Reliability of core sampling of soft bottom sediment—an in situ study

The performances of four light-weight, open sampling devices intended for use in soft sediments, the Axelsson-Håkanson gravity corer, the Kajak gravity corer, the Jenkin bottom sampler and the Ekman grab (box corer), were examined in situ by direct observation, measurement and photographic documentation by a SCUBA diver. Restrictions on the reliability of the sediment samples obtained with these devices and sediment coring instruments in general are evaluated. Separate studies of core shortening show: (1) a positive linear relationship between sediment penetration depth at which shortening of cores starts and coring tube inner diameter, (2) a tube size related shift of curve pattern in the regressions of the core shortening versus sediment depth, and (3) a negative non-linear relationship of shortening intensity versus increasing coring tube inner diameter. These findings show the great risk, when sampling soft sediments, of obtaining a sample quantitatively unrepresentative of the in situ stratification. An accurate correction factor for the degree of core shortening requires a knowledge of: (1) the sediment depth at which core shortening commences, and (2) the curve describing the relationship of shortening to depth of penetration.     

An inexpensive sampler for obtaining bulk sediment cores

A large-volume core sampler for sediment—muck substrates is described. The sampler can acquire a discrete sediment core of 10 cm in diameter and up to 1.5 m long. Such samplers are needed to collect the volume necessary for analysis of sediments for contaminants, bulk density, or radioactive dating. The sampler consists of a 1- to 2-m length of PVC pipe mounted below a threaded metal pipe air exhaust—intake assembly. This assembly is quick-connected to standard threaded lengths (300 cm) of water pipe (2 cm diam) or electrical conduit so that bottom sediments in water depths of up to 10 m can be sampled. The core sampler is hand-operated and pushed into bottom sediments from a boat. It does not have to be triggered remotely because of the one-way modified check valve in the air exhaust—intake assembly. After the sampler is extracted from the sediment, the extension handle can be quickly removed for ease of sampler handling, and the core can be extruded from the PVC tube by air pressure.Contribution of the National Sedimentation Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oxford, Mississippi 38655, U.S.A.     

Diver-operated piston corer for nearshore use

A diver-operated piston corer suitable for collecting cores of >3 m length from fine-grained nearshore sediment has been developed. The corer uses a platform that rests on the sediment surface supporting both the operators and a derrick that maintains the piston at the sediment-water interface. The core is insected into and recovered from the sediment manually. The technique offers several advantages; low cost, minimal disruption of the sediment-water interface, little compaction of the sediment, the ability to collect longer length cores than is possible with gravity corers, and the ability to be deployed from relatively small boats. Dissolved ammonium and inorganic carbon data are presented from a 3.3-m core collected by this technique from Tomales Bay, California.     

Geochemistry of a piston core from Ontong Java Plateau (western equatorial Pacific): evidence for sediment redistribution and changes in paleoproductivity

We discuss geochemical proxies, reflecting processes of primary productivity, CaCO₃ dissolution, and sediment redistribution in a piston core (RNDB 74P) from the Ontong Java Plateau. Due to the shallow water depth, biogenic carbonate is well preserved and a very goodδ ¹⁸O stratigraphy is available down to isotopic stage 11.²³⁰Th_ex gives evidence that the sediment accumulation pattern is driven mainly by processes of sediment focusing or winnowing. Due to the constant production of²³⁰Th in the water column, the bulk sediment accumulation rates could be corrected for the particle rain deriving from the water column above. The²³⁰Th_ex ⁰/CaCO₃ ratio reflects the well-known Pacific CaCO₃ preservation pattern with ice growth dissolution spikes and deglacial preservation spikes. The record of the grain size fraction >63 μm supports these results. The downcore concentrations and accumulation rates of barium (Ba) are on a higher level during interglacials and show several peaks. Normalization of Ba with²³⁰Th_ex ⁰ delivers a more uniform level of the Ba accumulation rates throughout the core. This pattern suggests a constantly higher biological productivity (nearly tenfold) in this area throughout the past 200 kyr compared with an open ocean environment. Barium peaks observed at the climatic transitions 2/1 and 6/5 and in stage 5 are in contrast to a predicted reduction of interglacial productivity at this location. A possible explanation might be the onset of the modern circulation pattern. The transition from Ba-enriched deep water to lower contents in the Atlantic might have resulted in an enhanced deposition of Ba in the Pacific.     

Bottom water and benthonic foraminifera in the North Atlantic—Glacial-interglacial contrasts

Today, below 2500 m, benthonic foraminiferal faunas in the North Atlantic are dominated by a few species. Faunal composition changes slowly with increasing depth and decreasing temperature. Surface sediment and down-core counts of benthonic foraminifera reported by Phleger, Parker, and Peirson (1953) in the reports of the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition have been supplemented by additional bottom sediment and piston core samples. Present-day benthonic foraminiferal assemblages from the deeper portions of the North Atlantic appear to be controlled more by the distribution of bottom water types than by bathymetry. In most piston cores, the assemblages vary greatly during the last 150,000 yr, suggesting depression and elevation of faunas at the core site through a depth range of several hundred meters. This would indicate that bottom water characteristics have shifted back and forth in this interval of time and, therefore, that bottom circulation partakes in the well-documented shifts recorded for surface waters of the North Atlantic. It appears that dense water, similar to present-day North Atlantic Deep Water, was produced over a wide area north of 45° N during cooler intervals and that it spread widely at depth.     

软弱易冲蚀地层钻探施工技术

钻探生产中经常遇到一些软弱易冲蚀地层,因这些地层岩石破碎、松软,在进入内管前往往易被冲洗液冲蚀,进入内管后也常常因卡簧卡不牢在打捞时掉落造成空管。因岩心采取率低往往造成钻孔报废。以贵州道真新民铝土矿矿区为例,分析了软弱易冲蚀地层岩心采取率低的原因;为提高该类地层岩矿心采取率,研制了元泵反循环超前侧喷绳索取心钻具,保证了岩矿心采取率,取得了很好的效果。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区延长组深水沉积构造特征及地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区上三叠统延长组长7段发育有典型的重力流沉积。对野外露头剖面进行大量调查研究,发现研究区重力流沉积发育丰富的沉积构造,底层面构造、软沉积变形构造是主要的两种类型。这种深水沉积构造组合能够很好地揭示研究区广泛发育的一定坡度背景下深水重力流沉积体系。滑移-滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积是研究区发育最为广泛的深水重力流沉积类型,滑移-滑塌及软沉积变形构造为触发机制沉积响应,底层面构造为砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积响应。综合分析研究区地层发育的大量凝灰岩夹层、深水泥岩中发育的植物碎屑、深水砂岩中发育的大量浅黄色泥砾等沉积特征,认为地震、火山喷发及季节性洪水为研究区深水重力流沉积最有利的触发因素。     

Vertical sediment fluxes and wave-induced sediment resuspension in a shallow-water coastal lagoon

The present study describes variations in the vertical fluxes measured concurrently with sediment traps at both a shallow water (4 m) and a deeper water (7.5 m) position in a coastal lagoon in April 1995. A tripod equipped with five sediment traps (trap openings at 0.35 m, 0.75 m, 1.05 m, 1.40 m, and 1.80 m above the seabed) was placed at the shallow water position. This tripod was deployed three times during the study period and deployment periods varied between 2 d and 5 d. The second sediment trap, placed at the deep water position in the central part of the lagoon, measured vertical flux for intervals of 12 h at 1.4 m above the seabed. The horizontal distance between the sediment traps was 8 km. The average maximum vertical flux at the shallow water position reached 27.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ during a period of high, westerly wind speeds, and a maximum vertical flux of 16.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ was reached at the deep water position during a period of high, easterly wind speeds. Both strong resuspension events were closely related to increased wave shear stress derived from surface waves. Maximum wave-induced resuspension rate was 10 times higher at the shallow water position and 3.8 times higher at the deep water position compared with the net sedimentation rate in the lagoon. Small resuspension events occurred at the shallow water position during periods of increased current shear stress, Estimations of conditions for transport of sediment between shallow water and deep water showed that particles must be resuspended to a height between 3 m and 4 m and that current speeds must be higher than about 0.1 m s⁻¹. An average sedimentation rate of 3.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ was obtained at the shallow water position during a period without wave shear stress and low current shear stress. This rate measured by sediment traps is similar to a net sedimentation rate in the lagoon of 4.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹, which was determined by radiocarbon dating of a sediment core (Kristensen et al. 1995).     

Comparison of macrobenthos collected with cores and suction sampler in vegetated and unvegetated marine habitas

A comparison of shallow water benthic macrofauna collected with hand-held cores and a suction sampler shoed that the core method provided the best estimate of macrofaunal density and composition. In a bare sand habitat, suction methods collected 72.8% fewer individuals per unit surface area of sediment. The difference was 32.6% in a seagrass (Halodule wrightii) habitat. At each site the number of species collected with the two devices was similar; however, population densities of numerically important species were underestimated with the suction device resulting in effects on community statistics. In addition to high sampling efficiency and statistical advantages associated with the use of the multiple cores, ease of operation and low construction cost make simple core tubes the preferred gear for sampling small macrobenthos in soft sediments, with or without vegetation.     

内波单独作用形成的深水沉积物波

深水沉积物波是一种海底普遍发育、规模较大的波状沉积体,大多数学者将它们解释为等深流沉积或浊流沉积。本文结合内波理论的研究进展，考虑内波沉积作用的水动力学特征，探讨了深水沉积物波的内波成因机制。得出以下几点认识：①海底流动单独作用无法满足沉积物波形成所需的流动层厚度及流动速度，较难解释沉积物波的迁移方向及规则的内部及外部形态。②内波可以引起海底流动，内波比表面波更容易形成更大规模范围内的沉积床形。③内波可以形成大型沉积物波，用内波可以较合理地解释内波的对称波形单元、非对称波形单元及上攀波形单元的成因。波动面离海底距离较大的行进内波及内驻波可以形成对称波形的沉积物波；波动面离海底距离较近的行进内波及内孤立波可以形成非对称波形的沉积物波；内波引起的海底流动进一步增强时，可形成上攀波形沉积物波。④行进内波可以形成向内波传播相反方向迁移的沉积物波，向海盆内部传播的内波可以形成向上坡方向迁移的沉积物波。     

Sediment entrainment under fully developed waves as a function of water depth,boundary layer thickness,bottom slope and roughness

Many sediment entrainment equations for oscillatory waves are based on the linear (Airy) theory for deep water, but at the depth where such waves begin to transport sediments they commonly have trochoidal or cnoidal (non-linear) forms. These changes in the wave profile, together with the fact that it is displaced upward with respect to the still water level (SWL), have a profound influence on the hydrodynamics. A method is presented to determine the thickness of the boundary layer from the wave profile, which can be used to calculate the boundary velocity under the wave crest and trough, respectively, in any water depth. The critical boundary velocity can be determined from a published procedure based on laboratory experiments that takes account of the sediment and water properties as well as the wave period. An adjustment is made for the bottom slope and roughness, so that differential land- or seaward sediment entrainment can be predicted for any defined wave cycle. The results explain why sediments are normally transported landward under fair weather conditions and seaward during storms.     

深水浊积砂体的成因机理及特征

深水浊积砂体及其体系域以其重要的理论意义和作为油气储集层的经济价值始终是沉积地质学研究的主要领域之一。深水浊积砂体是在深水环境下在重力作用下所形成的一个连续过程的组成部分。这个连续部分可以分为五类:泥石流、颗粒流、流体化沉积物流、浊流和滑塌。由浊流过程形成的深水环境下的浊积砂体,具有海相浊积体和湖相浊积体的特征,与海(湖)平面的下隆低水位有关。     

南海北部晚中新世红绿韵律层成因的矿物学和地球化学约束

沉积物颜色是其物质组成和形成环境的重要标志,对古海洋古环境重建有特殊指示意义。国际大洋发现计划(IODP)368航次在南海北部钻取的U1502站沉积岩心中发现了上百米红褐色-绿灰色韵律沉积层,但其成因不明。为探究其物源和红绿韵律沉积层的成因,我们对该站位岩心样品开展了矿物学和地球化学分析,包括粒度、黏土矿物、常微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素组成、有机碳含量及碳酸盐碳氧同位素组成分析。物源分析表明,U1502站沉积物陆源输入以珠江为主而吕宋次之,红层相对绿层有稍多的吕宋物质贡献。地球化学指标指示红绿沉积层的形成没有遭受热液、冷泉流体的影响,其形成是南海晚中新世构造演化和冰期-间冰期旋回中水体通风、底层水氧化还原环境改变及早期成岩作用共同影响的结果。结合以前南海北部沉积物源研究及沉积物颜色频谱分析,推测红绿层可能分别对应了间冰期-冰期时间尺度。指标重建指示了红绿层分别形成于偏氧化和偏还原的底层水氧化还原环境。自中中新世以来随着吕宋岛弧与欧亚板块碰撞,南海海盆从开放的环境变得相对封闭,其深部通风和氧化还原条件开始呈现典型的冰期-间冰期旋回模式。红层对应了间冰期高海平面时期南海深层水通风良好、水体偏氧化的沉积环境,而绿层则指示了冰期低海平面时期南海层化加强、水体偏还原的环境。不同的氧化还原条件控制了早期成岩作用中致色含铁自生矿物如赤铁矿的形成与转化,最终引起沉积层颜色韵律变化。     

深海沉积物中化合水的测定

针对用双球管重量法测定化合水（Ｈ２Ｏ＋）时试样中的Ｃｌ－对测定严重干扰，考察了用浸洗样品除Ｃｌ－以及校正双球管中冷凝水（Ｈ２Ｏ±）中Ｃｌ－的两种消除Ｃｌ－干扰的方法。实验证明，两种方法均可行，但后者更具有实用性，测定结果准确、精密度较好。所拟方法对新研制的ＧＳＭＳ＿２和ＧＳＭＳ＿３两个深海沉积物标准物质的化合水进行测定，结果与初定值相符。     

Mitigation of levee failures using deep mixed columns and geosynthetics

Stability of levees is critical to the safety of human and structures, especially at high water levels. Levees may fail due to the existence of soft soil foundations or seepage of water through the levees or rapid drawdown. Deep mixing technology has been considered one of the good alternatives to solve foundation and seepage problems while geosynthetics can be used to stabilize slopes during rapid drawdown. Studies have shown that deep mixed columns and geosynthetics can increase the stability of highway embankments over soft soils. In those studies, however, no ponding water exists on either side of the embankment, which is not the case for levees. Experimental studies have shown that deep mixed columns under a combination of vertical and horizontal force could fail due to shear or tension/bending or rotation. A finite difference method, incorporated in the FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) Slope software, and a limit equilibrium method (specifically Bishop's method), incorporated in the ReSSA software, were adopted in this study to investigate the stability of the levee with ponding water or under rapid drawdown. In this study, deep mixed columns were installed in continuous wall patterns, which were modeled as 2D deep mixed walls. Geosynthetic layers were modeled using cable elements with grout properties between geosynthetic and soil in the numerical analysis. Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria were used for the levee, the soft soil, and the deep mixed walls. The stability of a levee at different stages (end of construction, average service condition, high water surge, and rapid drawdown from the service condition and the highest water level condition) was examined. The study clearly demonstrated that the deep mixed walls can enhance the stability of the levee by providing shear/moment resistance and hindering seepage through the levee and geosynthetics can enhance the riverside slope stability of the levee by providing tensile resistance to the soil.     

对黄河下游河道输沙能力的新认识

综述了10a来利用高含沙水流特性治理黄河下游河道的研究进展,其中包括黄河水沙变化趋势,高含沙洪水的输沙特性,阻力特性,河槽形态调整变化规律,河道特性与来水来沙之间的关系;改造下游宽浅河道的最优水沙组合,水库调水调沙运用原则,及治理前景等内容.如能实现,下游河道淤积可大幅度减少,输沙用水可大量节省,黄河水资源可得到充分利用,并能形成窄深稳定的新河槽.     

山地和岩溶地区端承桩质量检测与加固技术研究

针对嵌岩桩桩底存在沉渣时,采用常规的低应变反射波法可能观测不到其同相反射信号,桩底软弱夹层（或溶洞）的顶面倾角接近或不小于45º时,反射法检测不到桩底软弱夹层（或溶洞）的反射信号。为弥补以上不足,提出了用低应变反射波法、频率-初速度法和钻芯法对端承桩质量及缺陷桩的加固效果进行组合检测。当反射波波形曲线异常或动刚度明显偏低时,可认为桩底沉渣较厚或桩端持力层性状异常,再用钻芯法验证;建立了桩身下部缺陷段的平均波速计算公式,有助于判断缺陷的严重程度;通过对比缺陷桩加固前后的反射波曲线和动刚度值,并将它们与其他同条件下正常桩对比,检验缺陷桩的加固效果     

The last deglaciation of the Franz Victoria Trough, northern Barents Sea

A study of two piston cores and a 3.5 kHz seismic profile from the Franz Victoria Trough provides new stratigraphic, stable isotopic and foraminiferal AMS ¹⁴C data that help constrain the timing of ice-sheet retreat in the northern Barents Sea and the nature of the deglacial marine environment. Silty diamicton at the base of each core, interpreted as till or ice-marginal debris flow, suggests that the Barents ice sheet was grounded at the core sites (470 m water depth). Eight AMS ¹⁴C dates on sediment overlying the diamicton indicate that the ice sheet retreated from both core sites by 12.9 ka and that postglacial sedimentation began 10 ka ago. These dates, combined with a recently published ¹⁴C date from a nearby core, suggest that the Franz Victoria Trough may not have been deglaciated until c . 13 ka, 2000 years later than modeled ice-sheet reconstructions indicate. In the trough, oxygen isotopic ratios in planktonic foraminifera ^N. pachyderma (sinistral) were 0.5–0.750, lower during deglaciation than after, probably as a result of ice-sheet and/or iceberg melting. Foraminiferal assemblages suggest that Atlantic-derived intermediate water may have begun to penetrate the trough c . 13 ka ago.     

从沉积物组成变化看三峡水库蓄水对大宁河沉积环境的影响

对2006年10月采自长江重要支流大宁河中上游河底沉积物约42cm长的岩芯样品进行X射线衍射（XRD）、总碳（TC）和有机碳（TOC）分析。实验结果表明:（1）该研究时段内沉积物中主要的矿物类型是石英和方解石,总碳含量为33～57g／kg,有机碳含量为8～34g／kg;（2）沉积剖面中总碳和有机碳含量从10cm深的部位向岩芯顶部都发生了急剧的下降,沉积物颜色也在此处由灰色转为红褐色,这可能反映了三峡水库蓄水后,在较低的流速状态下,原来处于位置较高、含碳较低的褐红色粘土受水体淹没并被大量输入河流沉积物中,从而引起了泥沙沉积速率的迅速增加;（3）双龙沉积剖面中有机碳的变化结果还显示,在17～10cm深处沉积物有机碳含量大幅度增加,可能是本区域内该时段人类活动引起有机物质急剧输入到河流中的反映。      

不同取样方法下饱和软土物理力学性状对比试验分析

不同取样方法获得的同一饱和软土的物理力学指标存在一定的差异。以软土地区轨道交通岩土工程勘察项目为依托,采用岩芯管包样、厚壁取土器、敞口薄壁取土器等3种取样方法,对采取的软土土样开展室内对比试验。基于室内试验成果,从物理力学性质角度对比分析了3种取样方法下同一指标之间的规律性及差异性;在对试验成果综合分析的基础上,结合不同取样方法下饱和软土结构组成变化,对指标差异性的内在机理进行相关分析。结果表明:包样和厚壁样的物理性质指标基本一致,抗剪强度指标高于薄壁样2.1%~20.3%;与薄壁样相比,包样和厚壁样的含水量、孔隙比有所降低,降低幅度均为10%左右,密度有小幅度增大,幅度约为3%,抗剪强度指标有所提高,提高幅度6.9%~68.3%;取样方法引发饱和软土固、液组成成分的所占比例的变化是导致其物理力学性质指标产生差异的根本原因。