深穿透地球化学迁移模型

深穿透地球化学是针对寻找隐伏矿的需求而发展起来的一门新的地球化学分支学科,其理论基础由连续的几个要素构成:元素向地表的迁移机理→迁移到地表以后的赋存介质和赋存形式→形成异常模式的特征.本文针对元素从深部隐伏矿体向地表的迁移机理,总结了传统的具有代表性的3种迁移模型,包括离子扩散迁移模型、地下水溶解迁移模型和电化学迁移模型,并根据最新的研究成果,提出了地气流迁移模型和多营力迁移模型.这些模型的系统总结和提出对深穿透地球化学理论基础的建立和研究隐伏矿体元素的三维分散模式具有重要理论意义.     

深穿透地球化学迁移模型

深穿透地球化学是针对寻找隐伏矿的需求而发展起来的一门新的地球化学分支学科，其理论基础由连续的几个要素构成：元素向地表的迁移机理一迁移到地表以后的赋存介质和赋存形式一形成异常模式的特征。本文针对元素从深部隐伏矿体向地表的迁移机理，总结了传统的具有代表性的3种迁移模型，包括离子扩散迁移模型、地下水溶解迁移模型和电化学迁移模型，并根据最新的研究成果，提出了地气流迁移模型和多营力迁移模型。这些模型的系统总结和提出对深穿透地球化学理论基础的建立和研究隐伏矿体元素的三维分散模式具有重要理论意义。     

穿透性地球化学迁移模型的实验证据

深穿透地球化学是通过研究成矿元素或伴生元素从隐伏矿向地表的迁移机理和分散模式,含矿信息在地表的存在形式和富集规律,发展含矿信息采集、提取与分析以及成果解释技术以寻找隐伏矿.     

盆地金属矿穿透性地球化学勘查模型与案例

近20年来,越来越多的大型金属矿床在盆地内部及其边缘被发现。传统的勘查地球化学方法对盆地及盆山边缘覆盖区无能为力,深穿透地球化学探测技术为解决盆地及其边缘覆盖区找矿难题提供了一种行之有效的手段。文章通过对沉积砂岩盆地铀矿、火山岩盆地银多金属矿、变质岩盖层铜镍矿和沉积盖层金矿开展探测试验,得出:(1)砂岩型铀矿中活动性铀主要以铀酰络阳离子的形式存在,铀酰络阳离子很容易受地下水运动及蒸发蒸腾作用而发生迁移,迁移通道包括砂岩的孔隙、构造裂隙等,到达地表后,铀酰络阳离子易与土壤中带负电的黏土矿物结合而赋存其中,使用微细粒分离和活动态提取两种方法均能圈定矿致异常;(2)火山岩盆地中,与火山岩近乎同期形成的矿床,矿床形成过程中含矿流体携带成矿元素银、金、铜等沿构造裂隙运移,迁移到地表后被土壤中的黏土矿物所吸附,使用土壤活动态测量和微细粒分离测量均能有效圈定已知矿体,异常直接位于矿体上方;(3)变质岩盆地超基性岩体在侵位过程中,岩体与变质岩接触带将产生大量的构造裂隙,因此当流体通过岩体与围岩接触带时,将携带矿体中铜、镍向上迁移至地表,形成环状异常;(4)洛宁盆地金矿成矿过程中,成矿元素金、银等以络合物、纳米级单质或合金等形式通过流体携带顺着构造破碎带向上迁移,地表岩石风化发生成矿元素解离,后期被黄土覆盖,矿体或岩石解离的化合物或纳米颗粒可以穿过黄土孔隙向上迁移至地表,并赋存于表层黄土的细粒级黏土中,因此采用土壤微细粒分离测量可圈出矿致异常。本文根据深穿透地球化学方法应用效果,异常的形态,并结合盖层的特点,成矿元素的存在形式、迁移方式以及在地表的赋存状态,初步建立了盆地金属矿深穿透地球化学勘查模型,为盆地盖层区地球化学勘查提供了理论与技术支撑。     

干旱荒漠覆盖区隐伏金矿上方覆盖层三维地球化学分布模式

深穿透地球化学已被证明是干旱荒漠区寻找隐伏矿的有效方法,但其对元素在覆盖层中的分布模式的探知还较少。为此,在新疆金窝子金矿运用了空气动力反循环钻探技术,以揭示元素三维分布模式,并了解元素迁移轨迹和迁移机理。形成的元素三维分布图表明：(1）元素异常在矿体上方不同深度覆盖层中具有继承性;(2）在覆盖层垂向剖面上,Au趋向于在顶层和底层富集,中间层含量较低;(3）底部异常主要分布在覆盖层和基岩接触部位的低洼位置;(4）底部异常横向延伸,范围较窄,仅数十米宽,而地表异常分布范围广,可扩展至数千米。     

深穿透地球化学对比研究两例

为了寻找隐伏矿床,近些年提出了深穿透地球化学的概念和发展了深穿透地球化学方法。国际勘查地球化学家协会于1997年开始组织实施了“深穿透地球化学对比计划”。这里给出了四种深穿透地球化学方法,包括金属活动态提取方法、酶提取方法、活动金属离子法和电地球化学方法,在中国和美国的两个隐伏矿进行了对比试验,结果表明,深穿透地球化学方法可以在隐伏矿上方有效地发现异常。在干旱荒漠区,由于氧化作用和蒸发作用强烈,地表形成氧化地球化学障和大量盐类的蒸发地球化学障,这些地球化学障可以将深部迁移至地表的含矿信息捕获。因此,用深穿透地球化学的铁锰氧化物膜提取和盐类蒸发障良好导电性能的电提取,可以有效地指示矿体。中国的深穿透地球化学方法在美国内华达Mike金铜矿的效果要优于加拿大的酶提取(EnzymeLeach)和澳大利亚的活动金属离子法(MMI)。     

覆盖区勘查地球化学理论研究进展与案例

覆盖区勘查地球化学近年在迁移机理研究上最显著的进展是在矿体上方覆盖层土壤中直接观测到Cu、Au等纳米金属微粒和植物细胞中的成矿元素,从纳米尺度和分子水平直接观测到的微观迁移证据使得覆盖区勘查地球化学迁移机理研究从描述性模型向实证性模型实现了质的飞跃.通过对北方干旱沙漠覆盖区金矿、中部湿润农田覆盖区铜镍矿、南方植被红土覆盖区的铜金银矿研究表明,Cu、Au元素主要以纳米微粒形式穿透火山岩、变质岩和土壤覆盖层,用深穿透地球化学的微粒分离和铁锰氧化物提取技术可以有效指示隐伏矿体.干旱盆地砂岩型铀矿的研究表明,铀在氧化条件下以铀酰络阳离子(UO₂2+) 形式迁移到地表,并被土壤中粘土所吸附,吸附相中的铀占全部的铀比例最高(17%~40%),使用物理分离粘土或化学提取粘土吸附相铀可以有效地指示深部铀矿体.      

干旱荒漠区隐伏金矿覆盖层中金的分布与迁移：以新疆金窝子金矿田210金矿带为例

以新疆金窝子金矿田210金矿带为例,实验研究了该区地气和土壤活动态测量等深穿透地球化学方法的效果。实验表明地气测量和土壤活动态测量可以有效地反映覆盖层下隐伏矿体。揭露矿体覆盖层的钻孔研究表明,金活动态形式具有“C”型分布特征。采集矿体上方地表异常位置土壤孔隙中地气、土壤样品,使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)实测样品中微粒物质的粒径、形貌和成分,在地气和土壤中观测到了Au-Cu、Au-Bi成矿元素纳米微粒,此微粒是形成地表深穿透地球化学异常的物质,来源于覆盖层下隐伏矿体。微粒到达地表,可以形成地气和土壤活动态异常。纳米微粒具有可从土壤颗粒表面分离的性质,在其向上迁移过程中,可以从吸附固定状态解吸,此性质可以用于解释活动态异常在钻孔垂直剖面上的“C”型分布。     

深穿透地球化学勘查技术对隐伏稀有金属矿的勘查指示：以甲基卡X03号锂矿脉为例

花岗伟晶岩型锂矿是锂资源的重要矿产类型,目前随着勘查程度的提高,发现地表出露的伟晶岩型锂矿资源的几率越来越小,下一步的勘查重点应放到找寻隐伏型锂矿资源。近年来,深穿透地球化学勘查手段在隐伏矿勘查中发挥了重要作用。其中土壤微细粒分离测量技术能有效探测深部异常信息,已在多种景观覆盖区进行了试验,并取得了显著的效果。本文以四川甲基卡X03号隐伏锂矿脉为研究对象,利用土壤微细粒分离测量技术,开展深穿透地球化学勘查技术对隐伏锂矿脉探测的试验研究,并分析了成矿及伴生元素组合特征,结果表明：Li、Be、Rb、Cs、Sn、Nb、Ta、Bi、Pb、U等元素具有较好的相关性,富集程度高,异常明显,异常峰值显著;其中,Li-Be-Bi-Cs-Rb-Pb-U元素组合与研究区X03号矿脉成矿元素组合具有良好的耦合性;利用土壤微细粒分离测量技术取得的元素高异常范围与已知隐伏矿体具有较好的对应关系,可以将上述元素作为该区域寻找锂矿的指示元素。以上结果证实了深穿透地球化学勘查技术能有效指示深部隐伏锂矿体,可以将深穿透地球化学勘查技术应用于西部高寒山区景观覆盖区地球化学找矿勘查中。     

新疆金窝子矿区深穿透地球化学对比研究

在新疆金窝子金矿区,利用2种深穿透地球化学方法--金属活动态提取方法和电地球化学方法进行对比试验,结果表明这些方法可以在隐伏矿上方有效地发现异常.在干旱荒漠区由于氧化作用和蒸发作用强烈,地表形成氧化地球化学障和大量盐类的蒸发地球化学障,这些地球化学障可以捕获由深部迁移至地表的含矿信息,因此,用深穿透地球化学的铁锰氧化物膜提取和盐类蒸发障良好导电性能的电提取可以有效地指示矿体.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861