Improved Pile Geometry to Reduce Negative Skin Friction on Single Driven Pile and Pile Groups Subjected to Lateral Loads

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Negative skin friction on piles represents a severe problem when piles were installed in soft clay due to consolidation process. It reduces the bearing...     

Nonlinear Response of Single Piles in Sand Subjected to Lateral Loads using k hmax Approach

This paper presents results of analysis of full-scale pile load test data of 14 piles embedded in either loose or medium dense sands. The analysis was performed using two methods, p–y curve approach and a more recently developed k_hmax approach. Comparison of the results obtained using both the methods is also presented. A step-by-step analysis procedure is presented for predicting lateral load deflection response of single piles in sand using the k_hmax approach. The results presented show that the k_hmax approach has promise over the p–y curve approach because of its simplicity and the fact that it provides upper- and lower-bound curves, which are valuable guides to making engineering decisions. For loose sands, a new range of k_hmax values is recommended to better predict the lateral load–deflection response of single piles.     

Model Pile Groups Under Oblique Pullout Loads – an Investigation

Experimental investigations on model pile groups of configuration, 1 × 1(single pile), 3 × 1, 2 × 2 for embedment length to diameter ratio, L/d = 38, were conducted in uniform dry medium dense Ennore sand. The spacing of piles in the groups varied from 3 to 6 pile diameter. Soil–pile friction angles were δ = 16° and 28°. The pile groups were subjected to oblique pulling loads at angles θ = 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° with the vertical central axis of the groups. The load–displacement response, oblique ultimate pulling resistances have been qualitatively and quantitatively studied. The inclinations of the load, at which maximum oblique resistance for the groups were observed, have been reported. Predictions of ultimate resistance of pile groups under uplift, lateral and oblique pulling loads have been carried out respectively by the methods of Patra and Pise (2002) (Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 8, Bundle B), Patra and Pise (2001) (Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering ASCE, 127(6), 481–487) and Chattopadhyay and Pise (1986c) (Proceedings of IST East Asian Conference on Struct Engineering and Const., Vol. 1, pp. 1632–1641). A comparison of the measured values of the Writers and others with the predicted values showed reasonable agreement.     

锤击沉管灌注桩施工及常见缺陷的处理

介绍了柳州市某职工住宅楼锤击灌注桩施工技术和施工过程中常见的桩身缩颈、夹泥砂、蜂窝和形成吊脚桩、单桩承载力不足等事故的处理方法。     

Fatigue-Damage Evolution Characteristics of Interbeded Marble Subjected to Dynamic Uniaxial Cyclic Loads

In this work, uniaxial fatigue tests combined with post-test X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning were conducted on marble samples with different interbed orientations, in order to reveal the anisotropic damage evolution characteristics during rock failure. The dynamic elastic modulus, damping ratio, fatigue deformation, damage evolution, accumulative damage modeling and crack pattern were systematically analyzed. The testing results indicate that the interbed structure in marble affects the damage evolution and the associated dynamic mechanical behaviors. The damage curve in “S” style indicates three-stage trend, namely, initial damage stage, steady damage stage and the accelerated damage stage. The damage index during cyclic deformation for marble presents obvious discrepancy. In addition, a fatigue damage prediction models was employed numerically as double-term power equations based on the experimental data. It is found that the selected damage model is suitable in modeling the rapid damage growth in the early and final stage of rock fatigue lifetime. Moreover, post-test CT scanning further reveals the anisotropic damage characteristics of marble, the crack pattern in the fractured sample is controlled by the interbed structure. What is more, the most striking founding is that the fracture degree is in consistent with the damage accumulation within the steady damage stage. Through a series of damage mechanical behavior analysis, the internal mechanism of the effect of interbed orientation on damage evolution of marble is firstly documented.

     

Numerical Evaluation of Pile Response Under Combined Lateral and Axial Loading

Piled foundations are frequently subjected to simultaneous axial and lateral loadings. However, the interaction effects of the one loading on the other are, in most cases, disregarded for the sake of simplicity. With the aim of evaluating this effect, a detailed research work on the response of a single pile under simultaneous application of axial and lateral loading was carried out. A qualitative assessment of the effect was initially attempted and the effect was afterwards quantified, based on the results of an intensive three-dimensional parametric numerical analysis. The influence arising from pile head fixity and the second order phenomenon was examined, while the post-peak behaviour was also considered using a strain hardening/softening constitutive law. Interesting conclusions have been drawn, providing a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the effect on clayey and sandy soils. It was also found that no loading interaction effect is developed, when ultimate limit state is applied for a piled foundation design. On the contrary, when the serviceability limit state is applied and if the pile capacity in both lateral and axial loading is simultaneously reached, a reduction in the pile axial capacity is observed in the case of clayey soils. On the contrary, in the case of sandy soils the action of a lateral load is leading to an increase of pile axial capacity.     

Comparing the Response of Static Loading Tests on Two Model Pile Groups in Soft Clay

Static load test program was performed on a single pile and two 16-pile groups with equal and different pile lengths. The soil profile consists of sand fill to 0.5 m depth placed on a thick deposit of soft, normally consolidated and compressible clay. The closed end steel pipe piles in 60 mm diameter were installed from 1.5 m through 2.1 m depth within soft clay deposit. The center-to-center distance of piles in group is about 3 times of pile diameter. The strain gages were installed at one level above and two through four levels below ground surface. Tests were carried out about 7 days after driving by method of a series of load increments placed every 5-min until plunging failure occurred. The load at plunging failure for the single pile, the equal-length pile group and the different-length pile group were about 3, 40 and 48 kN, respectively. The movements at start of failure were about 12, 18, and 17 mm, respectively. The analysis of strain gage measurements indicates that the load distribution on piles in the different-length pile group has become significantly uniform.     

沉管灌注桩质量缺陷处理实践

天津某小区沉管灌注工程桩经检测发现部分桩存在缺陷和承载力不足问题，采用高压旋喷注浆技术对缺陷桩进行修补，对承载力不足桩进行补强，处理后经检测合格达到设计要求。介绍了处理方案及施工技术措施。     

砂类土层钻孔灌注桩施工中泥浆的运用

介绍了砂类土层中进行泥浆护壁钻孔灌注桩施工时，采用施工场区临近地层黄土注入孔内直接造浆成孔的实践经验和施工效果。     

砂性、粉砂性土层钻孔灌注桩施工要点

在砂性及粉砂性土层中，成孔过程难以自然造浆，即成孔泥浆中胶体率不足，无法靠泥浆中的胶体自然形成护壁泥皮及将成孔渣屑带出孔外。结合上海闸北区某工程钻孔灌注桩成孔情况，对灌注桩在砂性、粉砂性土层中的施工要点进行丁总结。     

Influence of Relative Pile-Soil Stiffness and Load Eccentricity on Single Pile Response in Sand Under Lateral Cyclic Loading

The environment prevalent in ocean necessitates the piles supporting offshore structures to be designed against lateral cyclic loading initiated by wave action, which induces deterioration in the strength and stiffness of the pile-soil system introducing progressive reduction in the bearing capacity associated with increased settlement of the pile foundation. A thorough and detailed review of literature indicates that significant works have already been carried out in the relevant field of investigation. It is a well established phenomenon that the variation of relative pile-soil stiffness (K _rs ) and load eccentricity (e/D) significantly affect the response of piles subjected to lateral static load. However, the influence of lateral cyclic load on axial response of single pile in sand, more specifically the effect of K _rs and e/D on the cyclic behavior, is yet to be investigated. The present work has aimed to bridge up this gap. To carry out numerical analysis (boundary element method), the conventional elastic approach has been used as a guideline with relevant modifications. The model developed has been validated by comparing with available experimental (laboratory model and field tests) results, which indicate the accuracy of the solutions formulated. Thereafter, the methodology is applied successfully to selected parametric studies for understanding the magnitude and pattern of degradation of axial pile capacity induced due to lateral cyclic loading, as well as the influence of K _rs and e/D on such degradation.     

水平力作用下嵌岩桩桩顶内力分布的模型试验

基于水平荷载下的8组模型试验桩的电测资料;分析了嵌岩桩基的实测桩顶内力的变化及分布规律,指出水平力作用下的桩顶内力分布与承台上外竖向力（和弯矩）荷载的局部分布方式有关。     

Uplift Capacity of Single Bent Pile and Pile Group Considering Arching Effects in Sand

In this paper an analytical method has been proposed to predict the net ultimate uplift capacity of the single bent pile and pile group with a bent embedded in sand considering arching effects. Arching develops due to relative compressibility of sand relative to pile which activates the soil-pile friction. The method takes into consideration the embedded length (L), diameter of the pile (d), bent angle, surface characteristics of pile, group configuration, spacing of the pile group and the soil properties. Log spiral failure surface with parabolic arch shape was assumed in the analysis. Theoretical investigation for uplift capacity was been carried out for the single bent pile and group of pile (2 × 1, 2 × 2) embedded in sand. The variable used in the analysis were embedded length to pile diameter (L/d = 15, 20 and 25), spacing in the group (3d, 4d and 6d) and angle of bent (6°, 14° and 20°). Typical charts for evaluation of net ultimate uplift capacity for pile groups are presented through the figures. Comparison of theoretical results shows good agreement with established experimental results.     

水平荷载作用下群桩计算方法分析

通过分析研究国内外各种水平荷载下群桩计算方法,在Ｆｏｃｈｔ－Ｋｏｃｈ－Ｐｏｕｌｏｓ综合法的基础上,不考虑群桩基础中后桩对胶桩的弹性作用,并结合桩基规范,提出了能够考虑群桩效应和群桩中各种桩荷载分担比的改进公式,可供水平力作用下的桩基工程设计时参考。     

有压条件下湿砂结冰温度的研究

本介绍用自行研制的冰点仪，对４个不同含水率的砂土，在０－１０ＭＰａ条件下，试验研究其结冰温度。研究表明，不饱和水的砂土，其结冰温度与外载无关；对饱和过饱和水的砂土获得了其结冰温度随外载变化的规律。     

沉管灌注桩竖向承载力研究

以驻屿店市政府搬迁区某小区的一栋民用住宅楼基础沉管灌注桩试桩的静载试验数据结果为依托,通过现场静载试验数据结果来确定单桩极限承载力标准值以及承载力特征值,对比当前《建筑桩基技术规范》（JGJ94—2008）的计算值,提出了适合于驻马店地区沉管灌注桩设计的经验公式。该方法在保障安全、经济、适用的基础上可节约大量材料,同时也可为其他地区桩摹设计提供合理的参考经验依据。