南海北部新生代构造迁移特征

选择南海北部比较有代表性的珠江口、琼东南和中建南3个盆地作为研究区,对所获取的剖面进行了地震解释工作,运用地震地层学和构造地质学等方法对我国南海北部新生代演化史开展研究,探讨了南海北部陆缘各区域构造演化差异及规律。结果表明,南海北部陆缘构造活动在时序上存在着迁移的特征,体现出自北向南"珠江口盆地→琼东南盆地"、"珠江口盆地→中建南盆地"构造事件逐渐变晚的趋势。因此,南海北部陆缘破裂从北部开始,以"撕裂"的方式逐渐向南推进,同时排除了红河断裂的叠加影响,南海北部自北向南断陷活动强度逐渐减弱。在其后的演化中,构造沉降与物质充填中心的迁移以一种更加复杂的方式进行。     

南海北部陆缘构造属性研究进展

南海北部陆缘位于特提斯与古太平洋两大构造域的叠合部位,构造特征十分复杂,其构造属性一直是国内外学者争论的焦点,从主动陆缘到被动陆缘,火山型被动陆缘到非火山型被动陆缘等均有表述。南海复杂的形成机制以及东、西部构造差异性所引起的地球物理、岩浆活动等认识的异同,是造成南海北部陆缘构造属性认识差异的主要原因。通过与全球典型地区的比较研究,进一步加强对南海形成演化过程分析,开展大洋钻探与多学科综合分析,揭示南海海盆的多期扩张与多盆张裂特征,是认识南海北部陆缘构造属性的关键。探讨了南海三叉裂谷张裂模式,初步认为南海第1次扩张具有非火山型被动陆缘性质,第2次扩张具有火山型陆缘性质。     

南海北部深水区东西构造差异性及其动力学机制

南海北部深水区位于南海洋陆转换带,构造运动活跃,构造特征复杂。同时,南海北部深水区石油、天然气、天然气水合物等矿产资源丰富。因此,加强南海北部深水盆地构造特征分析,揭示南海北部陆缘构造属性与南海形成演化机制,对于南海深部过程演变研究、油气资源评价与地质灾害防治等具有重要的意义。本论文通过对南海北部深水区陆架-陆坡结构、盆地构造特征与演化规律的分析,指出研究区东西存在明显的构造差异性,并分析了其动力学机制。南海北部深水区东部陆架-陆坡结构为宽洼窄隆型,而西部为窄洼宽隆型。东部珠江口盆地深水凹陷均为半地堑结构,剖面上呈不对称的箕状;西部琼东南盆地除北礁凹陷为南段北超的小型半地堑外,其它凹陷均为地堑结构,为南北双断式沉积体系。在构造演化方面,东部中中新世末结束裂后期进入新构造活动期,白云凹陷构造活动性增强,表现为快速的沉降和显著的晚期断裂作用;而西部晚中新世末才进入新构造活动期,深水区表现为快速沉积作用,断裂活动较弱。     

南海北部新生代盆地群构造特征及其成因

南海北部陆缘自西向东分布有北部湾、琼东南、珠江口和台西南等新生代盆地。前人认为这些盆地是华南大陆东南缘裂解直至南海北部被动陆缘形成过程中逐渐形成的,但大量地震剖面揭示,南海北缘主控盆断裂倾向陆地,与典型的被动陆缘的主断裂倾向海盆的特征明显不符。因而,南海北部陆架盆地成因显然不是被动大陆边缘的Mckenzie伸展机制。为此,基于大量陆地调查和海域地震剖面资料的对比,揭示了南海北部陆缘至少在34Ma之前不是被动大陆边缘,早期陆缘断裂十分发育,主控断层为NE—NNE走向,和陆地同期走滑断层具有连续性。这些NNE—NE向断裂右行右阶走滑控制了拉分盆地内的EW或NEE方向的次级断裂,并控制了盆地内部近EW向的次级构造单元展布。因此,新生代南海北部陆缘的一系列盆地是动力学成因上具有密切联系的右行右阶拉分盆地群。这个拉分成因模式与南海北部陆缘新生代盆地内部沉积沉降中心迁移、构造跃迁、岩浆展布等特征非常一致。而南海北部真正成为典型被动大陆边缘的时间是在15Ma之后,但此时南海却停止了扩张,而且大约在10～5Ma由于菲律宾海板块沿吕宋岛弧-台湾造山带逐步楔入欧亚板块导致最后的弥散性NWW向断裂切割南海北部所有构造。从盆地动力学考虑,南海北部陆架盆地的成因主要与太平洋板块的动力学联系较为紧密。     

南海及邻区现代构造应力场初探

用数学模拟方法对南海及邻区的现代构造应力场及其动力进行定量分析,结果表明南海及邻区现代构造应力场与新构造运动密切相关,现处于一个全面挤压的新阶段,应力差值大小分布呈环带状,主应力方向呈规律分布,南海及邻区的区域稳定性可分为烈、强、中、弱四个活动区,南海北部陆缘地区属中活动区,其活动性质介于被动陆缘和主动陆缘之间。     

南海北部陆缘张裂—岩石圈折沉的地壳响应

南海北部陆缘在中生代晚期曾形成宏伟的华夏陆缘造山带。火成岩岩石学、岩相古地理学和地球物理学证据显示，该造山带不仅具有巨厚（50－60km)的陆壳，而且还有巨厚（160－180km)的岩石圈根，在地势上曾出现过高3500－4000m的华夏山系。陆缘裂陷盆地的形成发育历史、地壳－岩石圈深部结构、火成岩地球化学特征及理论计算均表明，南海北部陆缘从晚白垩世以来发生的张裂作用起始于华夏陆缘造山带的拉伸塌陷，岩石圈折沉是南海北部陆缘张裂的重要的引发机制。因此，南海北部陆缘张裂既不同于弧后扩张，也不受控于大西洋式的海底扩张，而是该区大陆构造演化和深部壳幔相互作用的结果。     

南海北部陆缘反“S”型构造带的提出及其在新生代晚期地质演化中的作用

通过地震剖面、地形－地貌、断裂构造、地壳结构、中新生代沉积盆地、第四纪地质特征等分析，认为南海北部陆缘存在滨岸岛链、陆坡北缘和陆坡南缘三条反“Ｓ”型构造带。它们形成于晚第三纪，较“新华夏系”和“南海系”晚。反“Ｓ”型构造带新生代晚期的活动方式，对南海北部陆缘的地质演化影响显著，同时控制了这一区域的灾害性地质因素的活动方式和分布。     

珠江口盆地的构造特征与盆地演化

断裂和断块构造是南海北部陆缘新生代构造作用的基本特征。通过断裂，断块以及其他地持的分析，认为珠江口盆地属过陆缘张裂盆地，并初步建立该盆地的构造演化模式。     

南海北部陆缘张裂--岩石圈拆沉的地壳响应

南海北部陆缘在中生代晚期曾形成宏伟的华夏陆缘造山带。火成岩岩石学、岩相古地理学和地球物理学证据显示，该造山带不仅具有巨厚(50～60 km)的陆壳，而且还有巨厚(160～180 km)的岩石圈根，在地势上曾出现过高3 500～4 000 m 的华夏山系。陆缘裂陷盆地的形成发育历史、地壳-岩石圈深部结构、火成岩地球化学特征及理论计算均表明，南海北部陆缘从晚白垩世以来发生的张裂作用起始于华夏陆缘造山带的拉伸塌陷，岩石圈拆沉是南海北部陆缘张裂的重要的引发机制。因此，南海北部陆缘张裂既不同于弧后扩张，也不受控于大西洋式的海底扩张，而是该区大陆构造演化和深部壳幔相互作用的结果。     

南海北部深水区盆地特征及其动力学背景

南海北部陆缘深水区指水深〉300m的陆缘盆地区,包括琼东南盆地中央坳陷带及其南部隆起区、神狐隆起南侧、珠江口盆地珠二坳陷及其南部的西沙-中沙隆起和一统暗沙隆起区（图1）,总面积超过120000km^2。2006年,从南海北部陆缘珠江口盆地白云凹陷水深1480m的荔湾构造上钻探的LW3—1—1井获得天然气重大发现,     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.