分区背景校正法及其对化探异常圈定的意义

化探中目前常用的用平面或曲线来拟合地球化学背景的作法从理论上是有严重缺陷的。地球化学背景应是一个随地质和景观变化而因点各异、崎岖不平的面。借助于稳健多元统计方法可以由观察到的地质、地化及环境变量来估计出这个背景面,即进行背景校正。本文介绍了对美国南达科达州黑山地区铀矿地球化学普查数据进行背景校正试验的结果。地层—岩性看来是控制地下水及系沉积物的地球化学特征的主要因素。从提高异常与矿化的吻合程度的角度来说,分区背景校正法的效果最好。这种方法对各个地层一岩性分区分别用可溶铀含量对选择出的地化—环境变量进行回归,然后将全区的剩余值合起来统一圈定异常。文中对这种方法成功的原因作了解释。用稳健统计学方法来代替经典统计学方法对于提高背景校正的效果也是很有帮助的。分区背景校正法是一种理论上有依据、实践上简便易行的异常圈定方法,值得进一步在不同地区对不同的目标矿种、不同的采样对象和比例尺进行试验。     

鄂尔多斯盆地砂岩型铀矿深穿透地球化学勘查方法实验

鄂尔多斯盆地尚未开展区域化探扫面工作。文中以东胜砂岩型铀矿区为例,开展深穿透地球化学勘查方法实验。东胜铀矿床产于侏罗系直罗组下段,为隐伏矿床。研究发现,富含细粒级地表结层是半干旱盆地砂岩型铀矿区域地球化学勘查的有效采样介质。在东胜砂岩型铀矿区及周边2 000 km2的方法实验中,每4 km2采集一个样品,过筛后取-200目进行全量分析,在矿化出露区及隐伏矿区圈出了铀及相关元素的地球化学异常。对元素比值R=lnU/(lnCe+lnY+lnZr+lnNb)在不同区域分布特征的研究表明,样品中活动态铀是形成铀异常的主要原因,提取细粒级土壤组分进行全量分析,可作为区域深穿透地球化学的砂岩型铀矿找矿指标。在矿床尺度深化穿透地球化学勘查方法中,因实验区地形特点使得富含细粒级地表结层样品不易普遍取得,地表土壤的全量分析不能满足勘查要求,需要采用铀专属性强的提取试剂进行元素活动态分析。文中采用作者研制的MML-U活动态提取剂,在东胜铀矿区孙家梁矿段剖面实验中,成功探测到矿体上方土壤中的U、Mo、V等元素的活动态异常。     

地球化学分区标准化方法在区域化探信息提取中的应用

从区域化探数据中提取找矿地球化学信息是目前化探工作的重要研究课题,地球化学背景与异常划分是提取找矿地球化学信息的关键。水系沉积物是岩石风化的产物,是上游汇水盆地物质的天然组合,在化学成分上与上游汇水盆地岩石组成具有明显的继承性。水系沉积物中成矿成晕元素含量与常量元素含量之间亦有着密切关系。笔者基于水系沉积物样品特点,采用地球化学分区标准化方法圈定地球化学异常。研究发现,利用常量元素进行地球化学分区是可行的;分区标准化数据处理可以有效地压抑高背景区非矿异常,并强化低背景区矿致异常,突出了找矿信息。以成矿成晕元素标准化数据的因子得分圈定矿化类型综合异常,集中体现了矿致异常信息。     

礼县上坝低缓金异常的特殊查证方法

介绍了礼县上坝化探低缓金异常特征、地质背景、地球化学景观及工作方法,金区域化探异常呈低缓式样出现的主要原因,是由于本区第四系厚度大、地表径流发育等微景观特征所致。遵循常规的工作程序是实现低缓异常找矿突破的有效途径,Ⅲ级查证中加大水系沉积物采样密度、Ⅱ级查证中加大土壤样采样深度至50 cm以上及加大探槽开挖深度,是实现低缓金异常找矿突破的有效方法。     

S-A多重分形法在地球化学异常 圈定中的对比应用—以甘肃文康地区为例

通过对甘肃省陇南文康地区的地质背景分析,采用区域1:5万水系沉积物测量的17种常量元素含量数据,分别运用传统统计学方法、S-A（能谱密度-累计面积）多重分形滤波法,确定成矿元素（以Au为例）异常下限值,圈定化探异常。结果表明,与传统方法相比,S-A多重分形法所圈定的异常面积小、数量多,传统统计法圈定的面积较大;两种方法圈定的异常展布方向基本一致,与研究区内已知的矿点吻合度高。本次研究认为S-A多重分形法所圈定的异常基本位于传统方法所圈定异常的内带之中,重点突出,与矿床空间位置对应关系较好,便于野外开展工作。同时在传统异常周边提取了部分低背景区的弱异常,这些弱异常可作为下一步找矿工作的新靶区。     

物化探综合找矿方法在吉林省汪清县复兴地区勘查中的应用

吉林省延边东部地区是中国东部滨太平洋地区重要的金、铜矿化集中区.九三沟金矿位于集中区内,复兴地区属九三沟金矿外围,成矿地质背景优越.在充分研究地质背景前提下,利用水系沉积物测量进行扫面,圈定Au异常6处,而后开展土壤地球化学测量、大功率激电测深和激电中梯测量工作,圈定了若干有利的成矿远景区,择优开展槽探和钻探工程验证,...     

贵州西部红岩地区水系沉积物中Pt、Pd地球化学异常的识别及推断解释

与基性-超基性岩相比,我国的峨 眉山玄武岩具有高含量的Pt、Pd地球化学背景。从峨眉山玄武岩分布区分辨出与基性、超基性侵入岩有关的Pt、Pd地球化学异常,是我国Pt、Pd找矿获得重大突破的关键技术。在贵州西部开展的1∶5万 水系沉积物测量显示,采用岩石背景衬值法可有效区分岩性和矿致Pt、Pd异常。在红岩村附近茅口组灰岩与玄武岩接触带及北东向断层的复合部位圈出了浓度分度清晰的As、Sb、Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni、Pt、 Pd组合异常,推测在该组合异常下方可能存在一个赋存有Pt、Pd矿的隐伏基性-超基性含矿岩体(脉)。     

黑龙江森林沼泽区超低密度 地球化学调查采样介质对比

黑龙江省中部的嘉荫地区为典型的森林沼泽景观,在该区进行了超低密度地球化学调查采样介质对比研究。通过河漫滩沉积物、活性水系沉积物进行对比研究,发现利用河漫滩表层沉积物所圈定的异常不仅能较好地反映矿化信息,而且能较好地反映该地区的地质背景。水系沉积物测量所圈定的异常很弱,只能反映出露矿信息。研究成果表明,河漫滩表层沉积物是森林超低密度地球化学调查的最佳采样介质。     

Uranium districts defined by reconnaissance geochemistry in South Greenland

A reconnaissance exploration survey over 14 000 km² of Precambrian terrain in South Greenland using stream-sediment and stream-water samples delineated a central uranium district of 2000 km² with enhanced uranium levels and smaller anomalous zones in the south of the field area.The area is underlain by Archean and Proterozoic gneisses, granites and metasediments all of which have been intruded by late Proterozoic alkaline intrusions (Gardar Province). The terrain is mountainous and the streams are either steep torrents or impeded drainages typical of glaciated terrains with boggy organic rich sediments.The central uranium district was defined by a high uranium background in both stream sediments (5–20 ppm) and stream waters (0.5–1.0 ppb) and a markedly higher frequency of very anomalous values in the order of 50–100's ppm in the stream sediments and 1–10 ppb in the stream waters. An areal correlation of uranium, in this district, with high pH and conductivity in the stream water in addition to a higher organic content noted in the stream sediment raised the question of a possible enhancement of uranium values due to secondary environmental effects. On the other hand, an areal correlation of uranium with niobium and other trace elements characteristically associated with alkaline rocks, and the geographic proximity of this uraniferous district to the alkaline intrusions suggested a genetic relationship between uranium mineralization and the alkaline igneous activity.Limited follow-up work located 8 pitchblende occurrences in this extensive district. The pitchblende is in veins which contain quartz, calcite, iron oxide, fluorite and minor sulphides. The isotopic (U-Pb) age of the pitchblende, which ranges from 1180-1090 Ma, corresponds to the late stages of Gardar alkaline igneous activity. It is concluded, therefore, that the reconnaissance geochemistry reflects a district-wide hydrothermal event related to the late volatile differentiates derived from the highly fractionated alkaline magma. A combination of primary and secondary features have complemented each other in enhancing the geochemical reconnaissance data and emphasized its importance but has not materially altered the interpretation.The south of the field area also has a relatively high uranium background in both the sample media with some discrete anomalous zones, usually with a slightly lower order of magnitude than the central area, but still with a distinct contrast of 5–10 times. Fine-grained uraninite has been found in the area occurring as disseminated grains in pegmatitic elements as in the central district. Isotopic ratios (U-Pb) suggest an age of 1728 ± 30 Ma which probably reflects the long cooling of the granite.It is concluded that the geochemical reconnaissance data delineated two uranium metallogenic districts characterized by distinctly different types of uranium mineralization. It is suggested that South Greenland may be part of a much wider uranium geochemical province which includes parts of Labrador. To the present plate-tectonic models, which suggest such a connection (Le Pichon et al., 1977), must be added the comparable reconnaissance geochemical results (G.S.C. Open Files nos. 748 and 749), and the similar 1730 Ma age of the Kitts uranium mineral occurrence in Labrador (Gandhi, S.S , 1978) to that of the uraninite found in the south of the field area in Greenland.     

多重分形滤波方法和地球化学信息提取技术研究与进展

圈定地球化学异常是勘查地球化学和环境地球化学研究中的一项基础性工作。笔者通过详细分析近30年来与地球科学密切相关的分形和多重分形等现代非线性理论和新方法的迅速发展和应用,特别是以解决地球化学复杂背景与叠加异常分解难题为例,介绍了广义自相似理论与分形滤波技术的发展和应用,相信在资源、环境、灾害的其他应用领域也将发挥重要影响。文中阐明了多重分形是更具普适性的地球化学元素分布模式,"密度-面积"分形模型是刻画地球化学异常的基础模型,并为多个空间开展分形滤波和分解地球化学复杂背景与叠加异常的理论基础。该方法的显著优势在于将地球化学场的各向异性、尺度不变性、广义自相似性等特征集于一体,具有压制变化性背景干扰,突出局部异常的能力,其中C-A和S-A业已广泛应用于矿产勘查靶区圈定和环境污染模式识别,形成了分解地球化学复杂背景和叠加异常的常用技术,在国内外多个成矿区带取得了显著的找矿效果。     

“关键资源地球化学勘查”专辑特邀主编寄语——关键元素分布与关键资源勘查

关键资源已经成为工业4.0和低碳能源不可替代的原材料。构成关键资源的元素有50余种, 这些元素是现代社会的先进制造、电子产品、低碳能源、国防安全、生物医药等必须的原材料, 因此也称为关键元素。地球化学勘查是研究和探测关键元素分布和超常富集, 寻找关键资源行之有效的方法。中国在关键元素的分布和深部探测地球化学领域走在了国际前列, 形成了从全球尺度、全国尺度、矿区尺度直到纳米尺度地球化学探测技术体系, 实现从二维到三维、从浅表矿到千米深度矿产探测能力的飞跃, 不仅圈定了一批全国稀土、锂、铀的超常富集区, 而且取得了多处深部金矿和铜矿勘查的重大突破。本专辑选择部分研究成果介绍了稀土元素、新能源金属(铀、锂、钴)、金、铜等关键资源地球化学勘查中取得的新进展和成果。为了响应国家号召“把论文写在祖国大地上”, 专辑作者把优质素材形成的论文发表在自己的杂志上, 作为本期特邀主编对他们的奉献精神表示衷心感谢和崇高的敬意！     

Application of Optically Stimulated Luminescence Technique in Exploring a Concealed Sandstone-type Uranium Deposit

Identifying ore-induced geochemical anomalies at the surface that indicate concealed deposits in buried areas remains a significant challenge in geochemical exploration. In this study, in order to trace the source of the geochemical anomalies, systematic luminescence intensity analyses were conducted on quartz grains from the Quaternary regolith at the Hadatu sandstone-type uranium deposit in the Erenhot Basin. The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages were much older than the depositional ages of the Quaternary regolith. Moreover, quartz OSL ages were closely related to both borehole grades and sampling depths. Thus, the abnormal mineral OSL ages from near-surface sediments were ultimately controlled by the sandstone-type uranium deposits. This is identical to the rapid changes of quartz OSL ages (0.063 ka/cm) and equivalent doses (0.19 Gy/cm) with depths in a given sampling site. The instantaneous soil radon concentration was positively correlated with the quartz OSL apparent age, indicating their ore-induced origin and, as a result, their effectiveness in the exploration of concealed uranium deposits. Other parameters, including mobile-state uranium and 210Po contents, were poorly correlated with quartz OSL ages and therefore should only be used with caution for geochemical exploration. This is the first time an attempt has been made to discriminate the ore-induced sources for different surface anomaly parameters, including instantaneous soil radon, mobile-state uranium and 210Po contents for concealed sandstone-type uranium deposits.     

铀及伴生元素活动态分量探测在古宁浑迪砂岩型铀矿勘查中的应用

为了快速查明古宁浑迪地区砂岩型铀矿的有利成矿地段，并为钻探验证工程的部署提供依据，研究过程中采用了铀及伴生元素活动态分量探测地球化学勘查方法。通过系统采集样品和铀、钼、硒分量提取及测试，认为吸附态铀及伴生元素分量探测更适用于本地区砂岩型铀成矿有利地段的筛选。经钻探工程验证，绝大部分地表铀分量异常均与深部成矿目的层中的铀矿化或铀异常相对应，证实了铀及伴生元素活动态分量探测是适用于寻找隐伏砂岩型铀矿床的有效方法，尤其适用于古河道型砂岩铀矿的找矿勘查。     

Investigating the spatial distribution of antimony geochemical anomalies located in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi region,China

The Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi region is well known for its abundant mineral resources, and low-temperature hydrothermal mineralization represented by the elemental association of gold, arsenic, antimony and mercury is widely developed there. Many studies on the geological-geochemical characteristics of gold have been conducted, but a comprehensive understanding of the antimony geochemical pattern is still lacking. This paper studied the Sb distribution characteristics and the cause of geochemical anomalies based on the geochemical data of stream sediments and rocks in the study area. In addition, the geochemical data of Au, As, Sb and Hg were centered and log-ratio transformed to eliminate the closure effect, and then random forest regression (RFR) with Au, As and Hg as the characteristic variables was used to investigate the ore-related geochemical anomalies of Sb. Seven geochemical provinces were delineated from the original geochemical data, and they are not entirely consistent with the known deposits. Sb moves from the rocks to the stream sediments during weathering. The variation trend in the Sb background values in stream sediments in each tectonic unit is consistent with that in the rocks themselves, implying that Sb in the stream sediments is inherited from the background rocks. The distributions of Sb predicted by RFR are similar to the distribution pattern of Sb in stream sediments. Of the three elements considered, the influence of As on the variations in the Sb geochemical background is the greatest, followed by Au and then Hg. The geochemical anomalies extracted by the residuals produced in this algorithm are consistent with where the known Sb metallogenic district is located, indicating that this method of recognizing geochemical anomalies is feasible and effective and has theoretical and practical significance.     

吉林省敦化尔站矿区地球化学异常与钼矿体的相关性分析北大核心CSCD

吉林省敦化尔站矿区位于吉黑东部多金属成矿带中南部,以往资料表明有Mo、Cu等元素地球化学异常和斑岩体存在。为查明该区成矿条件,明确勘探思路,开展了水系沉积物、土壤元素地球化学和地物化综合剖面测量工作。通过对各元素分布、相关性和异常特征研究,发现水系和土壤地球化学异常具有较好重现性,R型聚类分析表明Mo与As、W元素相关性较好,主成矿元素为Mo元素,在地球化学高异常和低阻高极化率区域进行异常查证,发现钼矿体6条。钼矿体产于晚二叠世蚀变似斑状二长花岗岩体及其与围岩接触带,主要受北东向构造带控制,Mo和As等元素地球化学异常与矿体和蚀变带的辉钼矿、黄铁矿等关系密切。综合分析尔站矿区成矿地质条件,在已发现矿体北东和南东圈定靶区2个,区域上含前寒武系残片呈北东向展布的晚古生代花岗岩区是重点找矿地段。     

Application of singularity mapping technique to identify local anomalies using stream sediment geochemical data,a case study from Gangdese,Tibet, western China

Identifying geochemical anomalies from background is a fundamental task in exploration geochemistry. The Gangdese mineral district in western China has complex geochemical surface expression due to complex geological background and was chosen as a study area for recognition of the spatial distribution of geochemical elements and separating anomalies from background using stream sediment geochemical data. The results illustrate that weak anomalies are hidden within the strong variance of background and are not well identified by means of inverse distance weighted; neither are they clearly identified by the C–A method if this method is applied to the whole study area. On the other hand, singularity values provide new information that complements use of original concentration values and can quantify the properties of enrichment and depletion caused by mineralization. In general, producing maps of singularities can help to identify relatively weak metal concentration anomalies in complex geological regions. Application of singularity mapping technique in Gangdese district shows local anomalies of Cu are not only directly associated with known deposits in the central part of the study area, but also with E–W and N–E oriented faults in the north of the study area. Both types of anomalies should be further investigated for undiscovered Cu mineral deposits.     

Comparison of U-spatial statistics and C–A fractal models for delineating anomaly patterns of porphyry-type Cu geochemical signatures in the Varzaghan district,NW Iran

The delineation of populations of stream sediment geochemical data is a crucial task in regional exploration surveys. In this contribution, uni-element stream sediment geochemical data of Cu, Au, Mo, and Bi have been subjected to two reliable anomaly-background separation methods, namely, the concentration-area (C–A) fractal and the U-spatial statistics methods to separate geochemical anomalies related to porphyry-type Cu mineralization in northwest Iran. The quantitative comparison of the delineated geochemical populations using the modified success-rate curves revealed the superiority of the U-spatial statistics method over the fractal model. Moreover, geochemical maps of investigated elements revealed strongly positive correlations between strong anomalies and Oligocene–Miocene intrusions in the study area. Therefore, follow-up exploration programs should focus on these areas.     

中国铀、钍、钾元素地球化学场特征及与铀矿化关系

一直以来,利用铀、钍、钾同位素的γ能谱寻找铀矿是铀矿地质重要的放射性物探手段。同样,水系沉积物化探中铀、钍、钾元素作为铀矿化探重要指示元素,在铀矿资源潜力预测评价中亦发挥了重要作用。笔者论述了水系沉积物铀、钍、钾元素在铀矿预测评价中的指示作用和异常特点,以及中国铀、钍、钾元素地球化学场分布特点和规律,将铀、钍、钾异常按累频占比划分为特高异常(异常内带)、高异常(异常中带)、异常(异常外带)和高背景,同时,论证了铀、钍、钾异常分布与铀成矿关系。可以看出,铀、钍、钾异常分布有明显的区域特征,现有的异常分布区与我国四大类型铀矿产区高度一致,其异常分布对我国铀、钍矿资源预测评价具有重要意义。     

Soil-geochemistry,radiometric and soil gas helium studies in the uranium mineralized zone of Tumallapalle,Cuddapah Basin,Andhra Pradesh

A geochemical soil sampling survey undertaken at Tumallpalle uranium mineralized zone Cuddapah district, has confirmed the presence of uranium anomalies in soils. Bulk soil samples were collected at every 20 m along the traverse from approximately 30 cm below the surface and were assayed for uranium by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The uranium anomalies detected by the insitu radiometric survey show a correlation with the helium highs. The soil gas helium studies have aided in delineating the subsurface extension of the deposit. This study endeavors for an integration of different techniques in a known area which could probably aid in delineating uranium zones for optimal exploitation in the future exploration programmes.     

印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛低密度地球化学填图

为了快速获取印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛元素分布的详细情况,根据苏门答腊岛的地形及景观特征,以水系沉积物和土壤为采样介质,实施了覆盖全岛的1：100万低密度地球化学填图。详细介绍了1：100万低密度地球化学填图的野外工作方法、测试的元素及分析技术,根据测试结果制作了苏门答腊岛69种元素地球化学图,计算和分析了苏门答腊岛地球化学背景的特征参数。总结了苏门答腊岛不同成因类型组合元素的分布特征及规律,圈定了16处地球化学综合异常。结合主因子综合异常特征以及区内典型矿床(点)空间分布、规模,对苏门答腊岛主成矿元素综合异常进行了甲、乙、丙分类,包括6个甲级综合异常、4个乙级综合异常和6个丙级综合异常,并优选3处具有较好找矿潜力的甲级综合异常进行异常解释和讨论,认为HS7综合异常具有寻找SEDEX型铅锌矿的潜力,HS8和HS11综合异常具有寻找浅成低温热液型金银矿和矽卡岩型铜铅锌矿床的潜力,为苏门答腊岛深入开展矿产勘查提供参考和依据。