Numerical Laplace–Fourier transform inversion technique for layered soil consolidation problems; II,Gibson soil layer

The numerical Laplace–Fourier transformation technique previously presented by the authors¹¹ is used here for solving the consolidation problem of a finite inhomogeneous soil layer whose shear modulus is increasing linearly with depth. Parametric studies are performed and the results are critically discussed.     

动力固结流—固耦合模型的求解方法

以三维多孔介质中基本方程为基础，提出了动力固结问题的力学模型，给出了相应的变分原理及其有限元格式，用轴对称问题的有限单元法模拟了单点单次夯击过程，给出了详细的求解方法及算例，并将计算结果与现场实测资料作了比较。     

Numerical modelling of transient contaminant migration problems in infinite porous fractured media using finite/infinite element technique. Part I: Theory

The leakage effect in porous fissured media has been considered in a general sense by introducing a new expression of the leakage term in this paper. The double porosity concept is employed and the related expressions are formulated using the upwind finite element approach. Considering the infinite extension of the problem domain, a mapped transient infinite element has been presented to simulate the far field of the infinite medium. Since the mass transfer function of the present mapped transient infinite element is dependent on both space and time variables, the mechanism of transient contaminant migration problems in infinite porous fractured media can be rigorously simulated because the property matrices of the element are evaluated at any time of interest. By comparing the current numerical results with the analytical ones, the accuracy, correctness and effectiveness of the present method have been established. Three different time discretization schemes were examined and it was found that either the central difference or the backward difference approximation is suitable for the upwind finite element simulation of transient contaminant migration problems.     

Numerical solution for consolidation and desiccation of soft soils

The consolidation and desiccation behaviour of soft soils can be described by two time‐dependent non‐linear partial differential equations using the finite strain theory. Analytical solutions do not exist for these governing equations. In this paper, we develop efficient numerical methods and software for finding the numerical solutions. We introduce a semi‐implicit time integration scheme, and show numerically that our method converges. In addition, the numerical solution matches well with the experimental result. A boundary refinement method is also developed to improve the convergence and stability for the case of Neumann type boundary conditions. Interface governing equations are derived to maintain the continuity of consolidation and desiccation processes. This is useful because the soil column can undergo desiccation on top and consolidation on the bottom simultaneously. The numerical algorithms has been implemented into a computer program and the results have been verified with centrifuge test results conducted in our laboratory. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of turbidity current flow and sedimentation: I. Theory

A computer-based numerical model of turbidity current flow and sedimentation is presented that integrates geological observations with basic equations for fluid and sediment motion. The model quantifies those aspects of turbidity currents that make them different from better-understood fluvial processes, including water mixing across the upper flow boundary and the interactions between the suspended-sediment concentration and the flow dynamics and sedimentation. The model includes three numerical components: (1) a layer-averaged three-equation flow model for tracing downslope flow evolution using continuity and momentum equations, (2) a sedimentation/fluidization model for tracing sediment-size fractionation in sedimenting multicomponent suspensions and (3) a concentration-viscosity model for quantifying the changes in resistance of such suspensions toward fluid and sediment motion. The model traces the evolution of a model turbidity current in terms the layer-averaged flow velocity, flow thickness, sediment concentration distribution, and the rate of sedimentation and sediment size fractionation. It generates synthetic turbidites with downslope variations in thickness and grain-size structuring at each point along the flow path. This study represents an effort to evaluate quantitatively the effects of basin geometry, sediment supply and sediment properties on the mechanics of turbidity current flow and sedimentation and on the geometry and grain size characteristics of the resulting deposits.     

古气候数值模拟:进展评述

数值模拟是古气候研究的一个重要内容。过去30年来,古气候数值模拟研究在相当程度上深化了我们对古气候变化机制的理解。在轨道尺度上,数值模拟证明了冰后期气候系统变化主要是对地球轨道参数变化的响应,同时揭示了温室气体、植被、海洋、冰盖等反馈因子的重要性。针对短尺度气候变化,数值模拟揭示出大洋传送带对北大西洋淡水注入的敏感性。在构造尺度上,数值模拟揭示了气候系统对于高原抬升、海道开合、大陆漂移导致的古地理变化、大气CO2浓度变化和太阳常数变化等的响应,揭示了气候系统突变对驱动因子阈值的敏感性。目前,古气候模拟研究中还存在分辨率不高、模拟结果与记录不完全吻合、模拟的边界条件不清楚等诸多问题。今后古气候模拟研究的改进有赖于模式的改进和计算机运算速度的提高,也有赖于对变化机制的更深理解和对边界条件更精确的重建。     

Comparison of laplace transform and finite difference solutions for an evolving permafrost region

Laplace transform solutions are derived for an evolving permafrost region in saturated ground when the freezing interface moves with constant speed. The solution is inverse in the sense that the melting temperature at the interface and the groud surface temperature are prescribed functions of time. The solution procedure incorporates an initial temperature distribution in a domain extended above the ground surface. This allows, by asymptotic analysis, the construction of initially continuous melting and surface temperatures with bounded first and second derivatives. Solutions for two classes of initial conditions are determined by numerical inversion of the transforms. These solutions are used to test the corresponding solutions obtained by a direct finite difference algorithm developed earlier.¹ Good agreements for both interface path and temperature profiles are obtained in both classes.     

The Irish Variscides: problems, perspectives and some solutions

A review is presented of interpretations made to date of the Irish Variscides, and the various models of Late Palaeozoic crustal evolution. An examination is then made of the factors controlling Variscan strain in Ireland, including lithological competence, basement fabric and basement-cover thickness. From this, the difficulties of recognizing Variscan 'fronts' and 'fold belts' are emphasized.
In order to determine whether all putative Variscan strain is indeed Variscan. in age, new time-temperature data (vitrinite reflectance; apatite fission track populations) are discussed, along with offshore data. A case is then presented for recognizing quite distinct episodes of both Variscan and post-Variscan heating and deformation. Some of the implications for the Variscides to the east are briefly examined, and the suitability of a regional 'escape tectonics' model is tested.     

Numerical modelling of transient contaminant migration problems in infinite porous fractured media using finite/infinite element technique. Part II: Parametric study

Using the numerical model presented in the first paper of this research,¹ a parametric study has been carried out in this paper to investigate the effect of several important parameters on the transient contaminant transport in infinite porous fractured media. From the related numerical results, it has been demonstrated that: (1) transmissive coefficient between the porous block and the fissured network has a significant influence on the value of the concentration but has little effect on the speed of contaminant transport; (2) porosities in the porous block and fissured network have a significant influence on the maximum value of the concentration; (3) average linear velocity of flow has a significant influence on both the concentration distribution and speed of contaminant transport; (4) dispersion coefficient of the medium affects not only the shape of the concentration versus time curve but also the peak value of the concentration.     

考虑散体桩变形时复合地基径竖向固结解析解

现有散体桩复合地基固结问题的解析解大都在传统砂井地基等竖向应变假定条件下建立的,而且,在建立求解初始条件时,不能满足复合地基"应力集中"这一受力特点;另外,现有解答的固结微分方程为近似径竖向固结微分方程。为此,针对散体桩复合地基固结问题,抛弃桩周流量连续假定,采用桩土等竖向应变假设,根据复合地基"应力集中"引入新的初始条件,考虑涂抹以及平均附加应力沿深度任意分布,推导了瞬时加载条件下复合地基径竖向同时固结下的解答,给出了超静孔隙水压力和地基整体平均固结度的显示表达式,分析了平均附加应力分布形式,桩径比、置换率和涂抹参数对固结的影响。计算结果表明,平均附加应力沿深度倒三角衰减分布时复合地基固结最快,梯形衰减分布次之,矩形分布最慢;当桩径比较小时,不考虑桩体径向渗流会低估复合地基的固结速率;地基固结速率随置换率增大而加快,随涂抹参数kh/ksh比值增大而减慢,且两者对固结速率的影响均显著。     

Meteorological data acquisition in Ecuador,South America: problems and solutions

The acquisition of meterological data for public use is often taken for granted. A recent consultation trip to Ecuador, South America demonstrated that this is not always true. Meteorological data acquistion in Ecuador is hindered by: 1) lack of meteorological expertise, 2) lack of media presentation, 3) lack of cooperation between existing weather stations, 4) an unwillingness of weather facilities to share data with the public and 5) a lack of dedication to data collection responsibilities. These hinderances are further compounded by lack of power and communication lines, power failures, civil unrest, and a slow, unreliable postal service. This report discusses these problems and how two communities are solving them. Short-range solutions lie in establishing small weather stations where they are needed the most. More long-range solutions lie with the introduction of weather data to radio broadcasts, and the establishment of the first provincial climate data center in Ecuador.     

Glaciomarine deposition around the Irish Sea basin: some problems and solutions

Reconstructing the depositional processes and setting (marine or terrestrial depositional environment) of late Devensian age glacigenic sediments around the Irish Sea basin (ISB) is critical for developing an all‐embracing and consistent glacial model that can account for all observed field evidence. Identifying episodes of marine and terrestrial glacial deposition from field data is considered the first step in achieving this goal. Criteria for distinguishing marine and terrestrial glacial environments in the ISB include the geomorphology, sedimentology and faunal content (biofacies) of the associated deposits. Exposures of glacigenic sediments around the ISB are very diverse in terms of their morphosedimentary characteristics and associated biofacies, and thus inferred depositional processes and setting. Possible reasons for the diverse geological record include the differing geometry of eastern and western ISB coasts, time‐transgressive ice retreat, and differential land rebound effects as a result of forebulge collapse and neotectonics. Poor geochronometric control on ice sheet events has not helped the correlation of ISB events with glacial and climatic events elsewhere. Future investigations of glacial sites around the ISB should use an integrated methodological approach involving a range of geomorphological, sedimentary and biofacies data, and dating control where possible. This will help in developing a more precise and holistic late Devensian glacial model that is constrained rigorously by field geological evidence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电阻率层析成像法探测滑坡面正演模拟与反演成像研究

滑坡灾害已成为危及人民生命财产安全的重大问题,确定滑坡体和滑坡面的分布是滑坡治理的关键因素,电阻率层析成像法因对物性差异的界面响应敏感,被广泛应用到滑坡面的探测中。首先,对现有的滑坡地电模型进行概化,得到了4种常见的滑坡的简化模型;其次,针对不同类型的滑坡,采用有限元方法进行了系统的数值正演研究,得到了层析成像法探测滑坡面的响应特征,提出了不同类型滑坡面的快速识别方法。然后,采用最小二乘法开展了反演研究,总结了层析成像法探测滑坡面的反演成像规律,结合数值正演的响应特征,提出了层析成像法探测滑坡面的异常识别特征。最后,在山东沂源西里镇滑坡进行了层析成像法探测,成功探明了滑坡面的分布,表明了层析成像法探测滑坡面是行之有效的,为滑坡的治理方案设计奠定了基础     

Sampling riverine sediments impacted by acid mine drainage: problems and solutions

 Sampling acid mine drainage (AMD) or natural acid rock drainage (ARD)-impacted sediments is complex, requiring appropriate field sampling techniques to ensure representative samples that are both repeatable and reproducible. The important factors affecting sampling of riverine sediments are examined. These include sample site location, field observations, representative sampling, sample collection techniques, and sample preservation. A recommended sampling and processing protocol is presented for AMD- and ARD-impacted riverine sediments, which includes sediment sampling, Fe hydroxide floc sampling, chemical analysis, interstitial (pore) water collection, sediment elutriates, sediment fractionation, and physical analysis. The importance of bioassay testing is discussed, as is quality assurance and assessment approaches to define sediment quality criteria. Received: 18 September 1995 · Accepted: 23 October 1995     

层状岩体地下洞室破坏模式数值模型及验证

基于层面法向局部坐标系中的横观各向同性弹性本构模型,根据层面产状方位角,推导出整体坐标系中弹性应力的转换方法。针对层状岩体的各向异性特征,将岩体的破坏模式细分为5种,分别对每一种破坏模式建立各自的判别函数和屈服准则,根据塑性流动正交法则推导出相应的应力修正迭代计算方法。通过单轴、三轴压缩数值试验,对层状岩体的强度和变形性质进行研究,分析层面倾角和围压对层状岩体力学行为的影响。将所建模型与FLAC3D自带的横观各向同性弹性模型以及遍布节理模型进行对比,验证模型的正确性及精度。同时,将模型应用于三向等压理想圆形隧洞的开挖计算中,分析层状岩体破坏方式受层面方位角影响的变化规律,分析结果表明层面对围岩破坏模式和塑性区扩展方向起到了控制作用。     

Consolidation and deformation around stone columns: Numerical evaluation of analytical solutions

Coupled finite element analyses of the consolidation and deformation around stone columns have been performed to assess the accuracy of different analytical solutions. The numerical model reproduces the hypotheses of the closed-form solutions. In the model, a rigid load is applied to a unit cell formed by a fully penetrating column and its surrounding soil, and simple elastic or elasto-plastic soil models are used. The surface settlement, the dissipation of the pore pressure and the vertical stress concentration on the column are studied. These soil responses are accurately estimated with closed-form solutions that properly include the radial and plastic strains in the column. However, the surrounding soil does not yield for usual conditions, which reasonably justifies the elastic soil behavior assumed in the analytical solutions. The differences between drained and consolidation analyses are also evaluated. Comparing the numerical results with the closed-form solutions illustrates the implications of the assumptions of each approach.     

海河流域二元水循环模型开发及其应用——Ⅰ.模型开发与验证

针对高强度人类活动作用下海河流域水循环的"自然-人工"二元特性,开发了流域二元水循环模型(简称"二元模型").二元模型由分布式流域水循环模型(WEP)、水资源合理配置模型(ROWAS)和多目标决策分析模型(DAMOS)3个模型耦合而成.针对各模型的优势与不足,提出了两层耦合的技术路线,以实现统筹考虑水资源、宏观经济与生态环境的流域水资源综合管理分析的功能.WEP、ROWAS和DAMOS分别采用11752个、125个和8个计算单元对海河流域进行划分,在获取各类输入参数后,应用二元模型对海河流域进行了分析计算与模型验证.结果表明,所建立的二元模型对径流过程、入海水量以及地下水流场等均具有合理的模拟精度,模型得到验证,可望用作海河流域水资源规划与管理的情景分析工具.     

Monica—A computer algorithm for solving boundary value problems using the double-hardening constitutive law Monot: II. Algorithm validation

The computer algorithm MONICA¹, which incorporates the double-hardening constitutive law Monot², has been tested on a large number of numerical examples. This paper summarizes the validation process, which has included consideration of both single element stress paths and multi-element boundary value problems. These results show MONICA to be effective for analysing practical problems using a soil model of the double-hardening type. They also demonstrate the ability of Monot to model a wide range of material responses. Problems involving pore pressure changes are identified as an area in which this form of analysis is of particular use^3,4.