GIS Development in China's Urban Governance: A Case Study of Shenzhen

Government agencies have been an important actor in using GIS and other information technologies across the world. However, contextual examinations of government GIS practices over time within non-Western contexts remain sparse in the existing GIScience literature. In particular, little is known with respect to China's significant growth of using GIS in its urban government amidst its rapid urbanization and enormous transformation. This article presents an in-depth investigation of the case of Shenzhen city, one of the China's leading cities in urban government GIS development. Drawing upon critical GIS research and GIS implementation studies, a synthesized theoretical framework is developed to interrogate the nature and evolutionary process of Shenzhen's government GIS practices. The analysis is focused on examining the role of broader social conditions, local contextual factors and organizational characteristics in shaping GIS development in Shenzhen's urban governance. Situated in this contextual analysis, this article also illustrates the three major transformations of GIS development in Shenzhen's planning agency over the past decade. The findings show that GIS development in Chinese urban governance has been influenced not only by the instrumental functions of GIS, but also by the interactions and relationships among different actors and institutions with various vested interests in the process of structuring and governing the urban spaces. This study will contribute to the ongoing discussion of understanding the interwoven relationship between GIS and society in GIScience research.     

西宁市地理信息系统基础空间数据入库质量控制

城市地理空间数据库建设是数字城市建设的重要组成部分，数据质量在极大程度上决定应用GIS进行决策的成效，这就决定了空间数据质量控制是数字城市建设的重要环节。本文结合生产实际情况介绍了在西宁城市综合地理信息系统建设中如何实现城市空间基础地理框架数据的质量控制，以期对城市空间数据质量检查有一定的参考借鉴作用。     

Linking socioeconomic classes and land cover data in Lima,Peru: Assessment through the application of remote sensing and GIS

The spatial differentiation of socioeconomic classes in a city can deliver insight into the nexus of urban development and the environment. The purpose of this paper is to identify poor and rich regions in large cities according to the predominant physical characteristics of the regions. Meaningful spatial information from urban systems can be derived using remote sensing and GIS tools, especially in large difficult-to-manage cities where the dynamics of development results in rapid changes to urban patterns. We use here very high resolution imagery data for the identification of homogeneous socioeconomic zones in a city. We formulate the categorization task as a GIS analysis of an image classified with conventional techniques. Experiments are conducted using a QuickBird image of a study area in Lima, Peru. We provide accuracy assessment of results compared to ground truth data. Results show an approximated allocation of socioeconomic zones within Lima. The methodology described could also be applied to other urban centers, particularly large cities of Latin America, which have characteristics similar to those of the study area.     

定性GIS研究热点挖掘与分析

为了研究定性GIS的研究进展,该文借助文献计量学方法对在Web of Science库中1994年到2013年间的文献进行了挖掘分析。通过文献分析软件Histcite和Citespace对定性GIS文献的挖掘与分析,发现定性GIS的研究热点主要集中在空间推理及其方法和算法的探讨、空间信息的定性表示等方面。定性GIS在1999年有了突破性的进展,但定性GIS并没有只单纯应用于地理学范畴,而是在随后的发展中,较多地应用在社会科学和自然科学等领域。     

美丽乡村地理信息系统的设计与实现

为推动城乡一体化建设,以信息化带动城乡统筹,提升美丽乡村建设品质,在数字城市地理空间框架建设项目的推动下,结合新农村建设测绘保障服务和美丽乡村建设计划,利用地理信息资源和技术,开展美丽乡村地理信息系统建设,以提升美丽乡村建设的信息化水平,促进地理信息资源的深层次应用,推动城乡一体化发展。     

城市人口地理信息系统建设模式探讨

分析了国内外人口地理信息系统的发展概况，简述了目前我国建立城市人口地理信息系统的技术、数据基础和社会背景，初步提出一种建设城市人口地理信息系统的三层结构模式，以广州市的具体情况为例，探讨了人口地理信息系统建设过程中数据，数据库设计、人口数据仓库的建立、城市综合数据分析方法等关键问题。     

Towards a Participatory GIS: Evaluating Case Studies of Participatory Rural Appraisal and GIS in the Developing World

The recognition that local participation is a critical goal of development has contributed to the popularity in a set of techniques designed to increase local participation and knowledge in planning processes. Identified as participatory rural appraisal (PRA), this trend is marked by the use of a variety of high-end technologies, including geographic information systems (GIS). An interesting and related trend has come from members of the GIS community who argue that a "participatory GIS" is required to ensure local knowledge and participation in a variety of planning initiatives. This synergy of interests has resulted in a growth of research in the developing world that attempts to merge PRA methods with GIS tools. This paper examines the separate, but increasingly complementary, traditions of PRA and GIS. Ten case studies that combine participatory methods with GIS in Latin America, Africa, and Asia are evaluated to consider how these traditions are being applied by communities to protect ownership of territory, present local knowledge of natural resources, and to engage in long-term planning. This paper suggests that although GIS has the potential to increase participation in planning processes, a commonality of the majority of case studies is limited attention to the participatory process itself. It would address how access to information and GIS tools varies within communities, as well as the effectiveness of a participatory GIS in shaping policy outcomes. Although participation can be advanced through the use of GIS, this paper concludes by suggesting that research on the availability of these tools should not serve as a substitute for critical analyses of their use and effectiveness by local communities.     

面向对象的空间数据模型设计方法

空间数据模型是GIS实现空间数据组织、表达、分析、处理和应用的基础。从面向对象的角度提出了面向对象空间数据模型（OOSDM）的相关定义、对象构建过程、空间数据组织和管理模式,并以城市道路交通信息为例,设计了道路交通信息的对象组织方法和构建过程。模型设计方法的研究为空间数据库的建设和数据共建共享提供了新的方法和思路。     

城市地下综合管线信息系统的空间分析应用

建立城市地下综合管线信息系统有利于城市建设的有序和稳定发展 ,目前采用GIS技术可以有效的管理来自地下管线的一系列空间信息。本文从系统的基本模型框架入手 ,对管线信息系统的空间分析应用作了详细的探讨 ,并给出了用于空间分析的管线网络追踪方法。此外介绍了该系统在具体城市应用中所要遵循的原则 ,以此试图为类似城市地下综合管线信息系统的建立积累管理、维护和开发的经验。     

基于GIS的城市空气污染综合分析

在城市空气污染的模型研究中,GIS可以作为复杂环境模型的输入数据处理器,而且GIS有一个重要的功能模块——统计分析模块,GIS能够对模型的运算输出数据进行综合处理,并对结果进一步分析,进行有关的查询以及对研究成果的可视化输出。在基于GIS的城市空气污染的综合分析中,我们探究了城市土地利用现状对空气质量的影响,本文采用模糊综合分析法探索城市三大污染源在空气污染中所占的比重,制作城市空气污染等级分布图。GIS在大气污染研究领域可以充分发挥其空间分析和可视化优势,为治理工作提供技术路线。     

Geo-questionnaires in urban planning: recruitment methods,participant engagement,and data quality

ABSTRACT

Recent focus on sustainable urban development and livability has increased the demand for new data sourcing techniques to capture experiences and preferences of urban dwellers. At the same time, developments of geospatial technologies and social media have enabled new types of user-generated geographic information and spatially explicit online communication. As a result, new public participation GIS methods for engaging large groups of individuals have emerged. One such method is geo-questionnaire, an online questionnaire with mapping capabilities, which has been used to elicit geographic data in variety of topics and geographical contexts. This article presents two recent cases, in which geo-questionnaires have been used in Polish cities to obtain public input on quality of life and development preferences in local land use planning. The article evaluates participant recruitment methods focusing on sample representativeness, participant engagement, and data quality. Recruitment via social media was found to increase bias towards younger population. Paper questionnaires used along the online version provided for better representation of target population’s age structure, but did not reduce bias related to educational attainment. We discuss how these issues relate to data usability and generalizability in the context of digital divide, and suggest directions for future research.     

运用RS和GIS技术进行城市绿地覆盖调查

较详细地介绍了运用遥感和地理信息系统技术进行城市绿地覆盖调查的方法、技术流程以及其优点。由该方法获取的城市绿地覆盖数字信息,可以方便地进行各种分析、评价,辅助绿化部门的规划管理.     

移动测量技术在城市绿化普查中的应用

在新时代的城市建设中,绿化建设对于美化城市面貌和提高市民居住舒适度显得十分重要,那么城市绿化普查工作则成为绿化建设工作中的重要一环。为了改进传统绿化普查工作,本文提供一整套基于移动测量技术的城市绿化普查方案,搭配自主研发的GIS采集软件和实景三维管理平台,采集绿化信息的效率和精度显著提高,更可以优化城市绿化管理方法。     

设施空间选址中的GIS技术支持

设施空间位置选择的好坏,直接关系到设施能否最大限度地发挥其效用和实现其利益或价值,而传统的选址决策方法存在着许多固有的不足。GIS技术的发展,为我们快速全面获取并交互可视化地分析建筑物所在区位的信息提供了良好的技术支持,从而为解决传统选址方法所面临的难题提供了新思路。本文详细介绍了GIS技术在设施空间选址中的支持作用。     

基于GIS技术平台的城市排水管网信息系统设计开发

阐述了GIS(地理信息系统)的概念、特点以及GIS技术应用的范围,分析了城市排水管网资源与GIS技术的紧密相关特性.以城市排水管理水务部门应用需求为基础,提出了基于GIS技术的城市排水管网地理信息系统结构设计、数据库设计、专题空间地理信息数据设计、功能设计等.最后,结合深圳市龙岗区城市排水管网地理信息系统项目的设计开发,展示了项目部分开发内容.     

3S 技术在城市森林建设中的应用--以太原城郊森林公园建设为例

在城市森林建设管理中充分利用3S技术对空间信息的快速获取、存储、分析优势,可以大大提高城市森林的建设质量与效率。本论文分析了城市森林建设各阶段对3S技术的应用需求,并以太原城郊森林公园的建设管理为例,阐述相关技术路线与应用形式。     

规划管理信息系统中CAD集成应用研究

随着城市规划信息化建设的不断深入与完善,GIS已成为一种辅助规划管理必不可少的新技术,怎样实现GIS与广泛使用的CAD之间的集成,成为当前规划信息化建设工作中必须解决的一项课题。本文以宁波市规划管理信息系统为例,实现了CAD与GIS、MIS系统的集成应用,对图文进行一体化管理。     

基于面向对象知识表达的空间推理决策及应用

提出了一种基于面向对象知识表达的空间推理决策方法 ,该方法扩展了常规的GIS空间分析功能 ,使其建立在GIS空间分析与领域知识基础上。认为GIS空间分析与领域知识利用的结合需要建立统一的知识表达概念模型 ,通过将常规决策知识设计为决策知识类 ,将决策事实作为事实知识类处理 ,并由知识类的消息机制进行内部通讯 ,实现空间推理决策的智能化。在进行领域知识分析与知识分类的基础上 ,给出了领域知识类的层次结构组织图和知识类定义以及决策知识及事实知识的面向对象表达 ,最后给出了空间知识类的形成及空间推理决策过程。方法的实用性在实践中得到验证     

用ESDA技术从GIS数据库中发现知识

从GIS数据库中可发现许多知识，这在GIS界已引起了相当的重视。ESDSA技术注重研究数据的空间依赖与空间异质性，在知识发现中用于选取感兴趣的数据子集，并可初步发现隐含在数据中的某些特征和规律。一些标准全程和局部空间统计包括MoranI,GearyG,G统计以及LISA等是ESDA技术的基本核心内容之一。在目前专家系统尚不成熟的条件下，充分利用GIS的可视化和空间分析技术是实现ESDA技术与GIS紧密完全结合的关系。实例说明在ESDA技术结合其它相关领域的知识从GIS数据库中发现知识的方法是可行的。     

基于天地图的城市旅游地理信息系统设计与实现——以牡丹江市为例

建设基于Web GIS的旅游地理信息系统,是促进和推广GIS在旅游产业中应用的有效方法。根据牡丹江市旅游业发展实际和我国可使用的在线电子地图现状,从方便用户出发,设计并构建了基于天地图的牡丹江市旅游地理信息系统。该系统充分利用了空间数据库和GIS的空间查询和分析功能。本文对该系统进行了研究设计。该系统的搭建为建设牡丹江市旅游服务平台、发展牡丹江市旅游事业提供了技术支撑,为百姓出行旅游提供了辅助参考。