全断面隧道掘进机分类及其应用范围(英文)

目前,隧道掘进机的机械化及自动化水平得到了很大提高,隧道掘进机可以开挖不同的地质条件下各种形状的隧道。隧道掘进机的类型也越来越多,根据隧道工程场地所处的水文地质与工程地质条件,工程的使用特性及环境的限制,不同类型的隧道掘进机的工作机理需要进一步的理解并依此进行分类,以便选择合适的隧道掘进机。本文介绍了各种类型的全断面隧道掘进机的运行机理,并根据最终开挖隧道断面,掌子面的支护类型及岩土体的破碎机理对全断面隧道掘进机进行分类。本文也总结了各类型的隧道掘进机的应用范围。使用者可根据地质条件及特殊需要对隧道掘进机进行初步的选型。     

Application of expert rules in indirect approaches for landslide susceptibility assessment

Landslide susceptibility (LS) assessment by indirect approaches presents some limitations due to (1) the tendency to simplify the environmental factors (i.e., variables) and (2) the assumptions that landslides occur under the same combination of variables for a study site. Recently, some authors have discussed the interest to introduce expert knowledge in the indirect approaches in order to improve the quality of indirect LS maps. However, if the results are reliable, the procedures used seem fastidious and a very good knowledge of the study site is essential. The objectives of this paper are to discuss a methodology to introduce the expert knowledge in the indirect mapping process. After the definition of the expert rules associated to three landslide types, several indirect LS maps are produced by two indirect exploratory approaches, based on fuzzy set theory and on a modification of a bivariate method called expert weight of evidence. Then, the indirect LS maps are confronted to a landslide inventory and a LS map produced by a direct approach. The analyses indicate that the methodology used to introduce the expert rules in the mapping process increases the predictive power of indirect LS map. Finally, some indications about advantages and drawbacks of each approach are given to help the geoscientist to introduce his expert knowledge in the landslide susceptibility mapping process.     

卫星遥感数据的信息论理解

以信息论的观点，阐述了卫星遥感数据的信息含义，即遥感信息包含了物质信息和场信息两部分。可以简单地认为它是时间、光谱和空间纹理特征的函数，对它的深入理解，促使了遥感信息提取与识别方法的改进与提高；评述了传统的灰度统计模式识别、纹理特征分析以及基于地理信息系统、知识工程和专家系统的遥感图像识别技术，认为信息提取的一个重要方向是发展基于遥感影像理解的专家信息系统；并从信息论角度，指出了有关地质应用的遥感信息内涵、遥感信息时间特征的重要性以及遥感应用预处理的作用。     

建立矿山水文地质专家系统几个问题的探讨

专家系统作为一种人工智能技术,日益广泛地应用于各类专门问题的解答及技术咨询领域。矿山水文地质问题涉及因素多,不确确量亦较多,故引入专家系统是可行的。从专家系统知识库知识,矿山水文地质实例及理论分析成果等三方面知识为专家系统的知识来源。结合有色金属矿山水文地质调查资料及制做有色金属矿山水文地质评价专家系统（ＭＨＧＥＥＳ）的实践,本文阐述了两类专家系统的划分及各自的特点,讨论了第二类专家系统推理框架,     

The Gas Resources Assessment Expert System of the Songliao Basin

The gas resources assessment expert system is one of the advanced methods for appraising oil and gas resources. The establishment of a knowledge base is the focal task in developing the expert system. This paper presents a summary of the mechanism and the major controlling factors in the formation of gas pools in the southeast uplift of the Songliao basin. Then an appropriate assessment model is established for trapping the gas resources and a knowledge base built in the expert system to realize the model. By using the expert system to appraise the gas-bearing probability of 25 major traps of the Quantou and Denglouku Formations in the Shiwu-Dehui area, the authors have proved that the expert system is suitable for appraising traps in the Songliao basin and similar basins.     

Expert systems for automated correlation and interpretation of wireline logs

CORRELATOR is an interactive computer program for lithostratigraphic correlation of wireline logs able to store correlations in a data base with a consistency, accuracy, speed, and resolution that are difficult to obtain manually. The automatic determination of correlations is based on the maximization of a weighted correlation coefficient using two wireline logs per well. CORRELATOR has an expert system to scan and flag incongruous correlations in the data base. The user has the option to accept or disregard the advice offered by the system. The expert system represents knowledge through production rules. The inference system is goal-driven and uses backward chaining to scan through the rules. Work in progress is used to illustrate the potential that a second expert system with a similar architecture for interpreting dip diagrams could have to identify episodes—as those of interest in sequence stratigraphy and fault detection- and annotate them in the stratigraphic column. Several examples illustrate the presentation.     

钻机方案设计专家系统的研究

专家系统是人工智能领域中最重要而且有活力的分支这一,它在机械设计领域中的应用,对于推动机制设计过程向自动化及智能化方向的发展,具有极其重要的现实意义,论述了钻机设计专家系统研究中的一些主要问题,探讨了钻机设计专家系统要完成的主要目标和任务以及实现方法,并研究了适合于钻机设计专家系统要求的知识表示,知识获取和知识推理方法。     

基于专家证据权重法的成矿远景区划与评价--以东昆仑地区金矿为例

在介绍专家证据权重法的基础上,将东昆仑地区的基础地质、区域成矿规律及典型矿床研究等方面取得的认识(知识系统)与证据权重法结合,提出并建立了一个基于专家证据权重法的矿产资源定量预测评价系统,该系统在根据知识系统对各证据因子赋权重的过程中体现了地质专家的思想.应用专家证据权重法对东昆仑地区金矿的成矿概率进行了定量计算,并进行了金矿成矿远景区划.研究结果表明远景区内预测含矿单元的后验概率二重积分的大小可代表远景区的总体成矿潜力,据此将各远景区进行分级排队,由高到低划分为A、B、C 3级.     

区域地壳稳定性评价专家系统研究

重大工程选址区域地壳稳定性评价专家系统的开发涉及到众多学科。本文运用结构矩阵法建立了综合且优化的专家知识结构模型，探讨了专家知识定量表述的心理物理学实验方法，为专家知识的获取和定量表示提供了基础。运用专家系统工具Ｍ．１开发了重大工程选址区域地域壳稳定性评价专家系统（ＣＲＵＳＴＡＢ），含６１０条规则，２００个事实，属于中型专家系统。最后，介绍了该系统在广东核电站选址区域地壳稳定性评价结果。     

第四纪盐湖沉积与古气候

笔者通过国内第四纪盐湖沉积的长期实地考察以及盐湖长期科学观察站的实验研究,并结合国内外大量盐湖沉积实验研究资料,以比较盐湖沉积学的理论和方法,将盐湖沉积划分为冷相、暖相和广温相,揭示现代全球盐湖水化学类型分带与气候分区的一致性;指出我国第四纪存在6次干旱(成盐)扩张期;识别出中国第四纪干旱中心19个明显的强冷偏湿-冷干事件及8个明显的暖偏湿-暖干事件,并推算其古气温变化范围。     

南海西南次海盆构造特征及其沉积响应

本文对穿过南海西南次海盆的逾1000 km的多道地震测线CFT剖面进行了地震界面特征的识别和地震层序的划分,分段分析了拆离断层对其减薄陆壳的拆离作用。结合前人研究成果,对南海西南次海盆地壳结构特征开展了分析,并总结了其构造特征。西南次海盆在发生陆缘张裂—海盆扩张、洋壳出现—扩张后稳定沉积这一系列过程中,可划分为4个阶段的沉积响应：A阶段(古新世之前)——前裂谷阶段,表现为地壳在拉张应力下产生小的断层;B阶段（始新世—早渐新世）——陆缘的裂谷阶段,地壳在拉张应力下拉张减薄,A阶段产生的断层出现了旋转,出现了大型掀斜的拆离断层,沉积物为同裂谷沉积,该阶段以产生了破裂不整合结束;C阶段（晚渐新世—早中新世）——海盆扩张阶段,海盆开始扩张,张应力从陆缘转移到了洋盆;D阶段（中中新世以来）——海盆扩张结束以后,以一套稳定沉积为特征。     

基于知识推理的节水型城市评估系统

对专家系统和地理信息系统之间的有效集成与综合应用进行研究,以节水型城市建设、申请及考核的相关指标为例,建立基于专家系统开发工具CLIPS的节水型城市评价知识库,进而以跨平台的Qt/C++为编程语言,实现专家知识库系统和基于ArcEngine组件的地理信息系统集成,完成基于知识推理的节水型城市评估系统原型机.以甘肃张掖为例,演示了专家系统和地理信息系统集成在水资源管理领域的应用,显示出地理信息系统与专家系统的集成可作为解决非结构化、不确定的地学问题的有效手段,具有广阔的应用前景.     

The Ufimian Stage of the East European scale: Status, validity, and correlation potential

The resolution of the Commission on the Permian System of the Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Committee (ISC) to exclude the Ufimian Stage from the General (East European) stratigraphic scale is questioned. This resolution led to substantial changes in the charactristics of several stage units and violated rules of the stratigraphic nomenclature. The paleontological characteristic of the Ufimian Stage differs from that of the Kungurian Stage in its initial volume. It is shown that the Ufimian Stage is characterized by its high correlation potential.     

膨胀土地基工程地质分析专家系统(ESCES)

在中国南方地区膨胀土地基工程地质研究基础上,概括了国内外知名学者的研究成果,进行了土体结构的工程地质力学分析,归纳成近千条规则,设计并建立了膨胀土地基的专家系统。它包括膨胀土类型鉴别,胀缩特性判定,膨胀恶化预测,地基工程结构选定和基坑边坡稳定性评价等内容。本专家系统在河北、湖北、广西等四个不同地区的工程中得到验证,表明它是解决复杂的膨胀土地基问题及推动膨胀土工程地质研究的一种有效手段。     

中国沿海及内陆地区长周期脉动特征分析

地脉动台阵观测作为一种低成本的剪切波速度构造探测方法,预计将在中国地震灾害预防中起到重要作用。为了研究地脉动台阵观测中长周期信号的特征以及中国长周期地脉动的特点和适用性,开展了中国从沿海到内陆地区地脉动信号的观测和分析,探查由沿海到内陆地区地脉动的变化规律以及内陆地区广域的地脉动特征,发展适合于我国内陆地区的基于地脉动的地下构造勘探方法,在中国大陆上海市、西安市、天水市及兰州市进行了长周期地脉动观测。现场试验结果表明,上海地脉动特征与日本关东平原地区的观测结果类似,可以认为在海岸地区深部结构调查的地脉动台阵观测有良好的适用性。然而,西安、兰州、天水长周期地脉动能量只有上海的千分之一,因此需要进一步研究更加灵敏的仪器性能和更加稳定的观测方法。     

中国上石炭统上部及下二叠统海相地层中阶的划分

明确而详细地提出了中国上石炭统上部及下二叠统海相年代地层单位的具体框架。将上石炭统上部划分为消遥阶、下场家河阶；下二叠统划分为上杨家河阶、范家河阶、垭口阶及隆林阶。明确了阶的定义、动物群特征、磁性地层特征及其与相关地层的关系。所划分的阶均能与世界标准年代地层进行详细而有依据的对比。     

松辽盆地深层断陷期地层展布特征及油气勘探意义

松辽盆地深层系统的地震资料构造解释表明,断陷期的3套地层具有不同的形成发育过程,原始展布特征和现今残留状况。断陷期经历了一个完整的盆地发育过程,既包括断陷的初始发育期——火石岭期和强烈断陷期——沙河子期,也包括断陷的萎缩期——营城期,分别代表了深层断陷盆地的孕育、伸展裂陷和萎缩覆盖3个地质阶段。对断陷期地层的系统认识,使得深层烃源岩的评价预测更加有效可靠,对于深层油气勘探具有重大的指导意义。     

层间剪切带工程地质专家系统知识模型的建立

层间剪切带工程地质专家系统是一个专门对层间剪切带工程地质问题进行研究和评价的实用型专家系统。本文介绍了为研制该系统而建立起来的领域知识结构模型, 该知识模型是在总结、归纳该领域三位著名专家的知识和经验的基础上建立起来的, 是专家系统知识表达及推理策略的基础。     

基岩裂隙水寻找与开发的专家系统建立

由于地裂隙水埋藏分布规律的复杂怀，致使裂隙水的开发利用十分困难。因此，获取和利用理论水平高、实践经验丰富的基岩裂隙水专家的知识，通过计算机技术形成具有智能功效和的专家系统，就具十分重要的理论和实际意义。本文详细介绍了基岩裂隙水七开发专家系统（ＢＦＷＰ）的建立过程，包括系统的知识库建造，推理机设计，以及系统的图形功能     

Tectonic evolution along the northernmost border of the Philippine Sea plate since about 1 Ma

Recent structural, tephrochronologic and magnetostratigraphic studies conducted along the northernmost border of the Philippine Sea (PHS) plate enable us to reconstruct the precise tectonic evolution along the convergent boundary between the PHS plate and the Northeast Japan (NEJ) plate or the North American (NAM) plate since about 1 Ma. The authors of the present study split the tectonic evolution into five stages and present the characteristics of each stage. A plate tectonic interpretation is proposed, based upon the tectonic evolution, with special reference to the mode of convergent motion. In brief, our interpretations are as follows: the relative motion between the PHS and the NEJ plates was not recognized geologically within the area studied from about 1.0 to 0.9 Ma (Stage 1), suggesting either none or small influence from the coupling between the two plates during that period of time. Convergence between the PHS and the NEJ plates was possibly in N-S direction from 0.9 to 0.5 Ma (Stage II), and probably north-northwestward since 0.5 Ma (Stages III to V). The mode of the convergent motion was that of buoyant subduction in Stages II and III. The mode changed gradually from buoyant subduction during Stage IV to collision in Stage V (0.07 Ma to the present).