富锂盐湖中锂的物质来源和流体来源

锂资源是新技术、民用和军工行业的重要原料,全球富锂盐湖多分布在板块俯冲带和碰撞带以及板块转换带,卤水中的锂资源量占全球锂资源总量的80%。富锂盐湖中的锂主要来自于深部和浅部的水-岩作用、早期的含盐岩系以及岩浆作用,其次是盆地周围岩石的风化以及大气来源。富锂盐湖流体主要来源是大气降水、地表水、地下水、再循环卤水和岩浆水以及其它流体。地表水和地下水为富锂盐湖中锂的重要来源,其次是岩浆水和再循环卤水。岩浆作用对于富锂盐湖的形成至关重要,其不仅直接为富锂盐湖带来了成矿物质和成矿流体,还为其中的水—岩反应提供了热源。不过,幔源组成对于富锂盐湖的贡献度还需要作进一步研究。     

石家庄市地表水源氮、磷污染分布特征

氮、磷物质的输入是造成地表水源富营养化的主要原因,研究氮、磷污染分布特征对于了解其来源及其流失规律具有重要意义。笔者对石家庄市地表水源现状及环境背景水质进行了调查和分析,结果表明：岗南水库氮、磷污染丰水期比枯水期重;氮、磷元素形态及其流失形式均表现为非点源污染特征;汛期洪水输入是岗南水库氮、磷污染物的主要来源方式。     

让江源之说回归真实

介绍了20世纪70年代江源地区的测图情况,指出沱沱河正源纳钦曲是兰州军区测绘部队1974年发现并测图。论述了认定河源诸项标准的由来,指出确定河源不可随意择取认定标准和确定主次。对"三源说"提出了质疑:沱沱河源于尕恰迪如岗雪山群东南侧两初始冰川,而非姜古迪如南侧冰川;认为把楚玛尔河定为长江的北源,既不符合实际,又搞乱了水系的干支名系关系,并出现多个源头,有违发源地的地域慨念。依江源数十条源流形成的密集扇形分布水系,提出长江发源地应表述为:源于唐古拉山脉北麓。按照认定河源的诸项标准,对长江诸源进行了分析与比量,当曲各项均为最优,认为当曲才是长江正源,源于霞舍日啊巴山峰东侧的多朝能谷地。指出量算长江的精确长度,应顾及诸多因素并建议重新量算。     

闽江福州段支流污染负荷研究

借助地理信息系统对闽江福州段进行流域划分,通过污染源数据的调查和分析,在流域层面上进行了污染负荷研究．研究以COD、NH3-N为主要指标,计算各子流域污染负荷,并确定其主要来源和比例关系．结果表明：闽江流域福州段COD入河总量为9371．75t,NH3-N入河总量为992．63t,工业源与城镇生活源是主要污染源．市区内河是污染最严重的子流域,COD、NH3-N的入河量占流域总负荷的34。4％与61．3％．市区内河、闽江干流北港段、磨溪等流域水体受到各种点源污染的影响,而梅溪干流、大樟溪干流等流域水体则主要受到非点源污染的影响．     

闽江福州段支流污染负荷研究

借助地理信息系统对闽江福州段进行流域划分,通过污染源数据的调查和分析,在流域层面上进行了污染负荷研究．研究以COD、NH3-N为主要指标,计算各子流域污染负荷,并确定其主要来源和比例关系．结果表明：闽江流域福州段COD入河总量为9371．75t,NH3-N入河总量为992．63t,工业源与城镇生活源是主要污染源．市区内...     

兰州城区TSP高浓度污染与自然降尘的关系

从宁夏到甘肃中部有一个自北向南的少雨“干舌”,在垂直速度场上形成一个从河西东部向南伸下来的下沉运动区,冬季下沉运动区大而强烈,有利于空气中的沙尘下沉堆积。经分析,兰州城区自然降尘量占年降尘量的54%。随着沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘天气的出现,自然降尘量由1月份的32%增大到5月份的60%;按春、夏、秋、冬四季划分,城区TSP浓度中自然降尘量各占58%、33%、28%和32%。全年中11月城郊浓度差值最大0.59 mg·m-3,其主要原因是11月刚进入采暖期,除原有工业源外,又增加了采暖锅炉和生活小炉灶,TSP排放量增大,加之该月风速最小、天气过程少,是兰州市出现严重污染的主要原因。     

新疆黄土分布规律及粉尘来源

通过新疆不同区域地形、黄土时空分布规律、物质组成等资料的对比,结合区域环流形势和沙尘天气的综合分析提出:不同黄土分布亚区,受不同的大气环流、局地环流和地形的作用,具有不同粉尘来源。南亚区主要来自塔克拉玛干沙漠,北亚区主要来自古尔班通古特沙漠,而形成西亚区黄土的粉尘主要来自中亚荒漠。     

Core-log integration studies in hole-A of Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project

Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project (TCDP) was initiated to understand the physical mechanisms involved in the large displacements of the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake. Continuous measurements of cores (including laboratory work) and a suite of geophysical downhole logs, including P - and S -wave sonic velocity, gamma ray, electrical resistivity, density, temperature, electrical borehole images and dipole-shear sonic imager, were acquired in Hole-A over the depth of 500–2003 m. Integrated studies of cores and logs facilitate qualitative and quantitative comparison of subsurface structures and physical properties of rocks. A total of 10 subunits were divided on the basis of geophysical characteristics. Generally, formation velocity and temperature increase with depth as a result of the overburden and thermal gradient, respectively. Gamma ray, resistivity, formation density, shear velocity anisotropy and density-derived porosity are primarily dependent on the lithology. Zones with changes of percentage of shear wave anisotropy and the fast shear polarization azimuth deduced from Dipole Shear-Imager (DSI) are associated with the appearance of fractures, steep bedding and shear zones. The fast shear wave azimuth is in good agreement with overall dip of the bedding (approximately 30° towards SE) and maximum horizontal compressional direction, particularly in the Kueichulin Formation showing strong shear wave velocity anisotropy. Bedding-parallel fractures are prevalent within cores, whereas minor sets of high-angle, NNW–SSE trending with N- and S-dipping fractures are sporadically distributed. The fault zone at depth 1111 m (FZA1111) is the Chi-Chi earthquake slip zone and could be a fluid conduit after the earthquake. The drastic change in fast shear wave polarization direction across the underlying, non-active Sanyi thrust at depth 1710 m reflects changes in stratigraphy, physical properties and structural geometry.     

An exploratory analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators of the ecological status of the Upper Yellow and Yangtze Rivers

This study presents findings of the first systematic analysis of aquatic biotic assemblages in the source region of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. It provides an initial basis with which to select representative organisms as indicators to assess the aquatic ecological status of rivers in this region. Macroinvertebrates are considered to be good indicators of long-term environmental changes due to their restricted range and persistence over time. Field investigations of macroinvertebrates were conducted in August 2009 in the source region of the Yellow River, and in July 2010 in the source region of the Yangtze River. Altogether 68 taxa of macroinvertebrates belonging to 29 families and 59 genera were identified. Among them were 8 annelids, 5 mollusks, 54 arthropods and 1 other animal. In the source region of the Yellow River, taxa number, density and biomass of macroinvertebrates were 50, 329 individuals m2 and 0.3966 g dry weight m2, respectively. Equivalent figures for the source region of the Yangtze River were 29, 59 individuals m2 and 0.0307 g dry weight m-2. The lower benthic animal resources in the source region of the Yangtze River are ascribed to higher altitude, higher sediment concentration and wetland degradation. Preliminary findings of this exploratory study indicate that hydroelectric power stations had a weak impact on benthic dwellers but wetland degradation caused by a series of human activities had a catastrophic impact on survival of macroinvertebrates. Ecological protection measures such as conservative grazing and vegetation management are required to minimize grassland degradation and desertification, and reduce soil erosion rate and river sediment discharge.