弱动力浅海中的悬沙输运机制:以天津港附近海域为例

根据在天津港附近海域获取的水动力和浊度数据,分析了悬沙输运特征和输运机制,结果表明:天津港附近海域受不规则半日潮控制呈低流态往复流特征,但涨潮流强于落潮流;涨潮期间底部悬沙浓度与垂线平均流速呈显著线性相关,存在显著的再悬浮作用;潮周期内的悬沙输运呈典型的不对称特征,形成向岸的净输运趋势。输运机制分析结果显示:潮泵效应(尤其是潮汐捕捉效应)是天津港附近海域悬沙输运的主要贡献项,其次是拉格朗日平流输运项,前者比后者高一个量级;垂向剪切作用最小。涨落潮期间流速与悬沙浓度的显著不对称是造成潮汐捕捉效应占主导的基本条件。在潮下带这种悬沙输运格局可能和潮间带发生的细颗粒沉积物捕集(堆积)作用有关。     

潮汐河口支流建闸闸下淤积研究

潮汐河口建闸的关键问题是闸下淤积。在潮汐河口支流口门上建闸,其闸下淤积面貌主要取决于干流主槽的位置,这与在潮汐河口干流上建闸的闸下淤积问题有着本质上的差异。以钱塘江河口支流曹娥江口门建闸为例,应用河床演变分析、动床实体模型和现场冲淤试验预测了曹娥江大闸闸下淤积面貌和淤积速率,为曹娥江大闸的建设提供了科学依据。     

江苏淤泥质海岸入海河道闸下淤积研究

通过建立ARIMA模型,分析了江苏淤泥质海岸四条入海河道(射阳河、新洋港、斗龙港和黄沙港)建闸后闸下河道的冲淤演变过程,预测闸下河道淤积量的变化情况。结果表明,射阳河闸下淤积量将会持续增加,到2010年预计量可达2.47×107m3,淤积量为四条河中最大;黄沙港和斗龙港有波动上升的趋势,但无射阳河明显,淤积量有小幅度增加;新洋港变化不大,已达到冲淤平衡的状态。     

甬江建闸前后冲淤特性的初步数值模拟

本文建立了纵向一维和垂向二维两种泥沙运动数值模式,以模拟甬江建闸前后泥沙冲淤规律。模式成功地进行了三汊点(即宁波三江口)水力、盐度、泥沙要素的计算。应用一维模式计算,对甬江建闸前后泥沙冲淤特性及动力机理作了探讨分析;垂向二维的计算结果,说明了泥沙的垂向效应及其对冲淤的影响程度。模式结果也反映建闸后涨潮流阶段泥沙过饱和淤积状态加强,落潮流阶段泥沙次饱和冲刷状态减弱,此是造成甬江大量淤积的主要原因。     

椒江河口洪季最大浑浊带核部的悬沙分选机制

以实测悬沙粒径、流速、含沙量资料为基础,通过悬沙不同粒级组分、中值粒径以及粒度参数的统计,分析椒江河口最大浑浊带核部悬沙粒径分布变化特性。研究表明,悬沙粒径分选主要受物质来源、潮流动力作用下底部部分物质再悬浮和絮凝沉降3个因素的影响。其中第二个因素起主导作用,大潮期比小潮期显著,第三个因素的作用主要发生在涨落憩前后低流速期,并在表层较近底层的水体明显。     

防潮闸启闭影响下的河口水流泥沙运动状态研究

为研究防潮闸启闭与跨水工程建设对河口地区水流泥沙运动状态的影响,以河口近闸跨水工程为背景,建立了以Godunov格式有限体积法为基础的二维浅水流动数学模型和基于固液二相流理论的二维水流泥沙数学模型,并以实测资料进行必要验证,结果较为吻合。在此基础上,建立了永定新河河口区域二维水沙数值模型,将该模型应用于滨海新区Z4线一期跨河工程段的水沙分析,并对工程建设后永定新河河口水流泥沙运动的变化趋势进行预报。结果表明永定新河河口二维全沙模型较为可靠,可为河口近闸跨水工程的相关分析提供研究思路和方法。     

2010年黄河调水调沙期间河口泥沙输运过程的数值模拟

利用EFDC三维数学模型,以整个渤海的水动力环境为背景,加入利津站逐日水沙数据和河口区域的风场数据,模拟了2010年黄河调水调沙期间河口入海泥沙输运过程。黄河调水调沙期间,河口泥沙的输运方式主要受到径流输入的悬沙浓度的变化的影响。通过模拟结果估算了不同传输方式相互转化的悬沙浓度阈值。在没有强风浪扰动的情况下,径流输入悬沙浓度小于13.5g/L时,河口泥沙的传输方式为表层羽状流;输入的悬沙浓度在13.5g/L-24.5g/L之间时,羽状流遭到破快,河口淡咸水由于密度接近发生混合;当输入的悬沙浓度在24.5g/L-29.0g/L时,在底层河口泥沙以低密度异重流的方式传输,在表层则同时形成羽状流;输入的悬沙浓度大于29.0g/L时,黄河入海径流在河口处迅速潜没,形成高密度异重流。高密度泥沙异重流携带大量沉积物沿着海底斜坡向海输运,其初始速度可达1m/s以上。异重流在传输过程中受到底床摩擦力的阻碍作用和泥沙沉降,速度和密度降低,逐渐向混合状态转化,最后以羽状流的形势向海传输。黄河入海泥沙在夏季主要堆积在河口三角洲附近的一个相当有限的区域。     

河控型河口盐度层化对悬沙的捕集机制以洪季磨刀门河口为例

河控型河口盐度混合和层化是控制悬沙输移扩散的重要动力机制。以珠江磨刀门河口为研究对象,基于2017年洪季三船同步大、小潮水文泥沙观测数据,分析河控型河口水体盐度层化结构的时空变化对悬沙分布的影响机制。结果表明：受径潮动力耦合时空变化影响,河口盐度垂向分布表现出时空差异,即受径流主导的M1站(挂锭角),河口盐度在涨落潮周期内垂向混合均匀,受径潮控制的M2站(口门)在整个潮周期内盐度层化结构明显,口门外侧的M3站,潮动力作用较强,盐度垂向分布随涨落潮变化而变化;悬沙空间分布与盐度分布关系密切,盐度混合均匀利于悬沙垂向均匀分布,而盐度层化则使悬沙倾向于滞留在底层水体中,且在盐度层结界面之下出现高悬沙浓度,悬沙浓度垂向分布曲线呈L字型或抛线型,纵向上表现为高浓度悬沙团抑制在盐水楔前端,盐度层化对悬沙的捕集效应明显。通过对比水体标准化分层系数与水流垂向扩散强度系数发现,两者呈现负相关关系,即标准化分层系数愈大,垂向扩散强度愈小,表明水体层化抑制悬沙垂向扩散强度,而且水体层化程度越高,悬沙垂向扩散抑制程度越大,进而促进了河口水体盐度层化对悬沙捕集作用。本研究有助于揭示河口细颗粒泥沙运动机制及河口拦门沙演变机制,并为磨刀门河口拦门沙治理提供科学依据。     

九龙江河口湾高浓度悬沙水体的分布与扩散特征

通过对九龙江河口湾洪水期和枯水期含沙量等值线的分析,描述了河口湾内悬浮泥沙的时空分布特征及其在涨潮和落潮期间的变化情况,并对洪水期大潮湾内水质点的滞流点位置作了计算.结果表明,水流运动和水体含沙量沿入海方向均呈现有规律的变化,河口湾内存在两个主要水流滞流区,一处位于海门岛北部,一处位于鸡屿东侧.悬浮泥沙的分布和水流运动间呈现明显的相关性.     

恢复饱和过程与潮流不对称耦合作用下的悬沙输运

通过理想模型的解析解对河口悬移质泥沙输沙中恢复饱和过程与潮流不对称耦合作用下的长期净输运机制进行了研究,并给出了二者耦合作用下的悬沙长期净输运的定量表达及悬沙净输运方向与分潮相对位相的关系。研究认为,悬沙的长期净输运与泥沙的恢复饱和过程及潮流不对称存在密切关系。对于仅单频潮波作用的情况,恢复饱和过程不会导致悬沙净输运的产生;分潮与余流的相互作用将产生与余流方向一致的净输运;悬沙的净输运方向与潮流不对称的方向并不完全一致;对于频率满足一定条件的分潮的组合,不论该分潮组合是否导致潮流不对称,均会产生悬沙的净输运;净输运量是分潮组合中各分潮流速的振幅、相对位相及相对恢复饱和时间的函数。对于某一分潮组合,悬沙净输运与潮流不对称方向改变时,二者的相对位相阈值之间的偏差随恢复饱和时间的增大而增大。     

基于解析解的长江口南港悬沙侧向捕集特征分析

为探讨长江口南港的水动力结构及悬沙侧向输运特征,本文从解析解的角度构建了潮汐河口水沙输运数学模型,并将其应用到长江口南港某横断面上。南港水动力主控于半日潮流,余流主要由陆相径流及本地非线性对流项驱动,悬沙分布上北侧副槽远大于南侧主槽,水沙分布的计算结果与实测结果在结构上基本一致。通过输沙函数进一步分析表明,潮流输沙和余流输沙是南港侧向输沙函数的两个主要部分。南港中强劲径流削弱了涨潮流,增强了落潮流,使得向河槽南侧的涨潮流输沙小于向河槽北侧的落潮流输沙,潮流输沙指向河槽北侧。径流驱动的南港侧向余流在涨潮流方向上为一逆时针环流结构,余流输沙指向河槽北侧。扩散输沙指向南侧主槽,因其总是指向悬沙浓度梯度的负方向。在各输沙因子的综合作用下,南港中大量悬沙捕集于河槽北侧,使得河槽北部底层潮平均含沙量值达到最大值。     

Suspended sediment transport in the swash zone of a dissipative beach

Simultaneous high frequency field measurements of water depth, flow velocity and suspended sediment concentration were made at three fixed locations across the high tide swash and inner surf zones of a dissipative beach. The dominant period of the swash motion was 30–50 s and the results are representative of infragravity swash motion. Suspended sediment concentrations, loads and transport rates in the swash zone were almost one order of magnitude greater than in the inner surf zone. The vertical velocity gradient near the bed and the resulting bed shear stress at the start of the uprush was significantly larger than that at the end of the backwash, despite similar flow velocities. This suggests that the bed friction during the uprush was approximately twice that during the backwash.The suspended sediment profile in the swash zone can be described reasonably well by an exponential shape with a mixing length scale of 0.02–0.03 m. The suspended sediment transport flux measured in the swash zone was related to the bed shear stress through the Shields parameter. If the bed shear stress is derived from the vertical velocity gradient, the proportionality coefficient between shear stress and sediment transport rate is similar for the uprush and the backwash. If the bed shear stress is estimated using the free-stream flow velocity and a constant friction factor, the proportionality factor for the uprush is approximately twice that of the backwash. It is suggested that the uprush is a more efficient transporter of sediment than the backwash, because the larger friction factor during the uprush causes larger bed shear stresses for a given free-stream velocity. This increased transport competency of the uprush is necessary for maintaining the beach, otherwise the comparable strength and greater duration of the backwash would progressively remove sediment from the beach.     

Determination and control of longshore sediment transport: A case study

The fishery harbor of Karaburun coastal village is located at the south west coast of the Black Sea. The significant waves coming from north eastern direction cause considerable rate of sediment transport along 4 km sandy beach towards the fishery harbor in the region. The resulting sediment deposition near and inside the harbor entrance prevents the boat traffic and cause a vital problem for the harbor operations. In order to determine the level and reasons of the sediment transport, the long-term observations of shoreline changes, the long-term statistical analysis of wind and wave characteristics in the region, and sediment properties have been performed. The data obtained from observations, measurements and analysis were discussed. The long-term statistics of deep water significant wave heights for each direction was discussed by comparing the results obtained from different data sources and methods. For shoreline evolution, the numerical study using one-line model was applied to describe the shoreline changes with respect to probable wave conditions. Initial shoreline was obtained from the digitized image in 1996 since there was no previous shoreline measurement of the site. The results were compared using the techniques of remote sensing obtained from sequent images using IKONOS and IRS1C/D satellites.     

江苏梁垛闸潮间带表层沉积物特征及输运趋势

采用激光粒度仪对2004年1月在江苏梁垛闸附近潮间带下部采集的36个表层沉积物样品以及垂向海岸的8个表层沉积物样品进行了粒度分析,获得了粒径分布和矩值参数的分布规律,结果表明:(1)江苏梁垛闸附近潮间带表层沉积物以粉砂为主,随着由海向陆水动力的减弱,沉积物粒度参数出现有规律的变化,由海向岸其粒径逐渐变细,分选变好,砂的含量逐渐减少,粘土和粉砂的含量逐渐增多。(2)运用G ao-Co llins二维沉积物粒径趋势分析模型模拟出了江苏梁垛闸潮间带的泥沙输运趋势,即该区的泥沙主要向北和北偏东16°左右方向输运,这种运动趋势主要受当地的潮流特征、地貌形态等因素的控制。     

闽江河口洪季悬浮泥沙特征及输运过程

根据2007年闽江河口两个站位洪季大潮的同步观测资料,分析了闽江河口潮周期内悬浮泥沙的分布特征、底质再悬浮特征以及悬浮泥沙的输运过程和机制.研究表明:闽江河口悬浮泥沙粒级组成上以粉砂为主,分选较差,粒级偏向粗颗粒一侧,单峰分布;梅花水道悬浮泥沙浓度波动较大,再悬浮作用明显;第一个潮周期内涨潮流在输运过程中的作用更为明显,平均流、斯托克斯漂移效应、潮汐捕集作用和垂向潮振荡引起的剪切扩散是引起闽江河口悬浮泥沙输运的重要因素.     

Suspended sediment transport of the Hangzhou Bay and its related hydrodynamic analyses

The 25-h measurements of current speed, flow direction, water depth, suspended sediment concentration and salinity were carried out at six anchored stations in the study area during spring and neap tides in winter of 1987 and summer of 1989. Caculations and analyses of the data obtained show that large amounts of suspended sediments are moved back and forth under the action of tidal current, and the net transport of sediment is small, with its predominance upstream in winter and downstream in summer. These calculations and analyses also suggest that the advective transport of sediment is dominant, while the vertical gravitational circulation of the suspended sediment comes next. Meantime, it is indicated that tidal currents play a major role in the suspended sediment transport, and residual flows have effect on the net transport of the suspended sediment, which is more remarkable during neap tide than during spring tide.     

闽江口入海悬沙输运的数值模拟

闽江河口位于福建省东部,本文利用欧拉-拉格朗日差分方法模拟闽江口及附近海域在不同径流下的潮流场,并建立拉格朗日水质点跟踪方法近似模拟了悬沙在海域中的迁移过程．水质点运动轨迹计算结果表明,闽江口悬沙在外海主要向南方或东南方输运,其轨迹呈现螺旋线．在洪峰流量下,悬沙运移距离较远．     

枯季长江口南槽悬沙输运过程和机制研究

开展枯季河口悬沙输运机理研究对于揭示弱径流条件下的陆海相互作用、河口季节性冲淤和水沙关系等具有重要的科学意义.本文根据2018年12月18-25日长江口南槽3个站位连续13个潮周期的同步流速、流向和悬沙浓度等观测资料,运用通量机制分解法研究了各输沙项的特征、贡献和输运机理.结果 表明,从小潮至大潮流速和悬沙浓度不断增加,由南槽上部至下部流速和悬沙浓度逐渐降低.观测期间平均流速与平均悬沙浓度存在明显的正线性关系,但受底质空间差异影响,悬沙浓度对流速的响应强度存在显著的空间变化.枯季期间南槽存在着中上部向陆净输沙、下部向海净输沙的空间输运格局.平流输沙和潮泵输沙是影响和控制净输沙的关键因素,二者的强度和贡献存在明显的潮周期变化和空间变化,垂向环流输沙的强度很弱,对净输沙贡献很小.南槽涨落潮输沙不对称现象明显,流速、悬沙浓度和历时都具有一定的涨落潮不对称性,这些不对称现象共同调节和控制着潮周期净输沙强度和方向的时空变化.     

南黄海辐射沙脊群潮汐水道的悬沙输运特征

根据南黄海辐射沙脊群定点站位的流速和浊度数据,利用通量分解方法,分析了潮汐水道的悬沙输运特征和输运机制。结果表明,辐射沙脊群海域潮汐水道中潮流为往复流,悬沙浓度较高,属于强潮流控制的悬沙浓度相对较高的陆架浅海环境;悬沙输运主要受欧拉余流和潮汐捕捉效应控制,再悬浮的沉积物通过平流作用进行输运。其中,陈家坞槽和西洋水道的悬沙输运以潮汐捕捉效应占优,沉积物向潮汐水道外输运,处于冲刷状态;苦水洋水道以欧拉余流输运为主,水道内的再悬浮的沉积物在强潮流作用下向陆输运,主要堆积在蒋家沙和西洋西侧岸滩等浅滩和潮间带上。由此可见,在陆源物质供应减少背景下,南黄海辐射沙脊群内部的物质充当了新的物源,短期内能够维持近岸潮滩和沙脊的持续增长。     

Cohesive sediment transport in the 3D-hydrodynamic-baroclinic circulation model,: study case for idealized tidal inlet

This work provides a general hydrodynamic circulation model that can be used to understand density driven flows, which may arise in the case of suspension of fine-grained materials. The research is expected to provide a better understanding of the characteristics of spatial and temporal variability of current, which is associated with the period of ebb and flood tidal cycles.The model development includes extending the existing three-dimensional (3D) ADCIRC model with (1) baroclinic forcing term and (2) transport module of suspended and soluble materials. The transport module covers the erosion, material suspension and deposition processes for cohesive type sediment. In the case of an idealized tidal inlet in stratified water, the inclusion of baroclinic term can demonstrate the prevailing longshore sediment transport. It is shown that the model has application to the transport of the cohesive sediments from the mouth of the Mississippi River along the north shore of the Gulf of Mexico towards and along the Texas coast.