以全球参照系为基准的珠峰地区重力场

珠穆朗玛峰位于欧亚板块和印度板块边缘的碰撞地带 ,地壳运动活跃 ,地形复杂。三十余年来 ,我国曾单独或与国外合作在珠穆朗玛峰及其北部毗邻地区进行了五次 (196 6、1975、1992、1998和 1999年 )大规模的大地测量工作 ,其中包括天文、重力、平面、高程和气象等测量工作。根据这些大地测量成果以全球参照系为基准 ,对该地区的重力场进行了研究。提出了适用于该地区的推估重力异常、垂线偏差和高程异常的最佳技术方案和相应成果     

Possibilities of GPS Kinematic Measurements for Geological Survey in East Slovakia

This paper deals with transformation procedures for observed GPS data from the world geodetic system WGS-84 into the national geodetic grid datum S-UTCN(system of united trigonometric cadaster network) and Baa(the Baltic Sea after adjustment).Transformation from WGS-84 into SUTCN is performed most frequently by means of the 7-element Helmert transformation with three identical points.Geodetic network was adjusted by two ways.     

Possibilities of GPS kinematic measurements for geological survey in East Slovakia

This paper deals with transformation procedures for observed GPS data from the world geodetic system WGS-84 into the national geodetic grid datum S-UTCN (system of united trigonometric cadaster network) and Baa (the Baltic Sea after adjustment). Transformation from WGS-84 into SUTCN is performed most frequently by means of the 7-element Helmert transformation with three identical points. Geodetic network was adjusted by two ways.     

宗地图专题注记配置算法研究

宗地图是土地调查最重要的成果之一。宗地图专题注记的配置美观程度直接影响着宗地图输出质量。本文从地籍权属要素语义出发,针对宗地图专题注记特点分别提出基于角平分线的界址点点号注记、基于空间位置修正的界址边长注记以及基于等分点的宗地四至注记配置算法。针对界址点点号注记易产生的压盖情况,提出基于近似圆的压盖检测算法。最后通过系统实例验证了本文提出的宗地图专题注记配置算法具有较好的标注效果和较高的运算效率,提高了宗地图注记自动配置智能化程度。     

GIS中地籍宗地面积的方差分量估计

探讨在地籍宗地数字化的面积处理问题中,把已知面积数据和数字化坐标同时作为观测值的面积处理方法.采用方差分量估计,解决已知面积数据参与平差时的权的确定.通过实例分析,认为采用条件平差方差分量估计方法来对宗地面积处理,能够更加合理地调整已有面积与由数字化坐标得到的面积值之间的差异.     

Geodesy and relativity

Relativity, or gravitational physics, has widely entered geodetic modelling and parameter determination. This concerns, first of all, the fundamental reference systems used. The Barycentric Celestial Reference System (BCRS) has to be distinguished carefully from the Geocentric Celestial Reference System (GCRS), which is the basic theoretical system for geodetic modelling with a direct link to the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), simply given by a rotation matrix. The relation to the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is discussed, as well as various properties and relevance of these systems. Then the representation of the gravitational field is discussed when relativity comes into play. Presently, the so-called post-Newtonian approximation to GRT (general relativity theory) including relativistic effects to lowest order is sufficient for practically all geodetic applications. At the present level of accuracy, space-geodetic techniques like VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry), GPS (Global Positioning System) and SLR/LLR (Satellite/Lunar Laser Ranging) have to be modelled and analysed in the context of a post-Newtonian formalism. In fact, all reference and time frames involved, satellite and planetary orbits, signal propagation and the various observables (frequencies, pulse travel times, phase and travel-time differences) are treated within relativity. This paper reviews to what extent the space-geodetic techniques are affected by such a relativistic treatment and where—vice versa—relativistic parameters can be determined by the analysis of geodetic measurements. At the end, we give a brief outlook on how new or improved measurement techniques (e.g., optical clocks, Galileo) may further push relativistic parameter determination and allow for refined geodetic measurements.     

Boundary-value problems in the complex world of geodetic measurements

A review of recent progress and current activities towards an improved formulation and solution of geodetic boundary value problems is given. Improvements stimulated and required by the dramatic changes of the real world of geodetic measurements are focused upon. Altimetry–gravimetry problems taking into account various scenarios of non-homogeneous data coverage are discussed in detail. Other problems are related to free geodetic datum parameters, most of all the vertical datum, overdetermination or additional constraints imposed by satellite geodetic observations or models. Some brief remarks are made on pseudo-boundary value problems for geoid determination and on purely gravitational boundary-value problems. Received: 17 March 1999 / Accepted: 19 April 1999     

The free versus fixed geodetic boundary value problem for different combinations of geodetic observables

Various formulations of the geodetic fixed and free boundary value problem are presented, depending upon the type of boundary data. For the free problem, boundary data of type astronomical latitude, astronomical longitude and a pair of the triplet potential, zero and first-order vertical gradient of gravity are presupposed. For the fixed problem, either the potential or gravity or the vertical gradient of gravity is assumed to be given on the boundary. The potential and its derivatives on the boundary surface are linearized with respect to a reference potential and a reference surface by Taylor expansion. The Eulerian and Lagrangean concepts of a perturbation theory of the nonlinear geodetic boundary value problem are reviewed. Finally the boundary value problems are solved by Hilbert space techniques leading to new generalized Stokes and Hotine functions. Reduced Stokes and Hotine functions are recommended for numerical reasons. For the case of a boundary surface representing the topography a base representation of the solution is achieved by solving an infinite dimensional system of equations. This system of equations is obtained by means of the product-sum-formula for scalar surface spherical harmonics with Wigner 3j-coefficients.     

The free versus fixed geodetic boundary value problem for different combinations of geodetic observables

Various formulations of the geodetic fixed and free boundary value problem are presented, depending upon the type of boundary data. For the free problem, boundary data of type astronomical latitude, astronomical longitude and a pair of the triplet potential, zero and first-order vertical gradient of gravity are presupposed. For the fixed problem, either the potential or gravity or the vertical gradient of gravity is assumed to be given on the boundary. The potential and its derivatives on the boundary surface are linearized with respect to a reference potential and a reference surface by Taylor expansion. The Eulerian and Lagrangean concepts of a perturbation theory of the nonlinear geodetic boundary value problem are reviewed. Finally the boundary value problems are solved by Hilbert space techniques leading to new generalized Stokes and Hotine functions. Reduced Stokes and Hotine functions are recommended for numerical reasons. For the case of a boundary surface representing the topography a base representation of the solution is achieved by solving an infinite dimensional system of equations. This system of equations is obtained by means of the product-sum-formula for scalar surface spherical harmonics with Wigner 3j-coefficients.     

第二大地边值问题引论EI北大核心CSCD

在空间大地测量时代,GNSS可以测定地面点的大地高,使重力扰动变成了直接观测量,以重力扰动为边界条件的第二边值问题在大地测量中得以实用化。它的解与GNSS组合正在成为一种颇有应用前景的海拔高测量方法。本文原理性地讨论了有两种不同边界面的球近似第二大地边值问题。第一种以地形面为边界面,给出了高程异常与地面垂线偏差的解析延拓解;第二种以参考椭球面为边界面,将其外部地形质量按照Helmert第二压缩法移至参考椭球面,然后将Hotine函数与从地球表面延拓至边界面的Helmert重力扰动进行卷积,并顾及地形间接影响,最后得到大地水准面高、椭球面垂线偏差、高程异常与地面垂线偏差的Helmert解。在讨论部分,进行了第二与第三大地边值问题的比较,提出了现有重力点高程从正高或正常高到大地高的改化方法,并展望了它的应用前景。     

珠峰及邻近区域第四次大地测量

叙述了我国大地测量工作者于 1998年对珠穆朗玛峰及邻近区域进行的第四次大规模的大地测量外业概况和取得的成果 ,以及数据处理方法和最终结果。经过对 1998、196 6 - 196 8、1975、1992年珠峰及邻近区域四次大地测量数据综合分析 ,从地学方面进行研究 ,得出青藏块体在印度板块的推动下 ,仍向北东东方向运动 ;珠峰地区相对垂直运动在整体抬升的过程中伴有波浪式的起伏等结论。     

海南CORS系统建设及其在常规测量中的应用

介绍了海南连续运行卫星定位综合服务系统(简称HiCORS)的建设背景、虚拟参考站技术的工作基本原理和各组成部分的功能,详细阐述了该系统在常规测量中的大地测量、控制测量、地籍测量和宗地测量、数字地形图测量、建设用地勘测定界、施工放样等应用以及测量技术要求,总结出网络RTK技术观测的基本条件,以及相比较于常规RTK的作业优势。     

用神经网络方法转换GPS高程

本文提出用神经网络方法转换ＧＰＳ高程为正高或正常高,给出一种改进了的ＢＰ神经网络拓扑结构和算法,并用ＧＰＳ的实际定位资料构成４３个样本集作了在计算分析,估算的精度达到厘米级、最后用网络方法与二次多项式曲面拟合大地水准面转换ＧＰＳ高程的方法作了比较,神经网络方法的精度优于二次多项式曲面拟合法,而且精度比较稳定,对已知样本点的数量要求较少。     

基于ACAD的数字地籍成图系统

提出了“数字地籍成图系统”的设计思想,说明了数字地籍图的图层和颜色的设置方案及各类地图符号的绘制方法,介绍了系统的图形编辑功能、数据采集功能、汉字注记功能和图表输出功能,向用户推荐一个方便实用、功能丰富的数字地籍成图工具。     

我国毫米级框架实现与维持发展现状和趋势

主要从技术实现和维持方面讨论了我国CGCS2000框架与当前ITRF框架的不同。随着空间技术的进步,特别是我国自主的北斗卫星第三代卫星将实现信号的全球覆盖,发展以北斗卫星为主的毫米级全球基准将是我国基准发展的未来目标。毫米级站点坐标涉及两个因素:一是地球质心变化反演;二是站点的非线性运动建模。本文就国际上采用的地心反演方法进行了讨论、分析、比较。非线性运动建模部分重点介绍了奇异谱非线性建模技术,此方法相比地球物理效应分析建模方法有很明显的优势,可为我国CGCS2000框架点非线性运动维持提供依据。     

Transforming ellipsoidal heights and geoid undulations between different geodetic reference frames

Transforming height information that refers to an ellipsoidal Earth reference model, such as the geometric heights determined from GPS measurements or the geoid undulations obtained by a gravimetric geoid solution, from one geodetic reference frame (GRF) to another is an important task whose proper implementation is crucial for many geodetic, surveying and mapping applications. This paper presents the required methodology to deal with the above problem when we are given the Helmert transformation parameters that link the underlying Cartesian coordinate systems to which an Earth reference ellipsoid is attached. The main emphasis is on the effect of GRF spatial scale differences in coordinate transformations involving reference ellipsoids, for the particular case of heights. Since every three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system ‘gauges’ an attached ellipsoid according to its own accessible scale, there will exist a supplementary contribution from the scale variation between the involved GRFs on the relative size of their attached reference ellipsoids. Neglecting such a scale-induced indirect effect corrupts the values for the curvilinear geodetic coordinates obtained from a similarity transformation model, and meter-level apparent offsets can be introduced in the transformed heights. The paper explains the above issues in detail and presents the necessary mathematical framework for their treatment. An erratum to this article can be found at     

大地测量坐标框架和重力场求定的新进展

近几年来大地测量在坐标系统和坐标框架和ITRF，WGS84，GRS80等方面进行了很多研究和改善，本文介绍了坐标原点地心的移动，大地测量基本常数的更新，直至最新的ITRF2000和WGS84（1150）的推出。在求定重力场方面发展了卫星跟踪卫星（SST）测定地球重力场及其变化的新技术。这些使大地测量学提供和处理了涉及原来是地球动力学，行星学，大气学，海洋学、板块运动学和冰川学等学科所需的信息。事实上证明大地测量学业已形成为学科交叉意义上一门科学，它将更大的影响和促进地球科学，环境科学和行星科学的发展。     

地籍宗地面积处理的原理与方法

探讨以地图数字化为基础的地理信息系统建库中地籍宗地数字化的面积处理问题,阐述宗地面积平差的原理,并导出了相应的条件方程,讨论宗地面积处理的各种和实现,提出宗地面积处理的分级平差方法;最后通过实例分析,认为宗地面积的平差处理有助于实现GIS数据采集和建库过程中实施质量控制,保证地理信息基础数据的质量可靠性,为系统的数据开发应用奠定基础。     

我国建立现代大地基准的思考

提出了现代大地基准要考虑和顾及高精度、涵盖全部国土、三维、地心、动态、国际接轨等6个要素。建议在国家GPS2000网的基础上，进一步加密GPS网点和永外性跟踪站，构建有足够数量和密度合理分布的新的大地坐标框架点。现代大地基准应为用户在我国任何地点、任何时间测定高精度的三维地心坐标提供可靠的地理空间基础框架。     

远距离高精度GPS潮汐观测及垂直基准转换研究

为实现远岸潮汐精确监测及潮位海图高程转换,基于GPS事后动态处理技术(PPK)开展了远距离高精度潮位观测、提取及垂直基准面确定和转换模型构建方法研究。分别探讨了在锚定和走航情况下瞬时水面高程信号改正方法及潮位有效信息提取的最优截止频率,并给出了在不同情况下深度基准面大地高的计算方法模型及区域无缝深度基准面大地高构建模型。在实际试验中,基线距离在100km范围内,获得了基于深度基准的GPS潮位,精度优于10cm。