Post-cyclic Pullout Response of Geogrid in Compacted Sand and Clayey Sand with Emphasis on Pre-cyclic Load Effect

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Soil-geosynthetic interface behavior under cyclic loading will differ from that under static loading. To this end, a series of static and multistep tests...     

Influence of Particle Morphology on the Hydraulic Behavior of Coal Ash and Sand

Flexible-wall hydraulic conductivity tests were carried out on bottom ash, fly ash and compacted specimens of sand with additions of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 18% of bentonite. In order to study the effect of bentonite inclusion and particle morphology on the hydraulic conductivity of the admixtures, an investigation was undertaken based on thin section micrographs. It was found that, for both bottom and fly ash admixtures, bentonite addition reduced only one order of magnitude the hydraulic conductivity, from 1.78 × 10⁻⁶ m/s to 1.39 × 10⁻⁷ m/s. On the other hand, the sand hydraulic conductivity was reduced five orders of magnitude, from 3.17 × 10⁻⁵ m/s to 5.15 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s. Among several factors that can be responsible for the difficulty in reducing hydraulic conductivity, such as ash grain size distribution and elevated cation concentration (leached from the ash) in pore water, it can also be recalled the high particle voids observed in the ash by means of microscopic analysis. The same is not true with the sand, which has solid particles, without inner voids.     

Reduction of Expansive Index,Swelling and Compression Behavior of Kaolinite and Bentonite Clay with Sand and Class C Fly Ash

Swelling behavior of expansive soil has always created problems in the field of geotechnical engineering. Generally, the method used to assess the swelling potential of expansive soil from its plasticity index, shrinkage limit and colloidal content. Alternative way to evaluate swelling behavior is from its expansive index (EI) and swelling pressure value. The present study investigates the reduction of EI and swelling pressure for kaolinite and bentonite clay when mixed with various percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. The percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash used were 0–50 % by weight. The results show that there is a significant reduction in the swelling properties of expansive soil with the addition of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. The reduction in EI ranged approximately from 10 to 50 and 4 to 49 % for kaolinite and bentonite clay, respectively. Also the maximum swelling pressure of kaolinite and bentonite clay decreased approximately 93 and 64 %, respectively with the addition of various percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. Standard index properties test viz., liquid limit, plastic limit and linear shrinkage test were conducted to see the characteristics of expansive soil when mixed with less expansive sand and fly ash. Also, for these expansive soils one dimensional consolidation test have been conducted with sand and fly ash mixtures and the results were compared with pure kaolinite and bentonite clay.     

矿压及水压对煤层底板突水的影响

在煤层底板突水发生过程中,矿山压力和底板承压水起着重要的作用。煤炭采出后,围岩失去原有的平衡,除顶板岩层产生破坏及移动外,底板岩层也相应遭到一定程度的破坏和影响,在一定的条件下,发生底板突水事故。     

抚顺西舍场油页岩的淋滤行为及其对周围水体的影响

为研究抚顺市区南部地表堆积的油页岩中微量元素的淋滤作用对水体的影响,本文分别进行了抚顺西露天矿采场和西舍场油页岩pH为4.0、6.5和8.0的动态淋滤实验,以ICP-MS测试了淋滤液及水体中的微量元素。结果表明,高、低品位油页岩中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Rb、Bi、Ba、Ti、Co、Cr、Cu和Mn等淋出率较高;水体中Pb、Cd、Co、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn等元素超标,表明抚顺西舍场油页岩的堆积已对周围地表水体和地下水体造成了污染。     

热处理对柯尔碱膨润土微观结构和物化性能的影响

膨润土的热稳定性及其热处理过程中微结构和性能的变化直接影响着膨润土在矿物材料领域的应用,因此研究热处理过程中膨润土成分结构的演化以及表面性质的变化具有重要意义。目前对膨润土的研究多集中在钠化改型、有机化改性以及改型改性后的结构和性能方面,而对膨润土热处理过程中的微观结构和物化性能变化研究有待加强。本文以新疆柯尔碱膨润土为研究对象,在不同温度下进行热处理,利用X射线荧光光谱法分析原土的化学成分,通过同步热分析、X射线衍射、红外光谱以及扫描电镜等技术对热处理产物进行了物相分析和结构表征,并研究了比表面积、吸蓝量及胶质价在升温过程中的变化特征。结果表明:随着热处理温度的升高,柯尔碱膨润土的比表面积逐渐减少,物相组成和结构都发生了很大变化。加热到600℃后,膨润土的吸蓝量和胶质价急剧下降,其主要成分蒙脱石八面体片中的羟基开始脱出,层状结构发生破坏;800℃后蒙脱石相已经消失;1000℃时产生新的矿相——堇青石,粉末颗粒出现熔融现象;1200℃后转变为方石英相,颗粒基本完全熔融,重结晶现象明显。研究认为,600℃时柯尔碱膨润土的膨胀性和分散性基本丧失,矿物物化性能失效。     

钻孔灌注桩桩顶混凝土下沉冒水泛砂原因分析

近几年来,在温州地区钻孔灌注桩的施工与验收过程中,桩顶混凝土常出现3种现象：下沉、冒水、泛砂,严重影响到基桩的工程质量。从环境因素、材料因素、工艺因素出发,结合钻孔灌注桩的施工经验,分别对上述3种现象的形成原因进行分析研究,并作出相关解释,同时对3种现象之间的关联也作出了相应的说明。     

钻孔压水试验水压式栓塞排水泄压问题研究

压水试验水压式栓塞较其他类型栓塞可靠、灵活,但一直存在试验结束后排水泄压难题,使该类型栓塞使用局限于浅孔及地下水位高的钻孔。本文对该问题进行了研究,提出了解决方案,设计了新型水压式栓塞结构。解决了一直以来水压式栓塞的排水泄压难题,突破了试验孔深限制,使水压式栓塞能得到广泛应用。介绍了该新型水压式栓塞的结构和工作原理以及工程应用效果。     

乡镇供水中地表水和地下水的联合运用

结合工程实例，对地表水水源及地下水水源进行了分析评价，认为在乡镇供水中。联合运用地表水和地下水，既充分发挥了现有水源工程(地表水水库)的作用，又开发利用了地下水资源。实现了开源的目的。提高了乡镇供水的保证率，为水行政主管部门发展乡镇供水提供了可靠的水源保障，达到了充分合理利用水资源的效果。     

垃圾渗滤液污染场地NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)和SO_4~(2-)对微生物活性的影响

通过实验研究垃圾渗滤液污染场地N、S、P和湿度等因素对微生物活性的影响.结果表明：同时添加N和P后,土壤和细砂中微生物活性分别在第7 天和第14 天达到最大值0.685和0.588,有机质质量分数分别降低了10.97%和22.1%,平均降解速率分别为0.405和0.190 mg/(kg·d);添加NO_3~-后,土壤和细砂中有机质质量分数分别减少了10.3%和28.9%;添加SO_4~(2-)后,土壤和细砂中有机质质量分数分别减少了8.87%和28.4%;另外,湿度为50%和60%时,土壤中微生物活性的最大值分别为0.259和0.266,有机质平均分解速率分别为0.195和0.305 mg/(kg·d).因此,N、S、P和湿度对地下环境中微生物的活性有重要影响.     

Study of Sand Dunes and Their Effect on Desertification of Cultivated Lands in Shaanxi Province, China Using Remote Sensing Techniques

About half of the arid and semi-arid lands in the world are deserts that comprise various types of aeolian sand dunes deposits. In Shaanxi Province, aeolian sand dunes cover considerable areas of the Yulin desert and northern Jinbian. Sand dunes are moving in the main wind direction and converting some agricultural area to wasteland. Remote sensing of sand dunes helps in the understanding of aeolian process and desertification. Remote sensing data combined with field studies are valuable in studying sand dunes, regional aeolian depositional history. In particular, active and inactive sand dunes of the north Shaanxi Province were studied using remote sensing and geographic information system. In this study, we describe the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) images, covering north Shaanxi Province, which were used to study the distribution, shape, size, trends, density and movement of sand dunes and their effect on desertification of cultivated lands. Estimation was made depending on soil erodibility factor (Ⅰ) and local climatic factor (C) during the period (June to September). The result indicates that soil erosion caused sand drift of 8.957 5, 7.03 ton for Yulin and Jinbian, respectively. The mean sand dunes movement rate were 4.37, 3.11 m, whereas, monthly sand dune advance rate were 1.092 5, 0.777 5 m, for the two locations, respectively. The study reveals that cultivated lands extended obliquely to the direction of sand dune movement are extremely affected, while other segments that extend parallel to the direction of the movement are not affected. Accordingly the north Shaanxi Province was divided into areas of different classes of potential risk. Moreover, blown sands and sand movement from neighboring highlands also affect the area of western desert.     

江西广丰李家膨润土压实性能研究--高放废物处置缓冲/回填材料压实性能初探

研究了广丰李家钠基膨润土的压实性能,得出了不同压实功作用下,膨润土干密度与含水率之间的关系．以及粒径、压实功等因素对压实性能的影响;在相同压实功和相同含水率条件下,膨润土粒径较小时相对应的干密度较小．当压实功为2684．9kJ／m^3时,钠基膨润土的最大干密度可达1．525g／cm^3,最优含水率为26．30％。首次选用石英砂作为添加荆,探索了添加荆对膨润土压实性能的改善作用,实验结果说明石英砂添加荆的加入可以大大提高膨润土的干密度。减小对应的最优含水率,并得出约10％的石英砂是添加剂的最佳用量。该研究结果为钠基膨润土作为高放废物处置库缓冲／回填材料的性能评价提供了重要的依据。     

Orthogonal Variance Structures in Lake Water Quality Data and Their Use for Geo-chemical Classification of Dimictic, Glacial/Boreal Lakes

The accumulating volumes of data collected within environmental monitoring programs facilitate the use of exploratory statistical methods of data analysis as a supplement to traditional methods of characterizing lake water quality. When principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling are applied to a matrix containing approximately 24000 samples of lake water quality variables pH, alkalinity, conductivity, hardness, color, Secchi depth and total phosphorus concentration, it is found that the total matrix variance can be approximately reproduced in an orthogonal two-dimensional base with transformations of hardness and color as best principal component representatives. This base is suggested as an empirical lake classification standard where the variance structure of subset lake populations (such as single lakes) can be referenced to the water quality standard of the generic population. Since the principal axes of the base exclusively contain inorganic and organic related variables respectively, the combined inorganic/organic characteristics of the lake can be expressed with the hardness and color variables alone. With the data matrix being large enough to produce high significance levels, and with variable ranges wide enough to represent a majority of dimictic, glacial/boreal lakes, the analysis results should be valid in many lakes throughout the world.     

Water chemistry and water quality variation in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, as a function of water management for the Middle Route of South to North Water Divert Project, China

As the diversion dike of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Transfer Project （MRSNWTP）, the water quality and water quantity of Danjiangkou Reservoir is critical to the project. At present, the rates of industrial wastewater treatment and sewage discharge, which belongs to Chinese State Standard in the districts near the reservoir except Shiyan city, are less than 60% and 40% respectively. The point source pollutants will be controlled because of the project after some time, but the non-point source pollutants caused by vegetation degradation and water-soil erosion will not be controlled effectively in a long time. Water samples were collected from the Danjiangkou Reservoir during 2004 and 2005 and analyzed for trace metals, i.e., silver （Ag）, aluminum （Al）, arsenic （As）, barium （Ba）, bismuth （Bi）, calcium （Ca）, cadmium （Cd）, cobalt （Co）, chromium （Cr）, copper （Cu）, iron （Fe）, mercury （Hg）, potassium （K）, lithium （Li）, magnesium （Mg）, manganese （Mn）, molybdenum （Mo）, sodium （Na）, nickel （Ni）, lead （Pb）, antimony （Sb）, selenium （Se）, silicon （Si）, strontium （Sr）, vanadium （V）, zinc （Zn）, chemicophysical parameters and nutrients, i.e., temperature （T）, pH, dissolved oxygen （DO）, turbidity, total suspended solid （TSS）, nitrate/ammonia/ammonium-nitrogen （NO3^-/NH3/NH4^＋-N）, total nitrogen （TN）, dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN）, total phosphorus （TP）, potassium permanganate index （IMn）, biochemical oxygen demand （BOD）, dissolved inorganic carbon （HCO3^-）. Our results are water quality belongs to Chinese standard level II, trace metals are low, but they are accumulating, and many of which, i.e., As, Pb, will endanger reservoir water security.     

陕西省大荔县地下水中氟的含量特征及其影响因素分析

大荔县为地方性氟中毒病高发区,主要因长期饮用氟含量高的地下水所致.通过分析大荔县269件地下水样品中氟含量,查明地下水氟含量为0.01～11.8mg/L,均值为1.91mg/L,氟含量高于1.0mg/L的水样样本达70.6%.调查分析发现,大荔县地下水氟含量在空间分布上具有北高南低的特征,富集最严重的区域出现在渭河二、三级阶地的东端,高氟地下水区域占到全区总面积的63%.大荔县丰富的氟源、特定的地形地貌、干燥的气候环境以及缓慢的地下水力更替过程是造成地下水中氟富集的主要因素.     

静止均匀环境中气泡射流特性的研究--形成区及形成后区特性的数值研究(Ⅱ)

采用气-液两相流两方程湍流模型,结合混合有限分析法,对静止环境中气泡射流进行数值模拟和分析.相对各种积分模型,这种模拟气泡射流的微分方程方法具有较强的预报性和普遍的适应性.数值计算结果与试验资料的较好吻合,从而验证了湍流模型和计算方法的有效性和正确性.     

云南滇中红层地区抗旱救灾水井钻井方法探讨与成效

在2010年初的西南地区抗旱会战水井施工中,根据当地的施工环境和条件,针对滇中红层采用不同的钻探设备和钻进成井工艺,快速、有效地成井,取得了良好的技术经济效果和重大的社会效益。介绍了在该地区加快钻井速度、提高成井质量的工艺技术方法与施工经验,供今后在类似条件下的钻井工程借鉴。     

Effect of temperature, pressure, salinity, and surfactant concentration on IFT for surfactant flooding optimization

In this research, effect of temperature, pressure, salinity, surfactant concentration, and surfactant type on interfacial tension (IFT) and critical micelle concentration of Saudi Arabian crude oil and various aqueous phases were investigated. The temperature ranged from ambient condition to 90°C, and the pressures were varied from atmospheric to 4,000 psi (27.58 MPa). Surfactant solutions were prepared using several aqueous phases, i.e., purified water, 10% brine consisting of 100% NaCl, 10% brine consisting of 95% NaCl and 5% CaCl₂, and 10% brine consisting of 83% NaCl and 17% CaCl₂. Out of 13 commercial surfactants, only three surfactants showed good solubility in pure water and brine. Those are Zonyl FSE Fluorosurfactant®, Triton X-100®, and Triton X-405®. Therefore, they were investigated thoroughly by measuring their efficiency in reducing the crude oil-aqueous phase IFT. Based on this screening process, laboratory surfactant flooding experiments for crude oil recovery were conducted using Triton X-405 and Triton X-100. The chemical flood was made at both original oil in place and at residual oil in place subsequent to conventional water flooding. Based on the obtained results, both surfactants were efficient, and more oil was recovered than that obtained through water flooding. Comparing both surfactant solutions, it was observed that Triton X-405 was more efficient than Triton X-100 at the same surfactant concentration and reservoir conditions.     

广西桂林凉风洞秋冬季滴水和沉积物氧同位素对极端降水的记录研究

近年来,全球环境变化导致的极端气候事件的发生频率剧增,引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。由于器测记录时间较短,因此需要通过精确连续记录古气候变化的石笋来解译极端气候事件的规律。本文针对桂林凉风洞2015年9月至2016年1月的大气降水、洞穴滴水和现代沉积物的氧同位素组成进行了高分辨率的监测。监测结果揭示了由于秋冬水汽源的改变,导致桂林地区大气降水δD、δ~(18)O同位素值显示逐渐偏正的季节性变化,并且建立了该区域大气降水线为:δD=8.8δ~(18)O+16.38。由于大气降水作为凉风洞水源补给唯一来源,使得洞穴滴水的δ~(18)O继承大气降水的δ~(18)O所蕴含的环境信息,进而记录在洞穴现代沉积物中。但是受到洞穴顶部岩溶表层带的平滑或者均一化的作用,使得洞穴滴水的δ~(18)O同位素值要偏正于大气降水的δ~(18)O同位素值。在极端降水信号输入岩溶表层带后由于存在不同的水文地球化学过程,从而导致洞穴沉积物对其极端降水事件的响应时间存在不同,并且在δ~(18)O同位素值也存在明显差异。因此,系统监测洞穴滴水、沉积物δ~(18)O同位素对外界环境信息的响应过程,能为量化或精确解译石笋δ~(18)O同位素记录所指代的古气候环境信息提供基础。     

Water absorption process effect on strength of Ayazini tuff,such as the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), flexural strength and freeze and thaw effect

Tuffs have been used as a construction material possibly since ancient times. In Afyonkarahisar, Turkey, there are numerous buildings constructed by tuff. Tuff has been a local construction material, during the Roman, Seljuk and Ottoman periods. Even though tuffs have relatively low durability and low strength values compared to marble, etc., they have survived with no major deterioration failures on many historical buildings. It has also been preferred because of its high porous texture, lightweight and easy shaping and process properties in the building sector. Naturally, it would be easily affected by water and humidity because of its porous structure. However, having this kind of structure leads to poor durability properties due to keeping water in it. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of the tuff quarried from the region and possible water effect, which may lead to degradation of its strength and durability of the material, thereby shortening the life span of the building structure used. Samples, which were tested after exposing to water and the freeze and thaw effects, were measured at a certain time. In this study, uniaxial compressive strength and flexural strength tests were conducted on test samples. The test results indicate that water may deteriorate the tuff’s strength properties and durability of the materials in due time.