General sky models for illuminating terrains

Sky models are quantitative representations of natural luminance of the sky under various atmospheric conditions. They have been used extensively in studies of architectural design for nearly a century, and more recently for rendering objects in the field of computer graphics. The objectives of this paper are to (1) describe sky models, (2) demonstrate how map designers can render terrain under various sky models in a typical geographic information system (GIS), (3) illustrate potential enhancements to terrain renderings using sky models, and (4) discuss how sky models, with their well-established standards from a different discipline, might contribute to a virtual geographic environment (VGE).

Current GIS hill-shading tools use the Lambertian assumption which can be related to a simple point light source at an infinite distance to render terrain. General sky models allow the map designer to choose from a gamut of sky models standardized by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). We present a computer application that allows the map designer to select a general sky model and to use existing GIS tools to illuminate any terrain under that model. The application determines the orientations and weights of many discrete point light sources that, in the aggregate, approximate the illumination provided by the chosen sky model. We discuss specific enhancements to terrains that are shaded and shadowed with these general sky models, including additional detail of secondary landforms with soft shadows and more realistic shading contrasts. We also illustrate how non-directional illumination models result in renderings that lack the perceptual relief effect. Additionally, we argue that this process of creating hill-shaded visualizations of terrain with sky models shows parallels to other geo-simulations, and that basing such work on standards from the computer graphics industry shows potential for its use in VGE.     

对机构改革背景下空间规划体系构建的思考

“建立空间规划体系”是自然资源部的一项重要职能,也是整合空间规划、保障空间治理机制有效运行的必然要求。在借鉴国外空间规划体系的基础上,按照适应中国政治体制和法律基础、适应未来空间开发和空间治理变化的需求,提出构建层层传导的空间规划体系确保国家重大战略部署得以落实;提出在微观尺度空间规划进行空间开发权与土地利用权的分配,作为实施空间用途管制的法律依据,保障地方多样化、灵活化的发展;通过构建“宏观政策性/指导性规划—中观衔接性规划—微观实施性规划”的空间规划体系,为国家建立和完善空间规划体系、提升空间治理能力提供参考。     

Geologically constrained changes to landforms caused by human activities in the 20th century: A case study from Fukuoka Prefecture,Japan

Human activity has been recognized to be an important geomorphic agent, and the resulting changes to landforms and land cover are regarded as a global problem. Although there has been much research into the relationships between geomorphic processes and types of land use such as agriculture, mining, and urbanization, it is important to clarify spatiotemporal human impacts on topography on a regional scale when predicting future changes in land cover.This study examined changes in land use to clarify the distribution and impact of anthropogenic changes to landforms, as well as the influence of geology on the extent of these changes. In a case study from Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, changes in land use over the last century were analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS). The study area, which covers approximately 4930 km², has experienced urban development since 1950 and has a current population of over 5 million. Land use data were prepared using paper-based early editions of topographic maps. Subsequently, the distribution of anthropogenic landforms was evaluated by comparing landforms with regional geological data.GIS analysis using our prepared land use data, landform data, and regional geological data has clarified the following characteristics of the study area. (1) Land uses prior to 1950 were constrained by topographic relief. After 1950, land use was characterized by urban sprawl. Urban areas expanded and contained both higher elevations and steeper slopes at their margins. The relationships between land uses and landforms during this urbanization are unclear. (2) The area of urban land increased in the geological regions with Paleogene sedimentary rocks (PSD) and Mesozoic granitic rocks (GR) during the 20th century. The largest coal mining area in Japan was located in the PSD geological regions, and ancient iron working was common in the GR geological regions, particularly during the 7th century. This result indicates that the land use distribution, especially urban areas in sloping terrain, is related to the regional geology. (3) Deforestation related to land use resulted in steeper terrain in forest land in the PSD and GR geological regions. These changes to landforms in forest areas occurred as a result of rapid urban sprawl and have created many new boundaries between forest areas with steeper slopes and urban areas with gentler slopes. This phenomenon may have caused an increase in the frequency of sediment-related disasters.This case study indicates that predictions of anthropogenic changes to landform, which are important for the assessment of global climate change and natural hazards, must clarify the relationships between land uses, landforms, and regional geology.     

AHP法在梅州旅游资源定量评价中的运用

运用AHP法综合评价梅州主要景区 (点 )的景观质量 ,将其划分为四个等级。结合旅游发展战略规划的需要 ,首次提出了“资源度”与“开发度”的概念并利用它们制作区域旅游资源开发利用现状图 ,从而对传统的AHP法在旅游资源定量评价的运用上作了延伸。同时充分利用评价结果 ,阐述梅州旅游战略规划中确立文化旅游主题的必然性及其基本措施。     

松嫩高平原县域土地利用空间格局地形梯度特征分析——以巴彦县为例

以黑龙江省巴彦县为研究区,基于研究区DEM数据,运用土地利用类型的分布指数、土地利用结构的信息熵、均衡度和优势度,明确研究区土地利用空间格局的地形梯度特征及地形因子对土地利用空间格局的影响。结果表明：① 研究区土地利用空间格局在地形因子的作用下存在明显的梯度特征,旱地、水田、草地、水域、建设用地及其他用地主要分布在较低地形级别区,林地主要分布在较高地形级别区。② 除林地以外,其他土地利用类型分布的优势地形位均位于较低地形级别区,林地分布的优势地形位位于较高地形级别区,各土地利用类型分布的优势区域不尽相同。③ 研究区土地利用结构的信息熵及均衡度变化趋势相同,优势度的变化趋势与信息熵、均衡度的变化趋势相反,土地利用空间格局与地形因子具有显著的相关性。     

土地利用多功能性研究进展与展望

土地利用多功能性研究是土地科学和地理学研究的重要学术命题,对于提高土地利用效率、促进区域可持续发展具有重要的理论和应用价值。本文通过对土地利用多功能性的概念内涵、识别与分类、评价研究等方面的梳理,明晰土地利用多功能性的研究现状。目前,学者对土地利用多功能性内涵特征的认识基本一致;土地利用多功能性的分类标准尚未统一;土地利用多功能性分析框架初步形成,评价指标体系尚不完善,评价方法较单一,应用研究相对薄弱;土地利用多功能性受自然、社会经济及政策等因素共同影响。未来,应构建多学科交叉的土地利用多功能性研究内容框架,完善分类体系,深化评价研究并加强应用研究,从而为开展土地利用规划与土地管理工作提供参考。     

美丽中国与国土空间规划关系的地理学思考

The concept of‘Beautiful China'is a new goal of ecological construction in the new era of socialism and aims to meet the needs of people as they strive for a better life.National land spatial planning is one major component of the Chinese state's overall planning for various spatial types.The concept of‘Beautiful China'is thus a leading goal of Chinese development in the second centenary.The background of this concept aims for‘ecological beauty'as well as the combined beauty of‘economy-politics-culture-society-ecology.'The construction of‘Beautiful China'therefore necessitates a differentiated evaluation index system that is built on the basis of local conditions.This concept is intimately related to land spatial planning and the idea of Beautiful China guides an important direction for this planning which itself provides an important mechanism and spatial guarantee for construction.The establishment of land spatial planning nevertheless needs to strengthen further discussion of the regional system of human-land relationship,point axis system,main functional division,sustainable development,resources and environmental carrying capacity as well as new urbanization,and the rural multi-system.The aim of this paper is to summarize current thinking in land spatial planning,scientifically analyze the natural geographical conditions,the socioeconomic development,the interrelationship of the land space,plan the goal,vision and path of land space,encourage the public to participate in and carry out dynamic evaluation,build an intelligent system platform for land and spatial planning to realize the goal of‘Beautiful China'from a geographical perspective.And they can also present key ideas relating to the compilation and implementation of land spatial planning.     

黄土高原典型地貌类型的土地利用分形特征

以山西省闻喜县1∶1万土地利用现状数据库为数据源,运用GIS技术,基于DEM数据及地貌特征将闻喜县分为河谷、塬地、丘陵、山地4种地貌,计算各地貌下不同土地类型的分维数和稳定数,并对计算结果进行分析比较。结果表明:不同的地貌特征不仅对土地利用结构有影响,对其分维指数和稳定性指数也有影响;相同地貌特征下不同的土地类型分维数和稳定性指数存在着差异,分维数越高土地利用类型的结构越复杂,稳定性指数越高土地利用类型的结构越简单。通过对分维数和稳定性指数的研究可为优化土地利用结构和可持续利用土地资源提供依据。     

论土地利用总体规划的编制与土地资源的保护

社会经济保持续发展的基础在于土地资源的可持续利用,其关键是保护好农业用地资源。科学地编制土地利用总体规划并切实实施规划是保护好土地资源,以保证其可持续利用的重要措施。然而,近年来在土地利用总体规划的编制中存在各种问题和弊端,既影响规划的实施,也下利于土地资源的保护,必须认真采取措施加以克服。     

规则格网DEM坡度坡向算法的比较分析

DEM的主要用途之一就是提取坡度和坡向。目前基于格网DEM的坡度坡向算法比较多,正确分析和评价现有算法是当前较为关心的问题。通过对格网DEM的算法进行了简要的归纳,然后对坡度坡向算法进行了理论分析。并通过实验对相关的结论进行了验证。本研究澄清了目前有关DEM坡度坡向算法中存在的一些问题,对实际应用有一定的指导意义。     

场地开发的景观与生态敏感性分析：以深圳梧桐山南坡废弃石场为例

对土地（场地）的景观与生态敏感性分析有助于土地开发利用、项目设计和资源管理的科学性。文中以景观与生态的质量反映物质水平，以风景与观者的关系，从视觉、美学、人文与自然资源的协调性反映敏感水平，制定了一套景观与生态敏感性分析的指标，为中、小尺度地域的土地规划和管理提供了定性与定量的评价方法。     

从本土到全球网络化的人地关系思维范式转型

早期地理学关于人地关系的研究多基于本土思维,秉持“一方水土养育一方人”的理念。在严重依赖自然资源的传统农业社会,这一理念及其指导下的区域地理研究和区域管理实践,对于促进人与自然的协调发展起到积极作用。随着系统开放程度的增加,规模不等、层级不同的地域系统形成了一个相互依赖、相互耦合的地理网络。每个地域都是这个网络上的节点,地域问题的产生与解决与网络上其他节点有密切关联、与地域系统内外因素紧密相关,地域外因素有时甚至起主导作用。虚拟水、生态足迹、贸易隐含碳排放、资源纽带关系及人地关系远程耦合等概念和方法的提出,标志着人地关系研究范式从本土思维向全球网络化思维转型。依照新的理念和研究范式,传统的本土思维范式及建立在此范式上的相关研究主题（如区域承载力）应该受到重新审视。     

城市土地潜力分析--以南京市为例

研究城市土地潜力是城市建设者合理利用城市土地、提高城市土地利用效率、保护耕地的基础。该文利用GIS对土地、规划、环保、人口等相关数据进行整合,从房地产开发的角度建立测算最低经济容积率的模型,求得每块城市土地的经济容积率;基于GIS空间分析功能,分析城市土地利用现状与最低经济容积率,并用地域环境质量综合评价、历史文化名城保护规划等数据对结果进行修正,得出南京市城市土地潜力的数量、质量及空间分布。     

利用BP算法进行新疆MODIS数据土地利用分类研究

土地利用信息获取已经成为遥感技术的重要应用领域之一。本研究以MODIS数据产品为信息源,用神经网络分类中的反向传播网络(BP)算法对新疆进行了土地利用分类研究。以新疆石河子为实验区,比较了BP算法与最大似然法的分类精度,前者的精度提高近10％。用BP算法对新疆全省进行了土地利用分类,统计分类结果各类别的面积和百分比,所得数据与相关部门公布数据非常接近。研究结果表明,250mMODIS数据对新疆地区的土地利用的类别信息获取比较实用：BP算法对中分辨率的MODIS数据能取得较高的分类精度。     

甘肃土地资源管理的经济地理学思考

从甘肃土地资源利用现状出发，在对土地资源管理存在问题分析和解决途径的探讨中，把各特殊区域的特殊问题综合化，从经济地理学的高度进行了思考并作了结论。     

土地利用总体规划与土地资源的可持续利用──对新疆土地利用总体规划修编的几点思考

本文通过论述土地资源可持续利用的含义以及与土地利用总体规划的关系,结合新疆土地利用总体规划修编,提出了在编制土地利用总体规划时需要注意的几个问题：（1）正确处理生态效益与经济效益、社会效益的关系。（2）正确处理土地供应与土地需求的关系。（3）正确处理经济建设与保护耕地的关系。     

Planning Method of Non-Development Zone in Southern Jiangyin

Jiangyin was the earliest to conduct Non-development zone planning and has attracted the attention of people all over China because it is regarded as the Chinese version of Smart Growth. The planning process is as follows. Based on SPOT and TM satellite remote sensing images develop a regional land use map with high precision using artificial interpretation methods. Then, according to the relationship between anti-development suitability and disasters, agriculture, ecology, built-up area distribution and other geographical factors, generate a comprehensive evaluation chart of anti-development suitability using GIS analysis, such as buffer analysis and overlay analysis. Later, with a regional land use map and anti-development suitability evaluation chart, using the principle of ecological security network and learning from the management experience of nature reserves, draw the scope of Non-development zone and core area. Last, put forward a series of protective measures for the above Non-development zone, that is only allowed to develop agriculture and tourism, strictly restricted industrial projects and urban real estate activities, and all existing industrial factories must be moved to planned industrial parks. This is good practice whereby local governments keep land resources for future generations and more advanced than an urban expansion strategy. This method is very useful for promoting land use layout optimization in Southern Jiangsu Developed Areas.     

黄河三角洲土地结构分析

本文在土地类型划分和土地评价的基础上，对黄三角洲的土地结构（包括土地类型土地结构，土地资源结构，土地空间结构，土地演替结构，土地利用现状结构）进行了分析，由此提出了大农业发展方向，土地利用格局以及促进土地顺向演替等方面的建设性意见。     

关于农业地貌条件评价的研究

在农业资源、农业区划与国土整治的研究中,研究农业地貌条件的评价,是必不可少的基础作之一.本文讨论了农业地貌条件评价的内容和方法.     

Multi-scale landform characterization

One fundamental objective in geomorphometry is to extract signatures of geomorphologic processes on different spatial scales from digital terrain models (DTMs) and to describe the complexity of landforms as the synthesis of those individual imprints. We present an approach for characterizing land surfaces on multiple, spatially varying local scales. We approximate terrain surfaces locally to calculate surface derivatives at different window sizes. Local scale behaviour diagrams are used to define dominant scale ranges and multiple curvatures for each surface point. Multi-scale landform analysis leads to improved models of surface derivatives and new landform classifications, applicable in geomorphology, soil science and hydrology.