蛇纹石脱水与大洋俯冲带中源地震(70~300km)的关系

蛇纹石脱水致裂作用是诱发大洋俯冲带中源地震(70~300km)的一种重要成因机制,它与中等深度双地震带的形成有很密切的关系。双地震带在冷俯冲带中是一种常见现象,它由上下相距20~40km的两个平行地震层组成。上地震层位于俯冲洋壳中,可能是洋壳蓝片岩脱水形成榴辉岩的系列脱水反应诱发了地震;下地震层位于大洋俯冲地幔中,可能是部分交代的地幔橄榄岩脱水控制着中源地震的分布。蛇纹岩在高温高压条件下的变形实验证实蛇纹石在脱水过程中引起岩石弱化和脆性破裂,这已经得到了对蛇纹石脱水过程中岩石物理性质和变形后样品的显微构造等理论研究上的支持。在蛇纹石脱水过程中,产生的流体与固体残留物分离,形成了大量的I型(张性)微裂隙,最终导致岩石破裂和形成断层。根据叶蛇纹石脱水反应相图,理论上在大洋俯冲带中蛇纹石脱水位置会出现双层结构,但只有平行于俯冲板块顶层等温线的一支才可能脱水诱发地震,并对应于双地震带的下地震层。下地震层所处的位置具有低的vp/vs值,暗示岩石圈大洋地幔顶层发生了部分交代。但它的交代机制尚不清楚,可能是海水通过洋底转换断层和/或沿着在外海沟隆起中形成的断层渗入大洋地幔顶层,并发生了洋壳和大洋地幔交代。双地震带在120~200km深度合一以后,冷俯冲带中所发生的中源地震可能与蛇纹石脱水有关,在热俯冲带中更可能与“湿”榴辉岩脱水有关。     

俯冲带地震诱发机制:研究进展综述

俯冲带作为地球循环体系的关键部位,具有构造活跃、地震多发以及地质条件复杂等特征。基于震源位置,俯冲带地震既可划分为板间和板内地震,也可分为浅源、中源和深源地震。俯冲带内的浅源地震包括板间地震和浅源板内地震,而中源和深源地震皆属于板内地震。在地球浅部,温度与压力低,浅源地震是由岩石发生脆性破裂或沿着先存断层发生不稳定摩擦滑移造成的。随着深度增加,温度和压力的增加使得流行于浅部的脆性和摩擦行为在无水条件下被强烈抑制,岩石从而表现为可抑制地震的韧性行为,使得中-深源地震的诱发机制有别于常规的脆性行为。随着研究的逐渐深入,人们了解到中源地震的诱发机制主要是脱水或与流体相关的致脆以及塑性剪切失稳,而深源地震的成因主要是相变致裂。然而,中-深源地震很可能是两种或两种以上机制共同作用的结果。例如,在中源深度既可能是流体相关的致脆导致脱水源区的脆性围岩产生地震,亦可能是脱水的蛇纹岩本身可能在流体孔隙压的作用下作粘滑滑移,而前者比后者更为重要。孕震带宽度大于"反裂隙模型"预测的亚稳态橄榄石冷核宽度的深源地震可能是由第一阶段的相变致裂和第二阶段的塑性剪切失稳诱发,而孕震带的实际宽度与预测宽度相当的深源地震则可能仅由相变致裂引起。只要过渡带内名义无水矿物中的结构水能释放出来,脱水致脆同样可能触发一些深源地震;而塑性剪切失稳不仅能在中-深源地震触发后的扩展阶段起着主导作用,而且还能单独触发一些中-深源地震,因此能够解释大多数反复发生的中-深源地震活动。     

非饱和黏性土的应力-应变关系研究

为了绕过吸力这一复杂的变量建立尽量简便实用的非饱和土本构模型,在双曲线模型的基础上将含水率引入硬化参数中。提出在试验前让土样恢复到原始应力状态下的理论,并依据该理论对三轴试验方法进行改进。为了很好的研究各个含水率下原状土的应力-应变关系,利用重塑土实现原状土的模拟。试验结果表明：重塑非饱和黏性土的应力-应变关系基本符合Kondner提出的双曲线模型。在研究双曲线模型中的参数a和b的规律性的基础上,建立了100、150、200与250 kPa 4种围压状态下参数a和b与含水率的函数关系,并实现了对补做的一组含水率为24.52 %的应力-应变关系的预测。通过实测数据与预测结果对比,发现预测误差比较小,能达到较好的预测效果。     

三轴疲劳-卸围压条件下大理岩力学特性试验研究

为了揭示应力扰动和卸载围压作用下大理岩损伤破裂的物理过程和非线性力学行为,采用GCTSRTR-2000伺服加载岩石力学试验机进行了岩石疲劳卸围压试验,同时对破坏试样进行了压后裂纹形态CT扫描可视化分析。结果表明:周期性的加卸载作用对大理岩起到了主因损伤作用,卸围压的作用对大理岩起到了根本性的破坏作用。岩石疲劳循环形成滞回环,滞回环面积由疏变密,滞回环加载和卸载曲线接近重合,加卸载模量近似相等;岩石经过卸围压作用,岩石的轴向、径向和体积应变表现为不同程度增大,表明应变对围压降低具有强敏感性,敏感程度由高到低依次为体积应变、径向应变和轴向应变;由于疲劳循环的影响,卸围压作用产生的围压降幅随循环次数增多而降低,卸围压时长随循环次数增多而减少;量化宏观应变变形,求得应变损伤指数D_a、D_r、D_v,疲劳循环次数越多,应变损伤指数越大;岩石破坏后细观CT扫描揭示了疲劳循环损伤对岩石破裂形态影响的内在机制。随疲劳循环次数的增加,裂纹密度和规模显著增加。研究成果可为地下工程疲劳活动规律和开挖卸荷问题提供理论和模型支撑。     

岩石破坏前后曲线分类及脆-延转换围压研究——蚀变岩常规三轴压缩试验Ⅰ

蚀变岩是工程中少见的软弱岩类,在西南某重大水电工程中,蚀变岩处于工程的重要部位,为保证工程的长期稳定性,对蚀变岩力学特性进行了深入全面的试验研究.通过对孔隙度不同的饱水蚀变岩进行系统的常规三轴压缩试验和总结分析,提出了蚀变岩三轴压缩下破坏前应力.应变曲线可分为3大类,破坏后应力-应变曲线亦可分为3大类的形态模式.并得出结论:蚀变岩的破坏类型受围压与孔隙度的共同影响,在给定的12 MPa围压下蚀变岩以脆性破坏为主,只有孔隙度大于16%且围压大于4 MPa时才有可能进入脆-延转换状态,且脆-延转换围压随孔隙度增加而降低,临界状态应力比随孔隙度增大而增加.     

堆石料应力-应变关系的拟合方法研究

堆石料大量的大型三轴剪切试验结果表明,其轴向应变与径向应变关系并不完全符合双曲线关系,而是可以分成两段,依次用双曲线关系和直线关系来拟合,提出了一个计算两段关系拐点处径向应变的公式,对Duncan-Chang模型中泊松比的计算进行了修正。根据堆石料应力-应变关系试验结果,提出了一个用8参数拟合其应力-应变关系和体变关系的拟合方法,并将通过此方法得到的计算结果与试验结果进行对比,验证了拟合方法的精度。     

The examination of fracturing process subjected to triaxial compression test in Inada granite

The behavior of a granite subject to a triaxial compression test ranging from the prefailure stage to the postfailure stage was studied using a fluorescent technique from the geological point of view. Microscopic observations of the specimens at different stages showed changes in the failure process. The start of formation of new microcracks paralleled the compression direction through their propagation until the onset of faulting and ended with the failure of shear zones after the strength failure point. Pores chiefly identified in the feldspar increased in length and width in the early stages, but not in number. It seems that the effect of pore spaces did not have any effect of failure. The microcracks generated on angular edges of quartz or feldspar grains and around biotite grains with increasing compression force. The phenomenon appearing on the crystal boundaries among biotite and quartz or feldspar agrees with the result calculated based on the theory on stress fields with ellipsoidal inhomogeneity suggested by Eshelby.     

A new criterion for strength of frozen sand under quick triaxial compression considering effect of confining pressure

The strength of frozen soils has been one of the most extensively studied aspects in frozen soil mechanics. When carrying out deep excavations using freezing methods, high stress states are often encountered. Therefore, the strength of frozen soils under high confining pressures is of major concern. This paper first reviews the present failure criteria for frozen soils, especially with regard to the effect of confining pressure on the strength. It is suggested that the strength consists of two components, cohesion and friction, and can be expressed by the Mohr–Coulomb criterion and in the framework of the Drucker–Prager criterion. However, these two components are both dependent on the stress state. Duncan’s equation for the friction angle is extended to frozen soils. A frozen Lanzhou fine sand is taken as study subject. The frozen sand is compressed at a high strain rate under three different temperatures and under a wide range of confining pressure. Experimental results have confirmed the generally recognized principle that the strength increases with the confining pressure up to certain value. Thereafter, it decreases with continued increase in confining pressure. Experimental data from our own tests and literature are fitted to the new criterion, which shows its validity.     

三轴压缩条件下裂隙性黄土的破坏特征

通过裂隙性黄土样的三轴压缩试验,利用土样裂隙和侧壁标记的网格在试验前后的对比与直观反映,描述了具有不同裂隙空间形态的不同性状土样在不同试验围压下的破坏特征,总结了其变形破坏规律,试验结果显示,裂隙性黄土的破坏分为脆性破坏和塑性破坏两种类型,表现为极强软化型、强软化型、软化型、理想塑性型（或弱软化型、弱硬化型）和硬化型5种型式,其破坏特征与土样原裂隙的空间形态及性质、试验围压等因素密切相关,形成的破裂面位置主要受土样的原裂隙、变形方式和上下底面透水石的边界控制。     

Numerical studies on the failure process and associated microseismicity in rock under triaxial compression

In this paper, firstly the mesoscopic elemental mechanical model for elastic damage is developed and implemented into the rock and tool interaction code (R-T^2D). Then the failure processes of a heterogeneous rock specimen subjected to a wide variety of confining pressures (0–80 MPa) are numerically investigated using the R-T^2D code. According to the simulated results, on the one hand, the numerical simulation reproduced some of the well-known phenomena observed by previous researchers in triaxial tests. Under uniaxial compression, rock failure is caused by a combination of axial splitting and shearing. Dilatancy and a post-failure stage with a descending load bearing capacity are the prominent characteristics of the failure. As the confining pressure increases, the extension of the failed sites is suppressed, but the individual failure sites become dense and link with each other to form a shear fracture plane. Correspondingly, the peak strength, the residual strength and the shear fracture plane angle increase, but the brittleness decreases. When the confining pressure is high enough, the specimen behaves in a plastic manner and a narrow shear fracture plane leads to its failure. The prominent characteristics are volume condensation, ductile cataclastic failure, and a constant load bearing capacity with increasing strain. On the other hand, the numerical simulation revealed some new phenomena. The highest microseismicity events occur in the post-failure stage instead of the maximal stress, and most of the microseismicity energies are released in the failure localization process. As the confining pressure increases, the microseismicity events in the non-linear deformation stage increase dramatically and the ratio between the energies dissipated at the non-linear deformation stage and those dissipated in the whole loading process increases correspondingly. Therefore, it is concluded that the developed mesoscopic elemental mechanical model for elastic damage is able to reproduce accurately the failure characteristics in loading rock specimens under triaxial conditions, and the numerical modelling can furthermore obtain some new clarifications of the rock fracture process.     

三轴压缩岩石动静组合强度及变形特征的研究

为研究深部地下资源开发过程中矿岩的力学行为,利用自行研制的岩石动静组合加载试验机,对细砂岩进行了两个系列的三维动静组合加载试验,即固定围压改变轴向静压和固定轴向静压改变围压的试验,并对实验数据整理分析。试验结果表明：围压不变时,细砂岩动静组合强度、弹性模量随轴向静压增大先升高（弹性阶段）后降低（损伤阶段）;最大应变率和平均应变率则先下降后升高,并且当轴向静压在其静态三轴抗压强度80 %左右时,动静组合强度最大;轴向静压不变时,增大围压,细砂岩动静组合强度、弹性模量升高,平均应变率下降,而最大应变率的变化趋势无明显规律。     

不同围压下板岩三轴压缩过程能量及损伤分析

根据不同围压下板岩三轴试验的结果,研究不同围压下板岩的能量变化规律和损伤分析。研究结果表明,不同变形阶段板岩的弹性应变能、耗散能的变化情况不同,弹性应变能先增加后减小,耗散能加载初期几乎为零,进入屈服段急剧增加。根据弹性应变能与总吸收能之比将岩石压缩过程中裂隙发展划分为3个阶段：裂隙稳定发展阶段、裂隙加速发展阶段和裂隙贯通阶段。岩样破坏后总吸收能、耗散能与围压的关系表明,从开始加载到屈服段,畸变比能和体变比能之和U^e'大体等于弹性应变能U^e;从屈服段到峰值强度,U^e'小于U^e且差值越来越大。从能量角度定义损伤变量,认为：低围压状态对应较低的耗散能、较高的损伤值;高围压状态对应较高的耗散能、较低的损伤值。     

冻结粉土三轴压缩变形破坏与能量特征分析

对不同温度和不同围压下的青藏冻结粉土进行了三轴压缩与加卸载试验,得到冻结粉土应力-应变关系曲线、抗压强度等力学参数随温度与围压变化的关系。结果表明,冻结粉土典型应力-应变曲线在低围压下大致可以分为线弹性、峰前塑性变形与峰后软化3个阶段。当? 3 < 3.0 MPa时,应力-应变曲线具有明显的峰后软化现象,随围压的增大,软化现象逐渐减弱,当? 3 达到14 MPa,应变软化现象重新变得明显;冻结粉土的强度与变形模量均随围压的增加先升后降;低围压作用下冻结粉土体积随轴向应变的增加先缩后胀,而高围压下体积变形只有体缩;低围压下冻结粉土体积塑性变形耗散能先是随着体积塑性变形增大而增大,之后由于剪胀而减少,高围压下体积塑性变形耗散能始终增加;剪切塑性变形耗散能与塑性剪应变之间近似成抛物线的关系。     

硬石膏常规三轴压缩下强度和变形特性的试验研究

采用伺服刚性试验机对硬石膏进行了不同围压下的常规三轴试验,研究了硬石膏的强度和变形特性。结果表明,在低围压下硬石膏破坏方式为剪切破坏;在围压超过10 MPa时,硬石膏表现出明显的塑性流动特性。观察试验后试样发现,在围压为18 MPa时,硬石膏已经没有明显的破坏面,而是表现出明显的膨胀现象。硬石膏的峰值强度与围压近似成正比例关系。分析了峰值应变、弹性模量随围压的变化规律,其结果表明：随着围压的升高,硬石膏的的峰值应变与弹性模量均逐渐增加。根据三轴试验结果绘制了摩尔包络线,采用回归分析得到了强度准则和抗剪强度参数c、? 值,其研究结果可为地下工程提供参考与借鉴。     

Gas permeability evolution of cataclasite and fault gouge in triaxial compression and implications for changes in fault-zone permeability structure through the earthquake cycle

We report the results of permeability measurements of fault gouge and tonalitic cataclasite from the fault zone of the Median Tectonic Line, Ohshika, central Japan, carried out during triaxial compression tests. The experiments revealed marked effects of deformation on the permeability of the specimens. Permeability of fault gouge decreases rapidly by about two orders of magnitude during initial loading and continues to decrease slowly during further inelastic deformation. The drop in permeability during initial loading is much smaller for cataclasite than for gouge, followed by abrupt increase upon failure, and the overall change in permeability correlates well with change in volumetric strain, i.e., initial, nearly elastic contraction followed by dilatancy upon the initiation of inelastic deformation towards specimen failure. If cemented cataclasite suffers deformation prior to or during an earthquake, a cataclasite zone may change into a conduit for fluid flow. Fault gouge zones, however, are unlikely to switch to very permeable zones upon the initiation of fault slip. Thus, overall permeability structure of a fault may change abruptly prior to or during earthquakes and during the interseismic period. Fault gouge and cataclasite have internal angles of friction of about 36° and 45°, respectively, as is typical for brittle rocks.