Economic Impacts of the Geothermal Industry in Beijing,China: An Input–Output Approach

Geothermal energy is a clean energy source that can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, as its use can lead to a lower mitigation cost. However, research on the economic impacts of the geothermal industry is scarce. This paper describes the effect of the geothermal industry, its economic input and output, using Beijing as a case study. This paper adopts the input–output model. The results show that the demand for and input use of the geothermal sector vary greatly across industrial sectors: electricity, heat production, the supply industry and general equipment manufacturing have the greatest direct consumption coefficient for the geothermal industry. When considering direct and indirect demand, it is clear that the geothermal industry has a great effect on different industrial sectors in diverse ways. Its influence coefficient and sensitivity coefficient are 1.2167 (ranked 11th) and 1.2293 (ranked 8th), respectively, revealing that it exerts obvious demand-pulling and supply-pushing effects on the regional economy.

     

Divergent growth trajectories in China’s chemical industry: the case of the newly developed industrial parks in Shanghai,Nanjing and Ningbo

In the late 1990’s, the “new-economy” industries in China proved to be relatively vulnerable and were strongly hit by the financial crisis in Asia. As a result, a new economic support policy was introduced in China’s Yangtze Delta region, which put greater emphasis on the support of traditional industrial sectors, including the chemical industry. This paper investigates the effects of the growth of this industry, as well as the potential and current problems emerging from new growth paths. It compares the growth of three newly developed chemical industry parks in Shanghai, Nanjing and Ningbo. The paper is based on an institutional perspective of clustering processes arguing that regional industrialization is subject to formal and informal institutions which shape the growth paths and contribute to divergent regional trajectories. Although these industrial parks all benefit from the general economic upswing in China, their development is influenced by different business models, economic contexts, goals and strategies, leaving room for divergence and specialization. Due to the existing structure of operations, these parks have a great deal of potential but also face substantial challenges, such as the establishment of internal networks and close customer linkages. It is argued that this might limit their innovative capability in the future. Furthermore, their growth prospects differ depending on future government policies.     

The evolution of the electronics industry on Batam Island (Riau Islands Province,Indonesia): an evolutionary trajectory contributing to regional resilience?

While extensively studied in the 1990s, research on the electrical and electronics (E&E) industry in Singapore and the proximate areas of Indonesia has dwindled. Focusing on the E&E sector in the island of Batam (Riau Islands Province, Indonesia), we examine the industry’s recent evolution, in particular its ‘robustness’—its durability and capacity to adapt to adverse events. As to the explanatory factors accounting for its robustness, we evaluate the role of agency as opposed to conventional approaches that focus on structure. Our findings show that, in Batam, the E&E industry’s robustness has started to suffer. While there is evidence that structural factors are at work, we argue that agency in the form of institutionally-embedded perspectives and behaviour of actors at the sub-national level also plays a role. Because the promotion of economic diversification through investment in new sectors is easier and more lucrative than upgrading and deepening of firm capabilities in existing sectors, agents privilege the former at the cost of the latter. At the end of the day, regional resilience is undermined, rather than reinforced as evinced by the recent atrophy of Batam’s E&E industry.     

The evolution of the electronics industry in Johor (Malaysia): Strategic coupling,adaptiveness, adaptation,and the role of agency

Bringing together concepts from the global production networks and evolutionary economic geography literature, this article empirically examines the trajectory of the electrical and electronics industry in Johor (Malaysia). Based on trends in firm entries and exit as well as interviews with companies, we find limited robustness in the industry’s trajectory. While there is evidence of the role of ‘structure’ in this outcome, we argue that human agency – particularly the actions of subnational policy-makers – is key. This is manifest in a preference for fostering regional ‘adaptiveness’ through the often uncritical promotion of a diversity of economic sectors. This compromises the meaningful pursuit of regional ‘adaptation’ in the form of new and more complex branches emerging from existing industries. This arrested development, in turn, hinders an effective strategic coupling between the regional economy and multinational corporations, thus undermining regional resilience.     

甘肃黄河谷地城市与城郊生态功能区产业发展模式研究

国家层面对甘肃发展的总体定位是我国重要的生态屏障、经济走廊、战略通道、能源基地和文化源区,因此,甘肃黄河谷地城市与城郊生态功能区的发展对于我国西部地区乃至全国的经济社会发展具有举足轻重的作用.从分析目前甘肃黄河谷地城市与城郊生态功能区的发展现状入手,针对甘肃黄河谷地城市与城郊生态功能区主导产业不明确的问题,提出了政府对于生态功能区的优惠政策应由向区域倾斜转变为向产业倾斜,并在此基础上积极培育和发展重点产业,通过提高环境标准、推进生态农业重建工程、促进现代物流业发展、加快产业优化、构筑立体旅游产业体系和发展新兴能源产业等措施构建全新的产业发展模式,重塑我国西部重要的现代工业基地,实现生态功能区的健康与和谐发展.     

Industrial and geographical mobility of workers during industry decline: The Swedish and German shipbuilding industries 1970–2000

This article follows the industry employment histories of all individuals who at some point have been affiliated with the declining German or the dismantling Swedish shipbuilding industry during 1970–2000. We analyse the situation of the individual workers leaving shipbuilding, investigating the extent to which they were employed at all, tended to move to related sectors within or outside the region, and whether such moves were beneficial for the individuals. Combining insights from labour geography and redundancy studies with evolutionary economic geography, we find remarkably similar results for the West German and Swedish cases. Our findings indicate a notable impact of the regional industry structure on the labour market outcomes for workers leaving shipbuilding. This suggests that more attention should be devoted to the specific structures of the absorptive capacity of regional labour markets. The findings are discussed within the context of a mature industry.     

Innovation by co-evolution in natural resource industries: The Norwegian experience

Some resource-based economies become wealthy while others stay poor and Norway belongs to the first category. This paper argues that part of the answer to why Norway has managed to benefit from its rich natural resources is found in the formation of a well-functioning national innovation system. The paper integrates the innovation system approach with a historical approach through the concept of co-evolution. The empirical study investigates how innovation systems evolve in natural resource industries through analysing the co-evolution between industry, knowledge organisations and national policy in the Norwegian aluminium and petroleum sectors. Parallels are found in the development of these two sectors, which are: (i) the deliberate use of concession laws to seize value creation and technological development from foreign direct investments, (ii) the establishment and prioritisation of state-owned companies and (iii) the more or less intentional formation of a national innovation system. The paper points to the relevance of analysing the historical evolution of national innovation systems to understand the creation of their specific path-dependent characteristics, to analyse how policy influences the creation and working of innovation systems, to use a multilevel approach in studies of innovation systems and to consider how innovation processes in different industries are linked in value chains and through knowledge flows.     

GRANITOIDS AND TETONIC EVOLUTION OF THE WEST KUNLUN OROGENIC BELT

GRANITOIDS AND TETONIC EVOLUTION OF THE WEST KUNLUN OROGENIC BELT     

潘安湖区域发展演变特征及驱动因素研究

煤炭资源开采活动直接或间接影响城市的发展演变及其特征,明确其背后动因机制有利于城市的可持续发展.徐州市贾汪区原为重要的煤炭生产基地,潘安湖区域则为贾汪煤炭生产的主要区域.以潘安湖区域为研究对象,分析在煤炭开采活动影响下,其发展演变特征,并选取社会环境、经济发展、政策管控、资源环境为影响该区域发展演变的驱动力因子,运用主...     

黑河流域中游地区国民经济用水投入产出分析——以张掖市为例

采用投入产出分析方法, 以黑河流域中游的张掖市为例, 将传统的价值型投入产出表和水资源利用的实物型投入产出表相结合, 构建了混合型水资源投入产出表, 并估算了张掖市各行业的直接用水系数、 用水乘数、 直接产出系数、 产出乘数以及综合用水特性. 结果表明: 张掖市种植业、 畜牧业和其他农业的用水效益和用水效率远低于其他行业, 直接耗用水程度均高, 而直接产出一般. 张掖市过度依赖种植业的产业结构特征造成该地区对水资源的过度依赖. 因此, 调整产业结构, 实施高效的节水措施, 适当降低农业尤其是种植业在国民经济中的比重, 是解决张掖市水资源危机的有效途径.     

Multi-directional efficiency analysis-based regional industrial environmental performance evaluation of China

This study evaluates the environmental efficiency of industrial sectors of Chinese major cities. The multi-directional efficiency analysis (MEA) approach is utilized for evaluation; thus, both the integrated MEA efficiency levels and the efficiency patterns, which are represented by the variable-specific MEA efficiency according to each type of the industrial pollutant emission or discharge, of Chinese major city are detected. In addition, the industrial energy conservation and pollutant reduction potentials are measured, and the relationship between environmental pressure and income is explored at the regional level of China. The main findings include the following: (1) The MEA environmental efficiency increases in the economically less developed cities were faster than the cities in the well-developed region, which indicates that the inequitable nationwide industrial developments of Chinese cities have started to alleviate. (2) Although some Chinese cities show similar environmental efficiency levels, the undesirable output variable-specific efficiency patterns of these cities are diversified, and according to the variable-specific efficiency, the most possible efficiency increase potential of each Chinese major city can be identified. (3) An N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve exists in the industrial sectors of Chinese major cities. (4) Different Chinese cities should have different industrial pollutant reduction priorities: East China cities should pay more attention to their industrial waste gas emissions and industrial waste water discharges, while west China cities should mainly focus on their industrial soot and dust emissions, and solid waste discharges.

     

Multi-directional efficiency analysis-based regional industrial environmental performance evaluation of China

This study evaluates the environmental efficiency of industrial sectors of Chinese major cities. The multi-directional efficiency analysis (MEA) approach is utilized for evaluation; thus, both the integrated MEA efficiency levels and the efficiency patterns, which are represented by the variable-specific MEA efficiency according to each type of the industrial pollutant emission or discharge, of Chinese major city are detected. In addition, the industrial energy conservation and pollutant reduction potentials are measured, and the relationship between environmental pressure and income is explored at the regional level of China. The main findings include the following: (1) The MEA environmental efficiency increases in the economically less developed cities were faster than the cities in the well-developed region, which indicates that the inequitable nationwide industrial developments of Chinese cities have started to alleviate. (2) Although some Chinese cities show similar environmental efficiency levels, the undesirable output variable-specific efficiency patterns of these cities are diversified, and according to the variable-specific efficiency, the most possible efficiency increase potential of each Chinese major city can be identified. (3) An N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve exists in the industrial sectors of Chinese major cities. (4) Different Chinese cities should have different industrial pollutant reduction priorities: East China cities should pay more attention to their industrial waste gas emissions and industrial waste water discharges, while west China cities should mainly focus on their industrial soot and dust emissions, and solid waste discharges.     

Markets in the Chinese countryside: the case of “rich Wang’s village”

Social change in rural China is to be understood as a complex interaction of global effects, state and regional actions and competing systems of valuation. An important implication of this model of path dependence is the development of distinctive forms of markets in different regions of the country. One such distinctive model that is emerging in southern Inner Mongolia is based on the independent commodity production of milk (on small dairy farms) for large, capitalist dairy corporations. Yet this production system is also being challenged by the emergence of large, capitalist dairy farms in this region. The outcome of the competition between these two forms of production will depend on locally specific trajectories of costs and opportunities. The long run evolution of this production system is thus not plannable in advance and is locally contingent.     

Externalities, knowledge spillovers and the spatial distribution of innovation

The aim of the paper is to investigate the process of spatial agglomeration of innovation and production activities and to assess the extent to which the degree of specialisation or diversity externalities in the area may affect the innovative output in a particular local industry. The analysis is carried out thanks to an original databank on innovation and production activity across 85 industrial sectors and 784 Italian Local Labour Systems, which are groupings of municipalities characterised by a high degree of self-contained flows of commuting workers. According to the global and local indicators of spatial association there are clear signs of spatial correlation in the distribution of innovation activities. The econometric analysis shows that the two types of externalities – specialisation and urbanisation economies – are both effective. Moreover, we find evidence for knowledge spillovers since technological activities of a local industry influence positively innovations of the same sectors in contiguous areas.     

Effects of gas pricing reform on China’s price level and total output

Natural gas plays an important role in the mitigation of climate change, yet its development is constrained by the current natural gas pricing mechanism in China. In the context of the natural gas pricing reform, this paper analyzes the potential effects on price level and total output. Through the input–output model, some conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The gas pricing reform has relatively great impact on the products’ price of the sectors that have large gas consumption, such as industrial sectors and some service sectors, and on the total output of the gas production and supply sectors and the petroleum and natural gas extraction sectors, whereas the reform has relatively small impact on other industries; (2) effects of gas pricing reform on urban and rural residents are dissymmetrical, with larger effects on urban residents and (3) the reform has relatively small impacts on both various price indices and total output levels; thus, the government can realize the promotion of gas pricing reform nationwide at a cost of relatively small increase in general price level and little lose of total output.     

Effects of gas pricing reform on China’s price level and total output

Natural gas plays an important role in the mitigation of climate change, yet its development is constrained by the current natural gas pricing mechanism in China. In the context of the natural gas pricing reform, this paper analyzes the potential effects on price level and total output. Through the input–output model, some conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The gas pricing reform has relatively great impact on the products’ price of the sectors that have large gas consumption, such as industrial sectors and some service sectors, and on the total output of the gas production and supply sectors and the petroleum and natural gas extraction sectors, whereas the reform has relatively small impact on other industries; (2) effects of gas pricing reform on urban and rural residents are dissymmetrical, with larger effects on urban residents and (3) the reform has relatively small impacts on both various price indices and total output levels; thus, the government can realize the promotion of gas pricing reform nationwide at a cost of relatively small increase in general price level and little lose of total output.

     

西部有色金属矿产资源潜力与矿业发展战略

通过近二十年来我国有色金属矿产资源与矿业生产态势的分析对比，发现我国西部有色金属矿产资源潜力较大，近期可利用资源多，蕴藏较集中，具有较好的资源优势和一定的有色金属工业基础。指出应着重采取资源的优化配置、生产要素的优化配置、技术创新型战略和资源节约型战略，以推动西部矿业发展。     

贵州主要碳酸盐岩含水层污染现状与特征

岩溶地区地下水环境脆弱,易受人类活动及区域环境变化影响.目前将岩溶水污染与污染点所在区域的地层岩性、水文地质条件等结合起来的研究较少.采用改进后的层级阶梯评价法开展贵州省区域地下水污染评价,并结合实地调查分析污染成因.结果显示二叠系栖霞-茅口组,三叠系下统嘉陵江组、夜郎组等,中统关岭组、杨柳井组等是全省污染程度最高的碳酸盐岩含水层,原因与含水层岩石类型和出露位置密切相关.含水层岩石类型与特点决定了含水介质组合类型、岩溶发育程度和污染途径污染距离,石灰岩地层天然防污能力差,以中远源径流型污染为主,白云岩地层天然防污能力较好,以近源入渗型污染为主.贵州产煤地层龙潭组上覆嘉陵江组、夜郎组,下伏栖霞-茅口组最易受煤矿开采及其化工影响,污染组分以铁、铝、锰为主;而三叠系碳酸盐岩分布区域与安顺、贵阳、遵义等大中型城市和磷化工、铝工业、锰系铁合金生产等工矿企业聚集区域重合度高,更容易受到生产生活影响,污染组分多为氨氮、重金属、耗氧量及有机污染组分.      

东北地区煤炭可持续发展研究方法

在中央振兴东北老工业基地总体战略部署的新形势下,对东北地区煤炭工业基地的可持续发展与国民经济建设保证程度进行客观、深入的分析研究,是非常必要的。根据东北地区煤炭工业现状,对东北地区煤炭资源保证程度、煤炭工业区生态环境、地质灾害、区域经济等有关战略问题的影响因子进行论证与分析;并依据指标体系建立原则,结合煤炭城市特点,将13个评价因子25个评价指标引入煤炭工业区可持续发展评价体系;基于GIS数字化管理技术,以资源一环境一经济发展为主线建立影响因子融合模型,在定量分析与空间分析基础上,提出了利用产生式原则构建专家系统以表达专业领域知识和专业问题的解决方案。     

Global,regional and local: new firm formation and spatial restructuring in China’s apparel industry

The rise of China as the ‘world factory’ has been attributed to the export-oriented industrialization largely driven by some fundamental transformations unfolding in China’s economic, political and cultural arenas, since the Reform and Opening-Up policies. As production costs and competitive pressures both rise, the flexible business environment that export-led production used to embed in has undergone dramatic restructuring and this has further pushed forward new rounds of spatial restructuring and industrial relocation, especially in China’s highly export-oriented apparel industry. Using a large firm-level dataset on new firm formation, we show the articulation of global, regional and local factors are shaping the new firm formation pattern and industrial relocation in interactional and collective ways. The econometric estimations also indicate the ways in which and the extents to which these factors affect firm location choice are highly determined by firm-specific capability.