义马-硖石断带的演化特征及其地质意义

义马断带位于华北煤田的西南边界,由一系列近于平行的走向北西西,倾向南西的逆断层所构成,上盘为O₁-P_t地层,下盘为C—P煤系及著名的义马侏罗纪含煤盆地。据断带的构造、岩浆活动特征及下盘C—K古水流演化,作者认为,该断带萌生于海西期;印支末期强烈活动,致使义马盆地形成;定型于燕山晚期构造运动。随时间推移,断带在空间上则由南北发展,并在断带下盘派生出多条沿煤系煤层发育的缓倾角逆断层,上盘漂浮于煤层之上。因此,在不同地段,断带之下可能赋存有一定量的C、P和J煤层。      

东海海洋环境监测网浮标观测站布设及其科学意义

基于海洋环境监测现状与发展,针对目前东海区浮标站位较少、布局不均和观测功能设置不完善等限制了其在海洋预报、防灾减灾、维权执法等方面保障功能的提高问题,为满足东海区观测形势需要,结合重要流系和重要海洋现象监测、台风与风暴潮预警预报、海洋权益维护及保障等需求,设计了较为科学合理的东海区浮标观测网布局。在现有浮标观测系统的基础上增加18个浮标站位,其中包含11个10m浮标、7个3m浮标和3个潜标,新的东海区浮标观测网系统将与海洋(台)站、海上平台、海基床、岸基雷达等观测系统共同构建东海区实时立体海洋观测网。     

CBERS-CCD数据第5波段空间位移实验研究

CBERS-CCD数据波段间是否配准,尤其是第5波段与其它波段间是否存在空间位移,相关研究还少见报道。通过科研项目支助实验研究,得到①CBERS-1 CCD原始数据第5波段相同地物特征点相对其它波段向南移动0.84km,向东移动0.83km;②CBERS-2CCD原始数据第5波段相同地物特征点相对其它波段向南移动0.74km,向东移动0.11km;③利用CBERS-CCD数据开展应用项目研究,尤其是用到第5波段数据时候,必须重视波段间客观存在空间位移问题。     

Atmospheric processes responsible for generation of the 2008 Boothbay meteotsunami

We investigated the atmospheric processes and physics that were active during a tsunami-like event hitting Boothbay Harbor area (Maine, USA) on 28 October 2008. The data collected by tide gauges, ground and sounding stations and meteo–ocean buoys in the area were analyzed, together with satellite and radar images. The atmospheric processes were reproduced by the weather research and forecasting model, verified by in situ and remote sensing data. A cold front moved over the area at the time of the event, with embedded convective clouds detected by satellite and radar data and the internal gravity waves (IGWs) detected by radar and reproduced by the model at the rear of the frontal precipitation band. According to the model, the IGWs that passed over Boothbay Harbor generated strong ground air-pressure oscillations reaching 2.5 hPa/3 min. The IGWs were ducted towards the coast without significant dissipation, propagating in a stable near-surface layer capped by an instability at approximately 3.5 km height and satisfying all conditions for their maintenance over larger areas. The intensity, speed and direction of the IGWs were favourable for generation of a meteotsunami wave along the Gulf of Maine shelf. Operational observation systems were not capable of sufficiently capturing the ground disturbance due to a too coarse sampling rate, while the numerical model was found to be a useful tool in eventual future detection and warning systems.     

层状岩质边坡中最不利滑裂面迁移现象的研究

在阐述层状岩质边坡最不利滑裂面迁移现象的普遍性和研究意义之后。分析了边坡结构类型。潜在滑动面阻滑作用,荷载,开挖,水文地质条件变化。预应力锚固和挡墙支护对边坡最不利滑裂面迁移的影响。并以江阴长江公路大桥等工程实例侧重阐述了荷载和开挖所引起的边坡最不利滑裂面的迁移。     

下扬子地区前陆变形构造格局及其动力学机制

华北板块与扬子板块于印支—早燕山期发生陆—陆碰撞时,使造山带南部的下扬子地区成为前陆变形带。下扬子前陆变形带上,大致以长江为界,北部的逆冲推覆构造系统为向南运动,南部的逆冲推覆构造系统为向北运动,总体呈两套对冲的逆冲推覆构造系统。长江以北前陆变形的动力来自华北与扬子板块沿大别—胶南造山带的碰撞,长江以南前陆变形的动力来自沿江南隆起带的板内造山。     

Paleomagnetic and plate tectonic constraints on the movement of Tibet

The paleomagnetic results from Tibet, north of the Yarlung-Zang bo suture zone, show that Tibet was at about 15°–20°N in Middle Cretaceous time. It then moved south down to 7°–10°N in the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene. The oceanic crust of the Xigaze ophiolites was magnetized at 13°N but thereafter migrated further south. This movement is compared with the relative movement of India and Asia as deduced from magnetic anomalies and paleomagnetism. Experimental models on deformation help us to explain how Tibet moved during the Late Cretaceous under the constraint of the Africa-Arabia indenter and during the Upper Tertiary under the constraint of the Indian indenter.     

构造与气候对江陵凹陷古近系蒸发盐沉积的耦合作用

江陵凹陷古近系厚层蒸发盐对区域构造和气候变化的响应机制仍然不明确。本文基于获取的江陵凹陷深钻SKD1岩芯和已有的研究资料,探讨了江陵凹陷古近系蒸发盐的矿物特征以及成盐环境,重建了蒸发盐的时空分布演化。研究结果表明,沙市组时期构造活动强烈,较快的沉降速率以及极端暖旱的气候使蒸发盐首先在凹陷北部沉积;新沟咀组下段沉积时,构造活动减弱,季节性干旱气候以及沉降中心向西南方向迁移等诸多因素共同导致膏盐岩在凹陷南部沉积,进一步指示在南部次级洼陷中找钾的前景。     

Paleomagnetic modeling of seamounts near the Hawaiian–Emperor bend

The Hawaiian–Emperor Seamount chain records the motion of the Pacific Plate relative to the Hawaiian mantle hotspot for 80 m.y. A notable feature of the chain is the pronounced bend at its middle. This bend had been widely credited to a change in plate motion, but recent research suggests a change in hotspot motion as an alternative. Existing paleomagnetic data from the Emperor Chain suggest that the hotspot moved south during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, but reached its current latitude by the age of the bend. Thus, data from area of the bend are important for understanding changes in plume latitude. In this study, we analyze the magnetic anomalies of five seamounts (Annei, Daikakuji-W, Daikakuji- E, Abbott, and Colahan) in the region of the bend. These particular seamounts were chosen because they have been recently surveyed to collect multibeam bathymetry and magnetic data positioned with GPS navigation. Inversions of the magnetic and bathymetric data were performed to determine the mean magnetization of each seamount and from these results, paleomagnetic poles and paleolatitudes were calculated. Three of the five seamounts have reversed magnetic polarities (two are normal) and four contain a small volume of magnetic polarity opposite to the main body, consistent with formation during the Early Cenozoic, a time of geomagnetic field reversals. Although magnetization inhomogene ties can degrade the accuracy of paleomagnetic poles calculated from such models, the seamounts give results consistent with one another and with other Pacific paleomagnetic data of approximately the same age. Seamount paleolatitudes range from 13.7 to 23.7, with an average of 19.4 ± 7.4 (2σ). These values are indistinguishable from the present-day paleolatitude of the Hawaiian hotspot. Together with other paleomagnetic and geologic evidence, these data imply that the Hawaiian hotspot has moved little in latitude during the past 45 m.y.     

Structural Evolution of the Eastern Qiulitagh Fold and Thrust Belt, Northern Tarim Basin, China

The eastern Qiulitagh fold and thrust belt (EQFTB) is part of the active Kuqa fold and thrust belts of the northern Tarirn Basin. Seismic reflection profiles have been integrated with surface geologic and drill data to examine the deformation and structure style of the EQFTB, particularly the deformational history of the Dina 2 gas field. Seismic interpretations suggest that Dongqiu 8 is overall a duplex structure developed beneath a passive roof thrust, which generated from a tipline in the Miocene Jidike Formation, and the sole thrust was initiated from the same Jidike Formation evaporite zone that extends westward beneath the Kuqatawu anticline. Dongqiu 5 is a pop-up structure at the western part of the EQFTB, also developed beneath the Jidike Formation evaporite. Very gentle basement dip and steep dipping topographic slope in the EQFTB suggest that the Jidike Formation salt provides effective decoupling. The strong deformation in the EQFTB appears to have developed further south, in an area where evaporite may be lacking. Since the Pliocene, the EQFTB has moved farther south over the evaporite and reached the Yaken area. Restoring a balanced cross-section suggests that the minimum shortening across the EQFTB is more than 7800 m. Assuming that this shortening occurred during the 5.3 Ma timespan, the shortening rate is approximately 1.47 ram/year.     

Structural Evolution of the Eastern Qiulitagh Fold and Thrust Belt,Northern Tarim Basin,China

The eastern Qiulitagh fold and thrust belt (EQFTB) is part of the active Kuqa fold and thrust belts of the northern Tarim Basin. Seismic reflection profiles have been integrated with surface geologic and drill data to examine the deformation and structure style of the EQFTB, particularly the deformational history of the Dina 2 gas field. Seismic interpretations suggest that Dongqiu 8 is overall a duplex structure developed beneath a passive roof thrust, which generated from a tipline in the Miocene Jidike Formation, and the sole thrust was initiated from the same Jidike Formation evaporite zone that extends westward beneath the Kuqatawu anticline. Dongqiu 5 is a pop-up structure at the western part of the EQFTB, also developed beneath the Jidike Formation evaporite. Very gentle basement dip and steep dipping topographic slope in the EQFTB suggest that the Jidike Formation salt provides effective decoupling. The strong deformation in the EQFTB appears to have developed further south, in an area where evaporite may be lacking. Since the Pliocene, the EQFTB has moved farther south over the evaporite and reached the Yaken area. Restoring a balanced cross-section suggests that the minimum shortening across the EQFTB is more than 7800 m. Assuming that this shortening occurred during the 5.3 Ma timespan, the shortening rate is approximately 1.47 mm/year.     

石拐盆地西段逆冲构造及找煤方向预测

为寻找潜在的煤炭资源,通过对石拐盆地西段地表及地下构造特征的分析,认为大青山逆冲推覆构造的前缘应为F₁₀断层组;地表的长汉沟组等地层是从3 km外的南部推覆而来的外来岩层;深部的五当沟组一段主含煤地层基本未受推覆构造影响,且该地层应比其地表位置更向南;盆地南缘的二叠系下应有未受推覆构造影响的原生煤层。      

青藏公路南段岛状冻土区内冻土环境变化

将９０年代的勘探，钻孔测温和地面综合调查等实测资料与７０年代对比，发现青藏公路南段状多年冻土区内的冻土退化和生态环境变化相当明显，表现为岛状多年冻土南界北移１２ｋｍ，多年冻土岛总面积减少７％，沼泽化湿地面积缩小约三分之一，沼泽化草罗向草原化草甸逐步转化，湖塘和洼地中的水生植物群落向湿。中生植物群落演替。草场退化亚，少数地段土地沙化，形成活动性砂丘，目前区内的生态环境正向劣势方面发展。     

The Arcuate Nappe Structure on the Northern Margin of the Wuliang Moutnains in Western Yunnan

The arcuate nappe structure on the north edge of the Wuliang Mountains in westernYunnan Province is a complex nappe structural system with multiple superimposed structures.The autochthonous system is a WNW-trending arcuate fold belt consisting of the Jurassic andCretaceous and the allochthonous system is mainly composed of Upper Triassic rocks. Generally,the nappe structure moved from south to north, with the hanging wall thrusting in a WNW direc-tion for a distance of over 10km. The deep nappe structural system was formed at depths ofabout 5-10km in an environment not exceeding the greenschist facies. It occurred in theOligocene (about 40-20 Ma).     

汶川地震地形形变监测与分析

地形形变监测与分析对于研究汶川地震对震区及青藏板块地形变化的影响有重要意义。通过收集相关监测点的汶川地震前后地形形变数据,采用统一模式进行数据处理,将震前与震后的形变监测成果归算到ITRF2005参考框架和2008.363（2008年5月12日）历元,计算得到震中区域的大地基准造成严重破坏,监测点形变位错,水平位移量达243 cm,沉降量达68 cm,隆起量达36 cm。并对汶川地震地形形变监测进行分析,认为位于“映秀镇—北川—青川”断裂带西侧块体呈现向东南方向移动并呈现隆起趋势;东侧块体向西北方向移动并呈现下沉趋势;北侧块体向东北方向移动,南侧块体向西南北方向移动,块体两侧形成了明显挤压形态。上述研究为进一步揭示汶川地震产生的机理和龙门山断裂带的活动提供了良好基础。     

中牟凹陷的构造特征及其生成演化

中牟凹陷边界断裂"左行走滑拉分"是中牟凹陷形成的主导因素,从中生代(侏罗纪)到早第三纪,沉积中心由北向南迁移,凹陷内的南部凹陷为南断北超的"箕"形凹陷,具有西深、东浅的特征,其演化主要分为三期:侏罗纪左行走滑拉分盆地发育期,早第三纪断陷期,晚第三纪、第四纪为坳陷期。     

Flexure of the Indian plate and intraplate earthquakes

The flexural bulge in central India resulting from India's collision with Tibet has a wavelength of approximately 670 km. It is manifest topographically and in the free-air gravity anomaly and the geoid. Calculations of the stress distribution within a flexed Indian plate reveal spatial variations throughout the depth of the plate and also a function of distance from the Himalaya. The wavelength (and therefore local gradient) of stress variation is a function of the effective elastic thickness of the plate, estimates of which have been proposed to lie in the range 40–120 km. The imposition of this stress field on the northward moving Indian plate appears fundamental to explaining the current distribution of intraplate earthquakes and their mechanisms. The current study highlights an outer trough south of the flexural bulge in central India where surface stresses are double the contiguous compressional stresses to the north and south. The Bhuj, Latur and Koyna earthquakes and numerous other recent reverse faulting events occurred in this compressional setting. The N/S spatial gradient of stress exceeds 2 bars/km near the flexural bulge. The overall flexural stress distribution provides a physical basis for earthquake hazard mapping and suggests that areas of central India where no historic earthquakes are recorded may yet be the locus of future damaging events.     

Radioelement variation in the Levang granite-gneiss,Bamble region,south Norway

An investigation of the distribution of thorium, uranium and potassium across the Levang granite-gneiss shows a significant increase in thorium and uranium from north to south. Although the mean thorium and uranium concentrations are comparable to average granitic values quoted in the literature, potassium is lower. The relative enrichment of thorium and uranium thus appears to be related to Sveconorwegian metamorphism recorded in the rocks of the adjacent Portør Peninsula to the south. The Levang granite-gneiss has recorded only the Svecofennian metamorphic event of approximately 1616 m.y.     

Facies of slurry-flow deposits, Britannia Formation (Lower Cretaceous), North Sea: implications for flow evolution and deposit geometry

ABSTRACT Mud‐rich sandstone beds in the Lower Cretaceous Britannia Formation, UK North Sea, were deposited by sediment flows transitional between debris flows and turbidity currents, termed slurry flows. Much of the mud in these flows was transported as sand‐ and silt‐sized grains that were approximately hydraulically equivalent to suspended quartz and feldspar. In the eastern Britannia Field, individual slurry beds are continuous over long distances, and abundant core makes it possible to document facies changes across the field. Most beds display regular areal grain‐size changes. In this study, fining trends, especially in the size of the largest grains, are used to estimate palaeoflow and palaeoslope directions. In the middle part of the Britannia Formation, stratigraphic zones 40 and 45, slurry flows moved from south‐west and south towards the north‐east and north. Most zone 45 beds lens out before reaching the northern edge of the field, apparently by wedging out against the northern basin slope. Zone 40 and 45 beds show downflow facies transitions from low‐mud‐content, dish‐structured and wispy‐laminated sandstone to high‐mud‐content banded units. In zone 50, at the top of the formation, flows moved from north to south or north‐west to south‐east, and their deposits show transitions from proximal mud‐rich banded and mixed slurried beds to more distal lower‐mud‐content banded and wispy‐laminated units. The contrasting facies trends in zones 40 and 45 and zone 50 may reflect differing grain‐size relationships between quartz and feldspar grains and mud particles in the depositing flows. In zones 40 and 45, quartz grains average 0·30–0·32 mm in diameter, ≈ 0·10 mm coarser than in zone 50. The medium‐grained quartz in zones 40 and 45 flows may have been slightly coarser than the associated mud grains, resulting in the preferential deposition of quartz in proximal areas and downslope enrichment of the flows in mud. In zone 50 flows, mud was probably slightly coarser than the associated fine‐grained quartz, resulting in early mud sedimentation and enrichment of the distal flows in fine‐grained quartz and feldspar. Mud particles in all flows may have had an effective grain size of ≈ 0·25 mm. Both mud content and suspended‐load fallout rate played key roles in the sedimentation of Britannia slurry flows and structuring of the resulting deposits. During deposition of zones 40 and 45, the area of the eastern Britannia Field in block 16/26 may have been a locally enclosed subbasin within which the depositing slurry flows were locally ponded. Slurry beds in the eastern Britannia Field are ‘lumpy’ sheet‐like bodies that show facies changes but little additional complexity. There is no thin‐bedded facies that might represent waning flows analogous to low‐density turbidity currents. The dominance of laminar, cohesion‐dominated shear layers during sedimentation prevented most bed erosion, and the deposystem lacked channel, levee and overbank facies that commonly make up turbidity current‐dominated systems. Britannia slurry flows, although turbulent and capable of size‐fractionating even fine‐grained sediments, left sand bodies with geometries and facies more like those deposited by poorly differentiated laminar debris flows.     

大型水源地开采地下水导致的盐分迁移和污染

以河南省新乡市为例,通过分析地下水渗流、水化学和同位素的时空特征,对大型水源地长期开采地下水所导致的溶质迁移进行了研究。研究表明,大型水源地长期集中开采地下水,形成了较大面积和较深的地下水位降落漏斗,改变了地下水自北部山前冲洪积斜地向南部的冲积平原渗流的运动格局,地下水中盐分和污染物随着地下水渗流而迁移,北部污染严重的地下水和南部微咸水都向漏斗区运移。因此,双向迁移的结果,使得水源地附近水质变差,污染程度加重。