9块西北非HED族陨石的岩石矿物学特征及亚型划分

HED族陨石是太阳系最早的岩浆岩,对其进行亚型划分对认识其成分特征以及了解其母体岩浆演化和后期变质作用有重要意义。对西北非9块HED陨石进行了岩石结构及矿物组成、辉石Mg~#值、全岩Mg元素X射线分布和热变质程度等分析研究。结果表明,NWA 11600可划分为堆晶辉长岩型Eucrite,热变质程度为1型(最低);NWA 11602为玄武质非角砾岩型Eucrite,热变质6型(最高);NWA 11601为玄武质单矿碎屑角砾岩型Eucrite,热变质4型;NWA 11593、NWA 11594、NWA 11596和NWA 11597为玄武质复矿碎屑角砾岩型Eucrite,NWA 11598和NWA 11605为Howardite,不同角砾具有不同的热变质程度,分布在1～6型之间。NWA 11600冲击程度为S1,其余样品为S2。玄武岩的热变质程度远高于堆晶岩,热变质发生在冲击破碎之前,冲击并非导致热变质的原因。     

钙长辉长无球粒陨石NWA 11592的岩石矿物学特征及富铁橄榄石脉成因研究

灶神星是太阳系最大的硅酸盐质小行星,它的岩石样品(HED族陨石)是目前太阳系最古老的岩浆岩之一,很有可能记录了类地行星最早期地质流体活动的重要信息。本次工作首次在一块非角砾岩平衡型的Eucrite NWA 11592中发现了较粗长的富铁橄榄石脉。通过对NWA 11592陨石进行详细的岩相学和地球化学特征研究,将NWA 11592陨石划为玄武质非角砾岩型Eucrite,冲击变质程度至少为S4,热变质程度为6型。NWA 11592中富铁橄榄石脉最有可能为含H₂O流体沿裂隙的沉淀产物,反应系统应是开放且较为氧化的(f_O2达IW+0.9),且应发生在灶神星浅层地壳> 4 km的埋藏深度。含H₂O流体渗透作用除更多地发生在灶神星表面或近地表外,还有可能发生在灶神星内部的浅层地壳中。     

火星陨石NWA 11288岩石矿物学和冲击变质特征

NWA 11288是一块2015年发现的玄武岩质辉玻无球粒陨石,具有典型的次辉绿结构,主要由辉石(面积比68.6%)和熔长石(面积比28.1%)组成,含少量磷酸盐(面积比1.35%)、不透明矿物(面积比1.45%)和二氧化硅等副矿物。通过扫描电子显微镜、电子探针和拉曼光谱等实验分析方法,对NWA 11288进行了岩相学、矿物学及冲击变质作用研究。基于辉石核部的Ti/Al比值,推测其结晶压力为930 MPa,结晶深度约为50 km,接近火星壳幔边界。NWA 11288经历过强烈的冲击变质作用,其中长石全部熔长石化,发育冲击熔脉及熔融囊并出现重结晶的辉石和柯石英。柯石英具有一种前人未报道的新产状:以柯石英-石英-二氧化硅玻璃三相集合体共生,柯石英和石英主要分布在集合体的边部,包裹着核部的二氧化硅玻璃,指示柯石英是在卸压阶段从熔体中结晶形成,且在后续的卸压阶段部分柯石英转变为石英。此外,熔融囊中可见自形的斯石英形态的二氧化硅玻璃;粒间区域可见具有斯石英/赛石英典型特征的二氧化硅颗粒。这些冲击变质特征说明NWA 11288经历的峰值温度至少为1600℃,峰值压力或可高达15～20 GPa。通过...     

方石英的亚稳态形成机制探讨

方石英形成于石英或鳞石英热力学稳定区是一种普遍的现象，并基本上是由非晶态SiO2转变而成。方石英的这种亚稳态形成机制可用Ostwald分步规则这一动力学经验规律来阐述；而引起非晶态SiO2转变成方石英的速率常数大大高于方石英转变成石英或鳞石英的速率常数的本质是非晶态SiO2局部中程有序结构与β—方石英的动态无序结构的相似性；这种相似性使非晶态SiO2结晶过程中β—方石英的有效成核速率大大增加，并最终导致亚稳态方石英的形成。非晶态SiO2中所含的杂质元素有利于降低方石英的形成温度，加速反应进程，但对于亚稳态方石英的形成没有决定作用，除非这些杂质元素有利于方石英结构的稳定性。     

岫岩陨石坑石英的冲击变质特征

直径1.8 km的岫岩陨石坑位于辽宁省岫岩县苏子沟镇。坑区基岩为下元古界变质岩,由变粒岩、片麻岩、角闪岩、透闪岩和大理岩等岩石组成。坑内充填的撞击角砾岩石英颗粒呈现典型的冲击变质特征,其中包括沿着石英(0001)、{10 11}、{10 12}和{10 13}等方向发育的多组面状变形页理,以及石英发生相转变形成二氧化硅玻璃和柯石英。产出在二氧化硅玻璃中的针状和粒状柯石英表明从二氧化硅熔体中结晶形成。石英面状变形页理的发育特点限定冲击压力高达35 GPa,而二氧化硅熔体玻璃的存在表明冲击压力高达50 GPa。当压力释放和温度升高,二氧化硅熔体首先被形成。随着压力进一步释放到2.5～13 GPa,柯石英从二氧化硅熔体中结晶析出。岫岩陨石坑中石英面状变形页理和柯石英的存在提供了矿物冲击变质的诊断性证据。     

岫岩陨石坑撞击角砾岩的岩相学和冲击变质特征SCIEI北大核心CSCD

撞击角砾岩是陨石撞击过程形成的特有岩石种类,是研究撞击成坑过程、陨石坑定年、矿物岩石冲击变质的理想对象。岫岩陨石坑是一个直径1800m的简单陨石坑,坑内有大量松散堆积的撞击角砾岩。本研究通过光学显微镜、费氏台、电子探针、X射线荧光光谱仪、电感耦合等离子质谱仪等分析测试手段,主要研究了岫岩陨石坑撞击角砾岩的岩相学和冲击变质特征,并在此基础上讨论了撞击角砾岩的形成过程和陨石坑的形貌特征。岫岩陨石坑内产出有三种撞击角砾岩,分别是来自上部的玄武质角砾岩和复成分岩屑角砾岩,以及底部的含熔体角砾岩。组成玄武质角砾岩和复成分岩屑角砾岩的碎屑受到的冲击程度较低,仅有少量石英发育面状变形页理,指示不超过20GPa的冲击压力。而组成含熔体角砾岩的碎屑受到了很强的冲击,发育了熔融硅酸盐玻璃、石英面状变形页理、柯石英、二氧化硅玻璃、击变长石玻璃、莱氏石等冲击变质特征,指示的峰值压力超过50GPa。本研究证实了含熔体角砾岩通常产出在简单陨石坑底部,由瞬间坑的坑缘和坑壁垮塌的岩石碎屑与坑底的冲击熔体混合形成。岫岩坑的真实深度是495m,真实深度与直径的比值为0.275,符合简单陨石坑的尺寸特征。陨石坑内的撞击角砾岩中心厚度为188m,与直径之比为0.104,略低于其它简单坑,可能是受丘陵地貌影响导致改造阶段垮塌到坑内的岩石角砾偏少。     

四川盆地龙马溪组页岩气储层石英类型与特征

为了解页岩气储层石英类型和特征,以四川盆地龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,对样品进行了薄片观察、氩离子抛光-场发射环境扫描电镜观察、能谱分析、X-射线衍射分析、有机碳含量测试。结果表明,龙马溪组页岩石英含量在23%～83%之间,平均值为52%。根据成因,可分为5类:陆源碎屑石英、生物骨骼相关石英、沉积期-成岩早期混合石英、成岩期自生石英和裂缝中石英脉。石英含量与有机碳含量成正相关,其中有机石英在还原环境下能更好地指示有机质的发育情况。有机石英是指保留有软体并演化成干酪根的生物骨骼石英、交代生物骨架石英和与沥青伴生石英。与沥青伴生石英堆积在页岩原生孔隙中,降低了储层的孔隙度,但在一定程度上抑制了后期成岩作用,为沥青的充注保留了空间,且石英与沥青之间发育的缝隙与有机孔一起形成连通的孔隙网络。     

三块普通球粒陨石岩石矿物学特征及其复合球粒研究

普通球粒陨石数量约占球粒陨石的80%,对其开展研究有助于揭示早期太阳系的演化。本文使用扫描电镜和电子探针对三块普通球粒陨石的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征进行了分析，重点讨论了复合球粒的成因。研究表明，三块陨石均具典型的球粒陨石结构，其中GRV 050191与GRV 051993分别为LL3型和H3型陨石，球粒结构清晰且丰富；NWA 15005为H5型陨石，球粒可分辨，基质出现重结晶。GRV 050191与GRV 051993中矿物成分变化较大，橄榄石有成分环带，NWA 15005中矿物成分均一。根据陨石岩石矿物学特征，GRV 050191、GRV 051993和NWA 15005冲击变质程度分别为S2、S1和S3,风化程度为W1、W1和W2。复合球粒是由两个或多个球粒熔融形成的，本次研究发现的3个复合球粒，其中2个属于包封型复合球粒(CPC-1和CPC-3),1个为伴生型复合球粒(CPC-2)。SiO₂-FeO-MgO相图数据表明，复合球粒形成温度窗口约为100℃。根据复合球粒中橄榄石的FeO含量变化推测越早形成的球粒，其FeO含量越低，橄榄石化学成分变化趋势表明...     

普通球粒陨石NWA15004岩石矿物学特征及球粒类型研究

普通球粒陨石是目前发现数量最多的陨石,对认识早期太阳星云演化和太阳系物质成分具有重要的意义。Northwest Africa (NWA) 15004是一块非洲西北部新发现的普通球粒陨石。本次研究使用光学显微镜、电子探针以及扫描电镜等分析仪器对该陨石进行详细的岩石学、矿物学及球粒特征研究。结果表明该陨石球粒轮廓较为模糊,基质重结晶明显,橄榄石平均Fa值为25.4 mol%(PMD为2.65%),低钙辉石的平均Fs值21.3 mol%(PMD为3.95%),硅酸盐矿物化学成分较为均一,根据岩相学及矿物学特征将其划分为L5型普通球粒陨石。橄榄石和辉石颗粒发育波状消光和面状破裂,且观察到有熔融囊的出现,表明该陨石受到S3以上的冲击变质作用。球粒的成因和形成的星云环境需要准确的球粒类型划分,球粒按结构类型分类较多,但其化学成分均一,该陨石所有球粒的橄榄石辉石的Mg^#约为74.5,均为Ⅱ型富铁球粒,结合“CIPW标准”计算基质化学成分均为A5型球粒。利用共生单斜辉石和斜方辉石矿物对成分特征计算得到NWA 15004陨石热变质平衡温度为814℃,说明该陨石母体经历了较高程度热变...     

贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳中晶体石英形成条件分析:氧同位素证据

贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳中的晶体石英具有较强的测年潜力,其成因判别是年代学研究的前提和基础。对黔北、黔东地区3个碳酸盐岩风化壳剖面中的晶体石英和圆状石英进行了研究,拟通过晶体石英的δ18O值探讨其形成条件。结果表明,晶体石英的δ18O值在17.3‰～22.7‰范围内,平均为19.8‰,与火成岩、变质岩及热水(液)沉积中高温成因石英δ18O值明显不同;与砂岩中的碎屑石英、现代海滨砂中的石英以及风成沉积物中的石英等混合来源石英的δ18O值也有差异;尽管黔东大兴剖面中晶体石英和圆状石英的δ18O值相近,但它们的硅氧同位素相关关系不同,它们具有不同的成因;晶体石英的δ18O值分布在低温成因石英δ18O值范围内,这与其中未见两相包裹体的现象一致。结合实际资料和已有认识,推断晶体石英是包气带地表温度(15～25℃)条件下缓慢生长形成的;其形成过程与碳酸盐岩风化成土的两阶段模式密切相关:酸不溶物风化形成的含硅流体向下淋滤至风化壳底部后被圈闭在已形成的孔隙、空洞中,由于蒸发作用达到过饱和而缓慢结晶形成晶体石英。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861