic units of the NCC. Through an analysis of the data of 1:25000 geochemical survey on stream sediments, regional geochemical features of main ore-forming elements including Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, W, Ni, Co and Mo of the NCC are discussed in the paper. Then different metallogenic systems and their forming processes and geodynamics are discussed in detail. At last, temporal and spatial distribution regularities are summarized and ten favorable ore-control factors on the paleocontinental margins are put forward, including (1) abundance of ore sources; (2) rendezvous of ore-forming fluids; (3) high thermo-dynamic anomaly; (4) remarkable Earth crust-mantle interaction; (5) cluster of     

与花岗岩有关的绿岩带再生型金矿床特征——以华北陆块北缘中段为例

华北陆块北缘中段广泛分布太古宙绿岩带 ,同时也是我国中生代岩浆活动最发育的地区。中生代强烈的陆内造山运动 ,对区内早期的绿岩带和其中的金及金矿床进行强烈的活化改造 ,形成壳源深熔花岗岩和有关的再生型金矿床。文中详细论述了区内与壳源深熔花岗岩有关的绿岩带再生型金矿床的地质特征 ,花岗岩和金矿床与太古宙绿岩带密切的空间分布和成因关系 ,并讨论了金矿的成矿模式。与成矿有关的花岗岩是造山带的产物 ,岩石富碱质、属钙碱性系列 ,形成深度较浅 ,塑性流变弱 ,常具似斑状结构 ,岩体常为多期次侵入 ,岩性多样 ,分异好 ,岩脉发育。硫、铅同位素组成显示花岗岩、金矿床和绿岩带具有亲缘关系。成矿流体富氯和富硫 ,盐度变化较大。金矿床形成在燕山早、中期。     

Final-stage Southward Subduction of the Eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean: Evidence from the Middle Permian Mafic Intrusions in the Northern Margin of the North China Craton

The northern margin of the North China Craton(NCC)contains widespread Permian magmatic rocks,but the origin of these rocks remains controversial.This uncertainty hampers us from better understanding of tectonic framework and evolution of the eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean,particularly with respect to its final-stage subduction and closure time.To address these questions,this study presents petrological,zircon U-Pb geochronological,whole-rock geochemical and in situ zircon Hf isotopic data for these Permian mafic intrusions in the northern margin of the NCC.Precise zircon U-Pb dating results indicate that these mafic intrusions were emplaced in the Middle Permian(ca.260 Ma).Geochemically,the studied mafic intrusions have high MgO and transition metals element contents,with high Mg^# values,indicating a mantle origin.These mafic intrusions are characterized by enrichments in large ion lithophile elements(LILEs;e.g.,Rb,Ba,and K)and light rare earth elements(LREEs),and depletions in high field strength elements(HFSEs;e.g.,Nb,Ta,and Ti)and heavy rare earth elements(HREEs),indicating that they were formed in a subduction-related setting.These geochemical features,together with zircon ε_Hf(t)values(-1.1 to+11.2),indicate that their parental magmas were derived from partial melting of heterogeneous mantle wedge metasomatized by subduction-related fluids,with the contributions of slab sediments.The studied mafic intrusions also show wide range of major and trace elements contents,and variable Mg^# values,Eu and Sr anomalies,suggesting that their parental magmas had undergone variable degrees of fractional crystallization.Together with the E-W trending Permian continental arc along the northern margin of the NCC,we confirm that the generation of the Middle Permian mafic intrusions was related to southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic lithosphere beneath the NCC and the Paleo-Asian Ocean had not closed prior to the Middle Permian.