土工格栅与土的摩擦特性试验

该文对试验装置、试验材料、试验原理与操作进行了详细的描述，并对影响摩擦特性的几个主要因素进行了分析。     

Investigation of Soil Suction Characteristics Induced by the Degradation of Organic Matter

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Total soil suction is considered to be the accumulative influence of matric and osmotic suction, assuming that the soil is biologically inert. However,...     

Laboratory Investigations on Extremely High Suction Measurements for Fine-grained Soils

A Dewpoint PotentiaMeter (WP4) was used to measure suction of two fine-grained soils: a locally available silty soil and commercially available white clay, rapidly. Using these results, efforts were made to check the suitability and efficiency of various fitting functions, for defining the soil–water characteristic curve, SWCC, for high suction ranges (0–80 MPa). In addition to this, a knowledge-based database SoilVision 3.34 was used to estimate the SWCC using Pedo-transfer functions, PTFs. The study brings out that the Fredlund et al. [1997, Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Unsaturated Soil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 13–23] PTF yields the best estimate of SWCC for fine-grained soils. The influence of the soil type and dry unit weight, on suction and the SWCC fitting parameters, have also been studied.     

冻融循环作用下细粒土抗剪强度特性试验研究

细粒土在季节变化条件下的冻融循环造成了其物理力学性质的改变,给实际工程施工带来危害.通过室内均匀正交试验设计,对不同含水量、密实度、易溶盐含量和粘粒含量的细粒土进行冻融循环试验,研究了不同状态下细粒土在冻融循环作用下抗剪强度的变化规律;运用PPR对试验结果进行分析,得出试验各因素对细粒土抗剪强度指标C、Φ值影响变化的重要性排序.     

分解度对草炭土结构特征及强度的影响试验

大量资料表明,草炭土是一种分解度不一的腐殖质土.针对这一特性进行了一系列的室内试验,研究草炭土的微观结构及强度随分解度的变化特征.采用灵敏度试验和常规三轴试验测定原状土与重塑土的无侧限抗压强度以及应力-应变变化规律,研究不同分解度草炭土的灵敏度及结构强度变化特征,从力学及微结构等方面对分解度在草炭土结构特征和强度变化中所起的作用进行了深入分析,并利用高压固结试验,对不同分解度草炭土的结构强度进行了测定.分析结果表明:草炭土属于中高分解度土,并且随着分解度的提高,试样的结构逐渐从架空结构发展为絮凝状结构,孔隙逐渐变小,结构灵敏度也由2.029逐渐减小为1.075.通过高压固结试验测得1#、2#、3#草炭土试样的结构强度分别为17 kPa、15 kPa和9 kPa.     

Efficacy of Fine-Grained Soil as Landfill Liner Material for Containment of Chrome Tannery Sludge

This paper evaluates the potential use of a fine-grained soil obtained from a site in West Bengal, India, as a suitable landfill liner material for the containment of hexavalent chromium from tanning waste sludge. The physico-chemical properties of the soil were determined. The soil adsorption affinity for hexavalent chromium was also assessed through adsorption batch and breakthrough column tests. The zero point charge (pH_zpc) of the soil was found to be 7.3. The batch kinetics and column tests results indicated that the soil liner possesses a relatively good hexavalent chromium adsorption capacity at natural or slightly alkaline condition. The adsorption results showed that the hexavalent chromium uptake by the soil follows both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. This study also illustrated that the hexavalent chromium breakthrough curve in the column experiment reached equilibrium concentration after 3.5 pore volumes (900 h). Overall, this study showed that the fine-grained soil has the potential for usage as a landfill liner or as a component of a landfill barrier system to prevent chromium contamination from the tannery waste disposal.     

Investigations on Diffusion Characteristics of Granite and Chalk Rock Mass

Contaminant transport through fractured rock mass is predominated by diffusion. This is due to the continuous interaction of the mobile water present in the fracture network and relatively immobile pore water, which is adsorbed on the surface and in the rock matrix itself. Even though the advective flow through the fracture network is high, besides sorption of rock mass, the diffusive exchange into the rock mass leads to significant retardation of contaminant transport. Hence, for describing contaminant transport in fractured rock mass, more precisely, the effect of retardation attributed to the matrix diffusion must be taken in account. With this in view, a methodology, which can be employed for determination of the diffusion characteristics of the rock mass, has been developed and its details are presented in this paper. Validation of the methodology has been demonstrated with the help of Archie’s law.     

外源氮输入对草地土壤微生物特性影响的研究进展

大气氮沉降作为全球变化的重要现象之一,沉降量不断增加所带来的一系列生态问题日趋严重.草地作为陆地生态系统的主体类型之一,对大气氮沉降的响应不仅体现在地上植被生长和群落动态的变化,其地下各种生态过程的变化更加值得关注.此外,世界范围内的草地生态系统大部分面临不同程度的退化,草地施氮是寻求草地恢复的有益尝试.综述了大气氮沉降和人为施氮引起的外源氮输入变化对草地生态系统土壤微生物特性(微生物数量、微生物量、微生物呼吸、微生物多样性和土壤酶)影响的研究进展,研究表明:①施氮有利于细菌数量的增加,但对真菌数量的影响甚微或是降低真菌的数量.②长期施氮降低土壤微生物量,但短期施氮的影响效应具有不确定性.③施氮对草地土壤微生物呼吸的影响效应取决于微生物可获得的碳源的量.输入地下的植物碳量增加促进土壤微生物呼吸,输入地下的有机质减少则抑制微生物呼吸.④施氮改变了土壤微生物的群落结构组成和底物利用方式,对土壤微生物多样性的影响表现出负效应.⑤施氮提高了β-葡糖苷酶、磷酸酶和大部分糖苷酶的活性,降低了脲酶的活性.迄今为止,施氮对草地土壤微生物特性的影响效应仍存在很大的不确定性,今后的研究中应开展氮输入对草地生态系统影响的长期试验研究、加强对土壤微生物呼吸的影响研究以及合理确定我国草地生态系统可持续发展的氮饱和阈值,并进一步完善和发展测量土壤微生物多样性的新方法.     

土与钢材料接触面性能的试验研究

利用应变控制式直剪仪,对上海土与钢材料接触面进行直剪试验,研究了土与钢材料接触面内的变形特性,分析了法向应力对接触面剪切破坏特性的影响。分析结果表明,土与钢材料接触面内剪应力与剪切位移呈双曲线关系,并且法向应力影响剪切应力的发挥。     

花岗岩残积土的胶结特性及其对力学性能的影响

<正> 引言我国东南沿海一带残积土分布较广,据初步了解,厦门、深圳、香港都有,而且很多是由花岗岩风化残留下来的所谓花岗岩残积土。对这类土的矿物学方面的研究工作已见过报导。     

东营凹陷古近系湖相细粒混积岩沉积成岩特征

东营凹陷古近系湖相细粒混合沉积岩相类型、沉积环境和成岩演化等方面有待深入研究,利用岩心观察、薄片、X衍射和碳氧同位素等分析手段,明确了细粒混积岩相类型和沉积成岩特征.研究认为:岩石矿物组分和古生物含量的纵向变化较好地反映了沉积环境的变化和混合沉积成因过程,可作为细粒沉积层序四级界面识别标志.泥晶和亮晶方解石经历过显著的碳氧同位素分馏,证实了混积岩中泥晶方解石主要隶属于与甲烷细菌活动生成生物气有关的碳酸盐,透镜状和纹层状亮晶方解石纹层源自脉体方解石充填微裂缝,微裂缝和方解石脉集中形成于早期次干气-生油阶段.阐述了从生烃增压、微裂缝形成、有机质热演化排出有机酸、溶蚀泥晶方解石、方解石重结晶和脉体形成,直至影响临近砂体胶结作用的整个同生演化过程,对中深层页岩油气成藏研究具有重要指导意义.      

关中不同类型土壤硒含量特征及其对玉米籽粒硒含量的影响

于陕西省关中地区选取潮土、风沙土、褐土、黑垆土、红土、新积土及其上生长的玉米为研究对象,分别采集74个玉米和根系土样品,分析了土壤硒含量、形态特征及影响因素,以及土壤硒含量变异对玉米籽粒硒含量的影响。结果发现：①褐土和新积土全硒含量、各形态硒含量均明显高于其他土壤类型,且为富硒土壤。②褐土和新积土中易被生物利用的易利用态硒含量明显高于其他几种土壤类型。③褐土和新积土生长的玉米籽粒硒含量达到富硒标准,且明显高于其他4种类型土壤生长的玉米籽粒硒含量;当土壤硒含量累积增加到一定水平时,玉米籽粒硒含量随之增加。结果说明研究区内硒含量较高的褐土和新积土适宜于生产富硒玉米。本研究有助于加深认识关中地区土壤理化性质及其与硒有效性关系,并为调节土壤硒水平、改良植物硒营养状况、富硒资源开发利用及种植结构调整提供理论依据。     

明长陵土壤地球化学特征

对明长陵陵墓和外围土壤特征开展地球化学研究,发现长陵陵墓土壤Cl、S、P、N、C、Hg、Au和有机质含量在表层显著富集,陵墓内土壤各元素含量高于外围土壤。陵墓内五供两侧土壤Hg和Au元素含量出现异常,影响皇陵外东南向土壤Hg,以及南向和西南向土壤Au含量。陵墓土壤稀土总含量略有差异,但土壤稀土元素分布模式相似,表明陵墓内土壤为同源物质。     

南海表层沉积物中细粒组分的稀土元素地球化学特征

对南海表层沉积物中的细粒组分进行电感耦合等离子体质谱法测试, 探讨南海稀土元素分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明, 南海表层沉积物中稀土元素分布主要与陆源物质输入、生物活动和火山物质补给密切相关.南海细粒组分的配分模式与中国黄土的接近, 与周边的珠江、湄公河等河流输入物质也有相似性, 而与南海碱性玄武岩存在显著差异, 表明南海沉积物主要来自于周边大陆.稀土元素趋势分析表明, 珠江口往外至海南岛南部海域中沉积物朝东南方向向陆坡输送; 台西南至珠江口往外海域沉积物大多向南输运; 吕宋岛西部海域包括黄岩岛附近海域的火山物质主要向西北方向输送, 向西可达113°E、向北可至20°N附近; 南海南部沉积物整体上向南沙海槽西北部附近海域输送.      

橄榄石斑晶和捕虏晶与年青橄榄玄武岩的K-Ar定年

取自黑龙江北部5个年青橄榄石玄武岩样品，分别对挑出橄榄石细小斑晶和捕虏晶的玄武岩、橄榄石斑晶和其他斑晶作了K-Ar定年。结果表明橄榄石和玄武岩浆不是同时代的，挑出橄榄石晶体后表现年龄将下降（年轻）50%至90%.     

结构性软土的损伤及其对地基沉降的影响

通过室内试验,研究了软粘土的结构性及其在受力过程中的损伤特性,并讨论结构损伤对地基瞬时沉降和固结沉降的影响。计算结果表明,常规方法低估地基的瞬时沉降,夸大地基的固结沉降。     

冻融试验对土中含水量分布的影响

The silty clay and silty loam are two typical soil types obtained from two test sites along the Qinghai-Tibet railway. The two types of soil have been designed various initial dry densities, water eontents, temperature conditions in repeated freezing and thawing tests with free access to water at the bottom. Afterfreeze-thaw cycles, the moisture content in the freeze-thaw zone increases more than that in the unfrozen zone to the peak approximately at the top of the samples. With comparison of the water contents in the frozen and thawed states, the moisture content in the upper freeze-thaw zone in the frozen state is greater than that in the thawed state, while that in unfrozen zone in the frozen state is smaller than that in the thawed state. Within the region of the frost front, the water content in frozen state is smaller than that in thawed state. These findings help to study the freeze-thaw mechanisms deeply and perfect the forecasting module of moisture transferring in freeze-thaw cycles.     

Indirect Measurement of Suction

This paper reports on indirect soil suction measurement methods. Indirect suction measurement techniques measure the moisture equilibrium condition of the soil instead of suction. The moisture equilibrium condition of the soil can be determined by primary means as in vapor pressure, secondary means as through another porous medium or tertiary means as in measuring other physical properties of the porous medium that indicates its moisture equilibrium condition. Indirect suction measurement techniques employing primary means include thermocouple psychrometers, transistor psychrometer and chilled-mirror psychrometer. Indirect suction measurement techniques employing secondary means includes the filter paper method and indirect suction measurement techniques employing tertiary means include thermal conductivity sensors and electrical conductivity sensors. These techniques have been widely used in engineering practice and in research laboratories. However, each of these techniques has its own limitations and capabilities, and active research into improving these techniques is ongoing in universities, research laboratories, and private sector. This paper outlines working principles, calibration, measurement, and application areas of these methods based on recent literature and practice.