共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Joseph Palis 《GeoJournal》2009,74(3):227-234
My paper aims to ask what space characterizes the various constructs of orientalism and othering in the early short films
of Thomas Edison. Using Lefebvre’s concept that social space “subsumes things produced, and encompasses their interrelationships
in their coexistence and simultaneity” in these early shorts, I will look at three Biograph actualities found at the Library
of Congress-American Memory page to show how space is manifested and negotiated onscreen. I will examine Edison’s “Filipinos
Retreat From Trenches”, “Capture of Trenches at Candaba” and “U.S. Troops and Red Cross in the Trenches Before Caloocan” which
were all released in 1899. These reenacted short films were shot during the tumultuous years of the Spanish-American War.
In the Biograph shorts, the privileged positions of both Spanish and American forces in relation to the annexation of a foreign
land in world history books is indicative of the tendency to de-emphasize the contribution of the native population in the
war. Manthia Diawara has said that “space is related to power and powerlessness, insofar as those who occupy the center of
the screen are usually more powerful than those in the background or completely absent from the screen.” The spatial hierarchies
and spatially situated images in Edison’s short films show how historically configured power relations encrypted oppression
to its external “others” through the cinematic apparatus.
相似文献
Joseph PalisEmail: |
2.
Today, various types of fair trade systems propose new forms of relationships between producers and consumers. If several
studies have provided accurate understandings of consumers’ motivations to buy fair trade products, the specific kinds of
consumer involvement that are emphasized in those systems remain partly unknown. In France, controversies about the regulation
and organization of fair trade with producers from Southern countries has led to broader debates about how consumers can best
express their solidarity with producers. In these debates local food networks are often portrayed as good examples of fair
trade and as having potential to redefine the role of the consumer in the marketplace (or in commercial relations). Based
on examination of the type of mechanisms used to enrol consumers in local and fair trade networks, we have distinguished two
main kinds of consumers’ involvement. The first one may be called “delegation” and is based on market mechanisms. The second
one is called “empowerment” and is based on contractual mechanisms between consumers and producers and on the construction
of collective choices. This latter kind of consumer involvement points out the capacity of alternative food networks to empower
consumers in a more broadly political sense.
相似文献
Claire LamineEmail: |
3.
J. A. L. Rabone A. Carter A. J. Hurford N. H. de Leeuw 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2008,35(10):583-596
We introduce a simple method to simulate the “ion explosion spike” mechanism of fission track formation within the framework
of classical molecular dynamics. The method is applied to six apatite compositions and the resulting tracks are compared with
each other as well as with the damage produced by another mechanism—the “Displacement spike”. In contrast to experimentally
observed tracks, the radii of simulated tracks are not dependent on their direction in the crystal. Since the simulations
model accurately the elastic response of apatites, this suggests that the experimentally observed difference in track radii
for tracks along different crystal directions is not entirely caused by anisotropy in the elasticity of apatite. We suggest
that anisotropy in the interactions between the electric fields of fission fragments and the crystal ions is a major factor
in the final radii of fission tracks. In fluorapatite, the simulations also reveal the formation of small clusters of fluorite-like
material in the core of the fission track, a phenomenon which has yet to be confirmed experimentally.
相似文献
J. A. L. RaboneEmail: |
4.
In a media saturated world of globalization, information flow and knowledge economies, an interesting paradox exists: geographic
literacy appears to be on the decline while geographic information is on the rise. In this introduction to a collection of
essays on geographies of the media, we explore this paradox and use Baudrillard’s (1994) work on Simulacra and Simulation to argue that increased mediated information does not produce more meaning, but rather leads to a catastrophe of meaning
and the medium. Drawing from McLuhan’s axiom, “the medium is the message,” we posit that with more mediated information there
is less meaningful information and as such we need to address geographic media literacy as a primary mode through which to
address geographic literacy.
相似文献
Jim CraineEmail: |
5.
Steven Hoelscher 《GeoJournal》2008,73(3):195-217
This article explores the relationship between historical memory, urban space, and photography by way of a case study: the
place-specific public art of the Guatemalan photographer and human rights activist, Daniel Hernández-Salazar. As one of a
growing number of Latin American artists committed to combating the “institutionalized forgetfulness” of human rights violations
throughout the hemisphere, Hernández-Salazar deploys geographically-rich photographic installations to help his society remember
its difficult past. The installations, known as Street Angel, are like ghosts haunting the graves of the murdered, fortresses of the powerful, bastions of the complicit. By shedding
light on these ghostly angels, this article reveals the important role of photography, as a crucial vehicle of memory, in
bearing witness to the unimaginable horrors that consumed much of the twentieth century, as well as that technology’s limitations.
It also shows how remembrances of those atrocities depend on urban space for their grounding, articulation, and maintenance.
Finally, by probing the artistic impulse and political sensibility that created Guatemala City’s angels of memory, it makes
the case that, in the combustible political climate of post-war Central America, the work of remembering the past is not an
antiquarian exercise: the labor of memory is a fundamental component of building a just society.
相似文献
Steven HoelscherEmail: |
6.
Summary The question of alternative technologies for high-speed Internet access lies at the heart of rural development problems. In
this paper, we focus on one of those technologies, the system combining satellite technologies and Wi-Fi. Based on an empirical
study carried out in three rural areas, we analyze the dynamics of the use and appropriation of that technology by the companies
and organizations participating in the experiment. Considered both from a technical and social standpoint, the technology
‘in use’ appears here in its structuring dimensions.
相似文献
Valérie FautreroEmail: |
7.
The present state-of-the-art for natech risk and management is discussed. Examples of recent natechs include catastrophic
oil spills associated with Hurricane Katrina and hazardous chemical releases in Europe during the heavy floods of 2002. Natechs
create difficult challenges for emergency responders due to the geographical extent of the natural disaster, the likelihood
of simultaneous releases, emergency personnel being preoccupied with response to the natural disaster, mitigation measures
failing due to the effects of the natural disaster, and others. Recovery from natechs may be much more difficult than for
“normal” chemical accidents, as the economic and social conditions of the industrial facility and the surrounding community
may have been drastically altered by the natural disaster. Potential safeguards against natechs include adoption of stricter
design criteria, chemical process safeguards, community land use planning, disaster mitigation and response planning, and
sustainable industrial processes, but these safeguards are only sporadically applied. Ultimately, the public must engage in
a comprehensive discussion of acceptable risks for natechs.
相似文献
Ana Maria CruzEmail: |
8.
Cathelijne de Busser 《GeoJournal》2006,67(4):283-294
Contrary to the absence of a uniform Spanish identity (a phenomenon that is often referred to as Spain being a ‘nation of
nations’), Spain’s confessional map is remarkably homogeneous. From the beginning of its existence as a political conglomeration,
Spain has been a mono-confessional Catholic territory. Even at present, Catholicism is an intrinsic feature of Spanish society
and – though officially a secular state – of state policy. A closer look at Spain’s religious situation and its corresponding
pattern of church–state relations reveals, however, some recent cracks in the century’s old bond between Spain and Catholicism.
Particularly secularization and religious pluralism challenge Spain’s mono-confessional Catholic nature, a development that
fits well into Spain’s post-Francoist focus on Europe and European (secular) values. This paper discusses Spanish church–state
relations from the beginning of its political existence until present times. Special attention will be paid to more recent
societal developments and their impact on religious Spain and church–state relations.
相似文献
Cathelijne de BusserEmail: |
9.
The effects of air transportation on the movement of labor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effects of the deregulation of airlines markets and the new technologies that have been introduced into air transportation
have been heavily studied. Much of this analysis has been on the impacts on the industry and the immediate welfare implications
for passengers and, to a lesser extent, cargo consignors. This study looks at the longer-term effects of the modern air transportation
system on labor markets and labor migration. The growth of the service sector, the emergence of more flexible manufacturing
techniques, the reduction in trade-barriers, and the creation of more sophisticated financial markets have led to greater
mobility in production and in capital movement. This has been explored to some extent. Labor is, however, also more mobile
- for example, since the admission of Poland to the European Union some 465,000 Polish workers have joined the UK labor market.
Air transportation facilitates easier migration, makes short-term, long-distance migration viable, and allows migrants to
maintain contact with their home country. Within larger countries, such as the US, there has also been a growth in long distance
“week-day” migration as spouses work in different parts of the country to be reunited at weekends. The study makes use of
aggregate data to look at trends in international labor movements particularly concerning the European situation, and, to
a lesser extent, at recent developments within the US. It is concerned both with what is going on in terms of the use being
made of air transportation by migrants and the light that this may shed on migration theory.
相似文献
Kenneth John ButtonEmail: |
10.
Ramadan and Bussorah Street: the spirit of place 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rahil Ismail 《GeoJournal》2006,66(3):243-256
The presence of ‘seasonal spaces’ such as the Ramadan-related activities associated with Bussorah Street, Singapore, during
the holy Muslim month of Ramadan surfaces significant issues on the convergence and management of identity, heritage, space
and conservation important to all Singaporeans. Conservation projects to ‘prettify’ or commodify the historic district of
Kampong Glam, which contains Bussorah Street had to be revised to include the local tradition of the Ramadan food bazaar but
at the adjoining Kandahar Street. Undoubtedly, what is being underlined by this seasonal space is the affirmation of identity,
the reclamation of space and the possibility for improved management and economic viability of the Kampong Glam district.
However, as stressed in the paper, that while the spirit of Bussorah Street can be construed as forms of spatial or cultural
resilience, the new Malay Heritage Centre (Taman Warisan Melayu) located in the district acts as a strong reminder that, ultimately,
‘seasonal spaces’ are still subjected to the calculated considerations of the Singapore urban planners or the governing elite
with significant implications for those with strong ethnic and religious connections with the area and its Islamic heritage.
相似文献
Rahil IsmailEmail: |
11.
Reinhard Henkel 《GeoJournal》2006,67(4):307-316
In the wake of the Reformation, the bitterest religious wars were fought on the territories of what is now Germany. It was
here, however, that the rule “cuius region, eius religio” was found as well which can be interpreted as a first step towards
religious tolerance. Germany has been characterised by a religious dualism between the Roman Catholic and the Protestant (Lutheran
and Reformed) Church since then. Both had the status of state churches until the First World War. Since then, they are still
by far the dominant religious communities in the country but they regard themselves wrongly to be Volkskirchen (people’s churches). They, as well as a number of smaller religious communities, enjoy the status of a corporation under
public law. This status includes the right to collect church tax from members through state channels. The federal German state
system is mirrored by a similar federal character of the Protestant Church, which is a union of regional churches. When Germany
was reunited in 1990, the Volkskirche principle was reintroduced in East Germany although Christians had become a minority there due to 40 years of strong influence
of Communism. Secularisation and pluralisation have changed the religious landscape in Germany especially after 1960. The
two big churches have lost large numbers of members, and new religious communities have arrived. In the light of Europe growing
together, the Protestant Church in Germany, being the largest in numbers in Europe, has initiated stronger cooperation between
the different Protestant churches in the European countries, many of which are organised as national churches. Islam has come
to Germany mainly through Turkish labour migrants. The country has only recently changed its self-perception into being a
society with a large immigrant minority, which is to stay; therefore it will certainly take some time until Muslims are fully
accommodated.
相似文献
Reinhard HenkelEmail: |
12.
Military activities have produced contaminated environments at many sites around the world. This contamination and the associated
health risks play a large role in how these places can be redeveloped after military use. In this essay we focus on the island
of Vieques, Puerto Rico which was used as a bombing range by the US military for six decades until 2003. We examine the ways
different groups of people perceive this formerly militarized landscape and the ways that these perceptions legitimatize certain
redevelopment options over others. Through participant observation, semi-structured interviews and an analysis of textual
materials we found that many local residents view the island as suffering from severe contamination while the large number
of visitors, tourism promoters and North Americans now flocking to the post-militarized Vieques view it quite differently.
These perceptions of purity and contamination, affected by different knowledges of the island’s history, have led to differing
valuation of the landscape and contentious economic, political, and cultural battles over an island often labeled “natural”
despite a history of military use and social exclusion.
相似文献
Jeffrey Sasha DavisEmail: |
13.
We analyse recent claims of an additional risk of diffusive intrusion by marine organic contamination (OC) into coastal aquifers, and discuss the activity-driven “salt-pump mechanism” which is claimed to accelerate this diffusion. The reported accelerations of transport of OC out of saltwater are far too large to be due to activity effects on simple diffusion. There probably is a small acceleration of diffusion out of saltwater, but there is no direct experimental evidence for this. Possible experimental artefacts are suggested. Larger effects on diffusion in the literature are shown to be not relevant to this problem. Diffusion of suspended OC, present in the experiments, is too slow to be significant; however, this suspended material is shown to have serious implications for the proposed interpretation of the results. Until these results are better understood, no conclusions about any possible environmental implications can be drawn from them.
相似文献
D. R. LloydEmail: Phone: +353-1-6081726Fax: +353-1-6712826 |
14.
Anthony John Christopher 《GeoJournal》2006,67(2):123-136
The pattern of Church of England dioceses has evolved over a period of 1,400 years. It reflects the practical response of
the Church to the changing political and demographic patterns of the country. No ideal size and form of diocese was ever devised
and few systematic attempts were made to achieve a degree of equity between them. The constitutional link between state and
church has inhibited change for the last 80 years, although society has changed significantly. Nevertheless, rapid constitutional
reforms, especially in the House of Lords, may be reflected in ecclesiastical reorganisation of the dioceses.
相似文献
Anthony John ChristopherEmail: |
15.
Elżbieta Bilska-Wodecka 《GeoJournal》2006,67(4):341-355
According to Madeley’s (2003) comparative framework of state–church relations in Europe, Poland is part of the historic Northeast-Southeast multi-confessional
culture belt. The aim of this paper is to analyse the historic relationships between the Polish state and church in relation
to this framework with special attention to the post-Second World War period and to the consequences for the Polish religious
landscape. In contrast to the multi-confessionality of the historic Polish polities, after the Second World War Poland became
a mono-confessional, Roman-Catholic country. Territorial changes, the resettlement of people and the annihilation of the Jewish
population by the Nazis were responsible for this religious homogenisation. Consequently, the relationship between state and
church was almost completely confined to the relationship with the Roman-Catholic Church. During the 45 years of communist
dominance, that church became the largest public organisation independent of the state authorities and played the most important
role in the struggle against the ‘atheisation’ of Polish society as a consequence of the strong support for the church by
the majority of people. The post–1989 period is characterised by a liberalisation towards non-Catholic religious communities
and – after an initial reluctance – a positive attitude of the Polish Roman-Catholic Church (strongly supported by the Polish
Pope John Paul II) towards the Polish membership of the European Union.
相似文献
Elżbieta Bilska-WodeckaEmail: |
16.
Henry Darcy in his own words 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Patricia Bobeck 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(6):998-1004
A recently published English translation of the Les Fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon
1 provides access to Henry Darcy's own words on the importance of water for public sanitation and on questions engineers face in building water supply systems. Written near the end of Darcy's life, the book is a compendium of the water knowledge he had gained over decades and his opinions on these topics reveal his personality. In the 1840s, Darcy built a water supply system to provide water to 120 street fountains for domestic purposes, street washing and firefighting. Surrounded by poverty, Darcy insisted on free water for the poor and on sharing the spring water with towns located along the aqueduct that brought it to Dijon. In the preface to the book, Darcy introduces his experiment on water flow through sand with the modest words “to my knowledge, no one has experimentally demonstrated the laws of water flow through sand.” This article provides a sampling of the book's insights into the personality of this remarkable man.
相似文献
Patricia BobeckEmail: |
17.
Almost annually, natural hazards such as floods and landslides cause a great deal of financial loss and human suffering in
Taiwan. In order to gain a better understanding of disaster preparedness, this paper examines several factors in relation
to hazard mitigation behavior: social economic status (education, income), psychological vulnerability (sense of powerless
and helpless), risk perception (perceived impact and control) and social trust. The statistical analysis reported here is
based on the “2004 National Risk Perception Survey of Floods and Landslides in Taiwan”. The main findings include: (1) in
comparison with general public, victims are less willing to adopt risk mitigation measures than the public, even though they
perceive larger impacts, worry more about the hazard, and pay more attention to hazard information; (2) trust, risk perception
and social economic status are positive predictors for mitigation intentions, whereas psychological vulnerability is a negative
predictor; and (3) psychological variables are stronger predictors for mitigation intentions than that of socio-economic variables.
In light of these findings, the policy implications and intervention strategy are also discussed.
相似文献
Shuyeu LinEmail: |
18.
Geographers show keen interest in projected images employed in tourism as these images both reflect the ideas of the image
producers and influence tourists’ perceptions and (spatial) behaviour. This article focuses on intentional and unintentional
projected images of the Netherlands. The former is especially selective: it relies on stereotypes and presents Holland. The
unintentional projected image created in four travel guides is less stereotyped. While the focus is still on Holland, other
areas of the country are presented as well. Both intentional and unintentional projected images rely on ’othering’ and ’alterity’
to make the Netherlands a unique destination and to offer the tourists a trip that is far from everyday life. However travel
guides use ’alterity’ in different ways and at different levels of scale to create a regional geography of the Netherlands
as well.
相似文献
Bouke van GorpEmail: |
19.
Recent conversations concerning organic food systems have focused on the conventionalization hypothesis, which posits that
the organic food sector has become increasingly bifurcated between “historical” players in the organic movement on one side,
and on the other by distributors and industrial operators recently arrived in the sector, who practice a more conventionalized
form of organic agriculture which is now on the ascendancy. The most prominent explanations for the growth and dominance of
a conventionalized organic food system have been economic, based in the logics of input costs, especially land rent. We use
the cases of the Belgian Blue commodity system and the Belgian organic beef commodity system to argue that conventionalization
is also cognitive. To understand the role of cognition in the ascendance of the conventional organic food sector, we utilize
concept of “référentiel”—or system of cognitive references—as developed by Muller and Jobert. We believe that comparing organic and conventional practices as two systems of cognitive
references makes a deeper understanding of conventionalization possible in two ways: first because it makes it clear that
the two systems coexist on a cognitive level, understood in a broad sense as tightly knit sets of knowledges, beliefs, standards,
and images. Secondly, the concept of référentiel enables one to understand how the conventional system can become irreversible
(lock-in effect) and thus incompatible with the development of the organic system.
相似文献
Pierre M. StassartEmail: |
20.
J. A. Saunders D. L. Unger G. D. Kamenov M. Fayek W. E. Hames W. C. Utterback 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(7):715-734
Epithermal deposits with bonanza Au–Ag veins in the northern Great Basin (NGB) are spatially and temporally associated with
Middle Miocene bimodal volcanism that was related to a mantle plume that has now migrated to the Yellowstone National Park
area. The Au–Ag deposits formed between 16.5 and 14 Ma, but exhibit different mineralogical compositions, the latter due to
the nature of the country rocks hosting the deposits. Where host rocks were primarily of meta-sedimentary or granitic origin,
adularia-rich gold mineralization formed. Where glassy rhyolitic country rocks host veins, colloidal silica textures and precious
metal–colloid aggregation textures resulted. Where basalts are the country rocks, clay-rich mineralization (with silica minerals,
adularia, and carbonate) developed. Oxygen isotope data from quartz (originally amorphous silica and gels) from super-high-grade
banded ores from the Sleeper deposit show that ore-forming solutions had δ
18O values up to 10‰ heavier than mid-Miocene meteoric water. The geochemical signature of the ores (including their Se-rich
nature) is interpreted here to reflect a mantle source for the “epithermal suite” elements (Au, Ag, Se, Te, As, Sb, Hg) and
that signature is preserved to shallow crustal levels because of the similar volatility and aqueous geochemical behavior of
the “epithermal suite” elements. A mantle source for the gold in the deposits is further supported by the Pb isotopic signature
of the gold ores. Apparently the host rocks control the mineralization style and gangue mineralogy of ores. However, all deposits
are considered to have derived precious metals and metalloids from mafic magmas related to the initial emergence of the Yellowstone
hotspot. Basalt-derived volatiles and metal(loid)s are inferred to have been absorbed by meteoric-water-dominated geothermal
systems heated by shallow rhyolitic magma chambers. Episodic discharge of volatiles and metal(loid)s from deep basaltic magmas
mixed with heated meteoric water to create precious metal ore-forming fluids. Colloidal nanoparticles of Au–Ag alloy (electrum),
naumannite (Ag2Se), silica, and adularia, likely nucleated at depth, traveled upward, and deposited where they grew large enough to aggregate
along vein walls. Silica and gold colloids have been reported in hot springs from Yellowstone National Park, suggesting that
such processes may continue to some extent to the present. However, it is possible that the initial development of the mantle
plume led to a major but short-lived “distillation” process which led to the mid-Miocene bonanza ore-forming event.
相似文献
J. A. SaundersEmail: |