Biot固结理论在地面沉降计算中的应用

在回顾地面沉降研究现状的基础上,提出采用Biot固结理论进行由降水形成的渗流场与应力场的耦合分析,并运用二维Biot固结平面有限元程序计算因开采地下水而引起的地面沉降问题,最后通过工程实例验证了该方法的可行性。     

超固结土层垂向形变机理及临界水位控沉分析——以西安南郊钻孔土样研究为例

超固结地层发生地面沉降需要一个大于超固结应力的起始附加应力来驱动。依据有效应力原则,临界水位与超固结应力之间存在线性相关关系,则超固结地层垂向形变机理亦可通过临界水位描述为：当人为开采地下水引起的起始水位降深大于临界水位时,地面沉降将明显发生。西安南郊地质技校钻孔埋深100-300m内土样试验资料分析及计算结果表明：该地层普遍呈现超固结特性;第一、二承压含水组的临界水位值分别为63.44m及73.76m;将“临界水位”作为控制地面沉降与最大限度开采地下水资源的主控指标来考虑,是地面沉降的有效防治措施。     

深圳宝安填海区地面沉降特征探讨

深圳市宝安中心区为大规模填海形成,发生了多处地面沉降。通过野外地质调查和收集大量资料,在填海区建立地面沉降监测点,查明了填海范围的地质环境特征,分析了填海区地面沉降的机理和特征。产生沉降的主要因素有两个:一是土层在建筑物等外部荷载作用下产生的固结沉降,主要发生在建筑物施工期间及使用期间,作用时间相对较长;二是由于基坑降水引起附加沉降,这部分沉降主要发生在基坑开挖期间,作用的时间相对较短,一般随着基坑的回填及地下水位的恢复,沉降便基本完成。通过数学方法研究了软土的欠固结、固结和次固结沉降,其中次固结沉降为填海区软土固结过程中贡献最大。抽取地下水和大规模密集高层建筑群也是产生地面沉降的影响因素之一,但影响范围有限。     

自然因素对天津市地面沉降影响分析

众所周知,引起天津市地面沉降的主要因素是地下流体的开采导致的地层压缩。实际上,自然因素引起的地面沉降在总沉降量中也占有一定比重。引起天津市地面沉降的自然因素包括构造运动、地震活动以及欠固结土的大面积分布。论述了天津市与地面沉降相关的地质环境背景,并对引起地面沉降的自然因素逐一分析。构造运动引起地面沉降量在沧县隆起、冀中坳陷构造单元为1.41~1.53mm/a,在黄骅坳陷为1.90~2.15mm/a,全市平均1.5mm/a;地震发生前后时间段内,是地震导致地面沉降量变化影响最大的时期;天津市欠固结土(第一海相层)分布区(外环线以东)软土引起平均沉降量1.0mm/a。该研究对地面沉降的防治工作起到一定的参考价值。     

天津新生界固结特征与地面沉降

本文通过对大量的室内试验和大港油田测井资料的分析和总结,从地层的固结状态和固结阶段两个方面系统分析了天津地区新生界固结特征与地面沉降的关系,认为:天津新生界地层在原始应力状态下,除滨海地区第一海相地层和坳陷区局部2500m以下地层为欠固结状态外,其余基本为正常固结;但在地下水长期超采区,长期超采的含水组地层为超固结状态。1000m以浅的地层处于初期压实阶段,仍会有较多的孔隙水被排除,而导致比较明显的地面沉降。     

西安市地面沉降机制

在西安市地面沉降基本特征分析的基础上,初步探讨地面沉降带下伏土层的固结性能,进而分析西安市地面沉降机制,初步研究表明,由于土层的超固结性能,西安市地面沉降明显不同于沿海城市（如上海,天津等）的地面沉降。     

冲填土固结特性与变形沉降规律研究

应用室内模型试验的方法对上海地区冲填土的固结特性进行了研究,冲填土从水力吹填开始到固结完成,经历了三个阶段,即沉积阶段、土体颗粒接触阶段与土体固结阶段; 固结时有效应力的增长分为快速增长和缓慢增长两个时期,土体固结沉降主要发生在固结前期,沉降量与有效应力呈正比关系; 排水及荷载条件对冲填土的固结特性与强度有较大影响。本文通过双面排水自重固结、单面排水加载固结及单面排水自重固结三组对照试验,揭示了冲结、变形与沉降量之间的关系,为冲填土地区地面沉降的预测和地基变形的计算提供了有价值的参考。     

佛山市瓷海国际陶瓷城地面沉降成因分析

佛山市瓷海国际陶瓷城自2008年起出现地面沉降现象,随着周边人类工程活动增多,地面沉降现象日趋严重.结合研究区地质背景,并运用InSAR地表形变监测技术,从自然因素和人类工程活动两方面研究了该地区地面沉降的形成原因.结果表明,引起地面沉降的内部物质条件为填土和软土的压密固结,尤其是软土分布广、厚度大、埋藏浅,为地面沉降...     

天津滨海地区晚新生代地层自然固结与地面沉降研究

天津滨海地区地处渤海湾西岸,晚新生代沉积了巨厚的松散沉积物。地下水位下降、地层自然固结、地表载荷的加速增长等复合因素造成了严重的地面沉降。利用在天津滨海新区塘沽地区施工的一眼1 226 m全取芯钻孔,通过原状样品测试分析,系统研究了晚新生代土层的物理力学性质、黏性土固结特征,并结合欠固结黏性土层沉降量计算等方法阐述了土层固结状态空间特征,探讨了土层固结特征与地面沉降的相关关系。结果表明：该地区0～100 m深度土层具有低天然密度、高孔隙比、高含水率、高压缩性等特点,表现出软土的性质,在地表荷载增大的情况下,易发生地面沉降;100～550 m的黏性土大都处于超固结和微超固结状态,主要是由于过去地下水的大量开采造成的;550 m以下的黏性土多为正常固结,局部存在欠固结黏性土夹层。钻孔中存在合计约218 m的欠固结黏性土夹层,这些欠固结黏性土夹层在自重应力下的最终沉降量为1 985 mm,沉降量最大的土层对应于第1、6含水组,分别达614 mm和665 mm,这一沉降过程完成所需时间为数十年甚至上百年。     

哈尔滨市地面沉降问题的探讨

某一类地质灾害的形成与发展，除了有人类工程经济活动作为重要诱发因素外，发灾地区的地质环境背景条件则是地质灾害形成的内因。针对有关文献关于哈尔滨市地面沉降问题的推断论述，本文通过对哈尔滨市地质环境背景条件的分析，提出地面沉降不是哈尔滨市地下水超采引发的主要地质灾害问题这一新认识。     

Factors Controlling the Fractionation and Seasonal Mobility Variations of Ga and In in Systems Impacted by Acidic Thermal Waters: Effects of Thermodynamics and Bacterial Activity

This work assessed both the fractionation and the seasonal mobility variations of Ga and In in systems impacted by acidic thermal waters. This was accomplished by performing thermodynamic calculations using the PHREEQC algorithm and by assessing the activity of acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria. The pH of the Kusatsu thermal waters in Gunma Prefecture, central Japan, is rapidly increased following the addition of a lime suspension. After an abrupt pH increase, under which conditions free ions of Ga and In and their complexes with Cl^? and SO₄^2? exist only in negligible quantities, the majority of dissolved Ga and In is removed by sorption onto suspended hydrous ferric oxides (HFOs). These HFOs are then transported to an artificial lake without significant sedimentation along the river. Subsequently, the suspended HFOs settle out and are added to sediments without significant fractionation between Ga and In. The Tamagawa thermal waters in Akita Prefecture, northeast Japan, are also treated with lime. However, complete neutralization requires mixing with some tributary streams, leading to a gradual downstream increase in pH. Dissolved Ga is, in general, sorbed by HFOs in upstream areas, leading to wide dispersal of Ga across the entire watershed. In comparison, In is transported to the lake inlet predominantly as a Cl^? complex species without significant removal along the river, with the majority being precipitated in an artificial lake, where Cl^? concentrations are too low to form stable complex species with In, and thus, dissolved In is sorbed by HFOs. As a result, In is effectively concentrated within downstream lakebed sediments, whereas Ga is dispersed along the river. Seasonal variations in Ga mobility within the Tamagawa field between snowmelt and low-flow seasons are primarily controlled by pH, because hydrolysis reactions of these metals, which are related to sorption reactions, tend to occur in the upstream regions in the snowmelt season. However, under warmer conditions, HFO formation preferably occurs due to the activity of acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria. Thus, under similar pH variations, dissolved Ga is more effectively removed by HFOs during warmer seasons. On the contrary, because HFOs are abundantly formed in low-flow season, even under colder conditions, before In hydrolysis reaction starts to occur, In mobility is less affected by water temperature and then bacterial activity.     

水库下游河流再造床过程中的河岸侵蚀

根据实测河道地形资料,分析了水库下游河床演变中的河岸侵蚀现象,包括不同横向边界约束条件、不同床沙组成和不同河型河段的河岸侵蚀的特征及规律。结果表明:①水库下游均会有河岸侵蚀发生,但初期一般以下切为主,后期以展宽为主。②对于横向边界约束较强的河段,河岸侵蚀相对较弱;相反,则河岸坍塌严重,河岸侵蚀强烈;③对不同的河床组成和边滩组成的河段:河床较粗特别是形成抗冲粗化层,且边滩组成较细的河段,河岸侵蚀现象非常剧烈;河床组成较细的河段,如果边滩抗冲性较强,则河岸侵蚀现象相对较弱,如果滩地组成较细、容易坍塌,河岸侵蚀也会较强;④不同的河型有着不同的河岸侵蚀现象。分汊河段以主汊为主;游荡段的游荡特性在初期受到抑制;弯曲河段的撇弯切滩现象较普遍。     

Dealing with Zeros and Missing Values in Compositional Data Sets Using Nonparametric Imputation

The statistical analysis of compositional data based on logratios of parts is not suitable when zeros are present in a data set. Nevertheless, if there is interest in using this modeling approach, several strategies have been published in the specialized literature which can be used. In particular, substitution or imputation strategies are available for rounded zeros. In this paper, existing nonparametric imputation methods—both for the additive and the multiplicative approach—are revised and essential properties of the last method are given. For missing values a generalization of the multiplicative approach is proposed.     

山东招远大尹格庄金矿控矿构造解析与找矿预测

[研究目的]大尹格庄金矿探明(金:283 t,银:397 t)发育于招平断裂带中段,矿区较大的断裂构造有4条:招平断裂、大尹格庄断裂、南周家断裂与南沟断裂,招平断裂带在矿区内呈NNE20°方向延伸,控制金矿体的形态、产状及发育部位.确定断裂构造的运动方向,可以指导大尹格庄金矿外围找矿预测.[研究方法]本文运用构造解析方...     

Limit state analysis of earthen slopes using dual continuum/FEM approaches

A framework alternative to that of classical slope stability analysis is developed, wherein the soil mass is treated as a continuum and in-situ soil stresses and strengths are computed accurately using inelastic finite element methods with general constitutive models. Within this framework, two alternative methods of stability analysis are presented. In the first, the strength characteristics of the soil mass are held constant, and the gravitational loading on the slope system is increased until failure is initiated by well-defined mechanisms. In the second approach, the gravity loading on the slope system is held constant, while the strength parameters of the soil mass are gradually decreased until well-defined failure mechanisms develop. Details on applying both of the proposed methods, and comparisons of their characteristics on a number of solved example problems are presented. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湖泊沉积物粒度多组分特征及其成因机制研究

利用高分辨率激光粒度仪MS2000对安固里淖、三台河以及长江等多个地点湖泊和河流沉积物样品细粒部分的粒度多组分分布特征进行了系统、深入研究。总结了其粒度分布特征及组分间差异并讨论了其成因机制。研究认为:1)湖泊沉积物粒度一般由多个组分叠加构成,表现为多组分粒度分布特征,其受控于水动力强度和搬运方式等因素。2)粒度分布最多可有6个组分（中值粒径范围分别为①150μm,⑤150～700μm,⑥>700μm）,其中前4个组分属悬浮组分（③组分是流域内风成作用强弱的判别标志）,⑤为跳跃组分,⑥为滚动组分,整体分选性差。3)据粒度分布特征可分为湖滨、过渡和湖心三相,三相间粒度分布特征有明显差异,同时又存在此消彼长的良好过渡关系。湖滨相以④组分为优势组分,该组分含量越高,指示沉积物越靠近湖滨;过渡相④组分含量随距湖心距离靠近而减小,但②组分含量却在逐渐增加;湖心相以②组分占主导优势,该组分含量越高,指示沉积物越靠近湖心。4)湖相沉积物受湖滨拍岸浪和湖心波浪的影响而产生了明显的粒度分异规律。     

Late Panafrican evolution of the main Hoggar fault zones: Implications of magnetic fabric study in the In Telloukh pluton (Tin Serririne basin, Algeria)

The Late Panafrican evolution of the Hoggar shield is characterized by emplacement of magmatic intrusions and by occurrence of major shear zones separating different terranes. In Telloukh granite is close to the In Guezzam faults (western border of the Tin Serririne basin). Analysis of its visible and magnetic fabrics suggests an emplacement mode and deformation that are not related to the In Guezzam faults, but most likely to a N–S compression, an event not yet identified. Dioritic dykes crosscutting the granite have a very different magnetic fabric, which is related on the contrary to dextral strike-slip movements along the In Guezzam faults. In both cases, no visible fabric can be correlated with the magnetic fabric, which has been likely acquired during late magmatic stages. This magnetic fabric was not significantly affected by the tectonic events that took place after entire crystallization of the magma. The In Guezzam faults and the major 7°30 and 4°50 shear zones are close to intrusions such as In Telloukh dykes and the Alous En Tides and Tesnou plutons where quite similar magnetic fabrics are observed, all related with dextral strike-slip movements along these structures.     

胶东玲珑金矿田175号脉群深部地质特征与成矿预测

玲珑金矿属于以石英脉型为主的金矿床,其矿脉受玲珑断裂和破头青断裂控制。区内脉群发育,175号脉群是玲珑金矿的主要大型金矿脉群之一。文章通过总结175号脉群成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征,分析了控矿因素、矿体赋存规律、矿石类型等;阐述了175号脉群深部成矿规律,并根据见矿工程利用地质块段法预测175号脉群11—101勘探线范围-800 m标高以下(332+333)金矿石量192.44×10~4 t,金金属量8.5t。     

Levynes and erionites from Sardinia,Italy

Three samples of levyne and two of erionite from three different localities of Sardinia are described. In two samples, levyne and erionite are intergrown by epitaxy. The levynes exhibit close chemical compositions with Ca>Na>K; as for their lattice constants, a is very similar in all three samples, while c of one sample is rather smaller than that of the other two. Unit cell dimensions of both erionites and chemical composition of one are also given. In addition, the following data are reported for the levynes: refractive indices for all three samples, density for two and DTA for one. The existence of levyne-erionite intergrowth is emphasized, and support is given to the idea that this intergrowth is much more common than the literature would suggest.     

Taxonomy, facies relationships and palaeobiology of bakevelliid bivalves from the Lower Cretaceous of west-central Argentina

Cretaceous bakevelliids in Argentina are restricted to the Lower Cretaceous. They are recorded in shallow marine deposits in two Mesozoic basins located in the Andes foothills in Patagonia. In the Austral Basin (44°–55°S) there is only one genus, Gervillella, represented by a single specimen from the Barremian. In the Neuquén Basin (30°–40°S) two genera, Gervillaria and Gervillella, occur, ranging from the Berriasian to the Lower Barremian. In the Pilmatué Member of the Agrio Formation two species are identified: Gervillaria alatior (Imlay) and Gervillella aviculoides (J. Sowerby). The former is also recorded in Mexico while the latter is more widespread, occurring in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the Bajada del Agrio section they come from eight tabular shell beds located near and on top of shallowing-upwards cycles. They were abundant only in four of these levels. These shell beds are interpreted as having been deposited in the mid-ramp (middle of cycles), and upper mid-ramp (top of cycles). A functional analysis of shells revealed two life habits: epibyssate and endobyssate.