有机锡对金藻（Dicrateria sp.）的毒性效应

研究了有机锡对金藻的毒性效应 ,结果表明 ,三丁基锡 (TBT)和三苯基锡 (TPT)在低浓度的情况下 ,即可限制金藻细胞的生长和存活。室内一次培养研究显示 ,该 2种有机锡化合物对金藻表现出很强的毒性 ,对生长速率的 72 h半数效应浓度 EC50 分别为 0 .58和 0 .77μg/ dm3。     

有机锡对金藻（Dicrateria sp.）有毒性效应

研究了有机锡对金藻的毒性效应，结果表明，三丁基锡（TBT）和三苯基锡（TPT）在低浓度的情况下，即或．可金藻细胞的生长和存活，室内一次培养研究显示，该2种有机锡化合物对金藻表现出很强的毒性，对生长速率的72h半数效应浓度EC50分别为0.58和0.77μg/dm^2。     

有机锡对海洋微藻的生理效应 Ⅲ.三苯基锡和三丁基锡对金藻和扁藻呼吸作用的影响

研究了不同浓度(0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0μg/dm³)的三苯基氯化锡(TPTC)和三丁基氯化锡(TBTC)在不同温度(18、20、22、26、28℃)下,培养不同时间(12、24h)对扁藻(Platymonas sp.)和湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)呼吸作用的影响,指出温度越高,2种有机锡的毒性越大;培养时间不同,2种藻呼吸速率发生不同的变化;扁藻对有机锡的耐受力大于金藻.     

有机锡对海洋微藻的生理效应──Ⅱ.三苯基锡和三丁基锡对扁藻和金藻光合作用的影响

于1991年4月-1992年1月，分别用不同浓度的三苯基氯化锡（TPTC）和三丁基氯化锡（TBTC）培养扁藻和金藻，测定24，48和72h两种藻的净光合速率和生长速率。结果表明，TBTC对两种藻的毒性大于TPTC；TPTC和TBTC在浓度为0．2μg／L时，对两种蕉的光合作用有轻微影响；浓度大干0．4μ/L，两种藻的光合作用不同程度地受到抑制。扁藻对有机锡的耐受力大于金藻：扁藻用两种锡处理后，第一天受害最严重，第二天和第三天光合速率开始恢复；金藻经TPTC处理后随时间加长光合速率稍有恢复，而经TBTC处理后则未出现恢复现象。     

有机锡对海洋微藻的生理效应 Ⅰ.三苯基锡和三丁基锡对光合色素含量的影响

于1991年4月－1992年五月，以金藻和扁藻为材料，用室内一次培养法研究三苯基锡（TPTC）和三丁基锡（TBTC）化合物对光合色素含量的影响。结果表明，两种有机锡对两种藻均有影响，在0．2—0．4μg／L的浓度时有轻微毒性；浓度大于0．5μg／L时，能使光合色素明显减少。对于两种藻叶绿素a72hEC50影响结果：TBTC和TPTC对金藻的均为0．59μg／L；对扁藻的，TBTC是0．87μg／L，而TPTC本出现半效应浓度。对于两种藻的类胡萝卜素72hEC50影响结果：金藻，TPTC是0．57μg／L，TBTC是0．49μg／L；扁藻，TBTC是0．89μg／L，TPTC也未出现半效应浓度。认为，两种有机锡对光合色素有明显的破坏作用。     

三丁基氧化锡(TBTO)对太平洋牡蛎性成熟的影响

利用流水饲养法研究了不同浓度的三丁基氧化锡 (0 .5 μg/ L和 1.0 μg/ L TBTO)对太平洋牡蛎卵巢中卵母细胞直径、RNA/ DNA比、蛋白质和卵黄蛋白含量的影响。卵母细胞径的增长在0 .5 μg/ L实验组受到阻碍 ,并随着 TBTO浓度的增大而更加明显。TBTO暴露组的 RNA/ DNA比在精巢中无明显变化 ,但在卵巢中显著低于对照组。 TBTO暴露组的卵巢中蛋白质和卵黄蛋白含量显示了与 RNA/ DNA比相同的变化趋势 ,表明 TBTO的积累阻碍卵黄蛋白的合成。TBTO暴露4 2 d采集的牡蛎样品中出现 3个雌雄同体 ,暗示 TBTO可能引起牡蛎发生性转变进而产生雌雄同体     

汞对三角褐指藻的毒性

汞对三角褐指藻一次培养毒性实验表明,当无机汞(HgCl_2)浓度为5μg/dm~3时能抑制细胞分裂,汞浓度达到80μg/dm~3,则细胞完全停止分裂。甲基汞浓度为1μg/dm~3时能抑制细胞分裂,浓度为25μg/dm~3时,则完全抑制细胞分裂。有机络合剂对无机汞有解毒作用,这表明汞的毒性与汞在溶液中形态有关。根据实验结果,分析讨论了汞对三角褐指藻的毒性机理。无机汞和甲基汞对细胞毒性的差别,可能与它们同细胞膜的结合及传输方式不同所致。     

有机锡对海洋微藻的生理效应 Ⅲ.三苯基锡和三丁基锡对金藻和扁藻呼吸作用的影响

研究了不同浓度（０．２、０．４、０．６、０．８、１．０μｇ／ｄｍ３）的三苯基氯化锡（ＴＰＴＣ）和三丁基氯化锡（ＴＢＴＣ）在不同温度（１８、２０、２２、２６、２８℃）下，培养不同时间（１２、２４ｈ）对扁藻（Ｐｌａｔｙｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．）和湛江叉鞭金藻（Ｄｉｃｒａｔｅｒｉａｚｈａｎｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）呼吸作用的影响，指出温度越高，２种有机锡的毒性越大；培养时间不同，２种藻呼吸速率发生不同的变化；扁藻对有机锡的耐受力大于金藻。     

氢化物冷阱捕集法原子吸收测定海水中无机锡

采用硼氢化纳还原法将海水中无机锡还原为挥发性锡化氢,氮为载气将锡化氢从反应器吹出,并于液氮冷阱中捕集,捕集后将锡化氢载入氢焰原子化器进行原子吸收测定。对该还原反应、氢化物转移、捕集及原子化实验条件进行了详细研究。实验结果表明:该法中可氢化元素As、Sb、Se等超过被测物浓度200倍时亦无明显干扰,检出限为0.0060μg/dm~3,对0.050μg/dm~3 Sn浓度的样品变异系数为±8％。标准曲线表明,在0—0.050μg/dm~3 Sn浓度范围内有理想的线性关系。对海水介质测定,该法所作校准曲线与蒸馏水介质具有相同的斜率,采用NaOH共沉淀预富集可提高灵敏度5—10倍,便于海水样品保存,总回收率95％以上。     

胶州湾水体、浮游生物和沉积物中的锡

对胶州湾水体、浮游生物、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中锡的测定、形式、生物累积等进行研究。不同季节(1987年和1988年)的水体、浮游植物和沉积物测定表明:1.水体总还原无机锡和总锡含量分别为4.2～38.8ng/dm~3,65.6～209ng/dm~3;浮游植物总锡含量为22.4～414mg/kg(干重);沉积物总锡含量为0.015～0.98mg/kg(干重),且在胶州湾港口区测得水体总锡的最大值209ng/dm~3。以上结果与目前世界其它海域、河口类似。2.有些区域有机锡含量已达到或超过某些生物的致毒阈值(对双壳类,其TBT≤0.1μg/dm~3)从而引起水质恶化。3.水体总锡含量与悬浮颗粒量密切相关;浮游植物对锡的生物富集因子高达10~5,说明无机或有机颗粒及生物体在水体锡的循环迁移过程中起重要作用。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.