江苏徐州大北望寒武系鲕粒及鲕粒灰岩特征

徐洲大北望地区寒武系鲕粒灰岩层数众多,结构、类型复杂,形状多样,其中以放射鲕、同心鲕及放射一同心鲕为主。下寒武统多为生物鲕,中寒武统为同心一放射鲕且白云岩化,上寒武统中多为放射鲕,干裂鲕(或泥晶化),成因类型复杂。     

豫西登封地区寒武系第三统鲕粒和鲕粒灰岩演化及其意义

豫西登封寒武系第三统灰岩中的鲕粒自下而上个体直径与鲕核逐渐变小、形态变得更加浑圆、鲕粒间胶结程度更高,反映了从深水不稳定鲕粒灰岩到浅水高速建造鲕粒滩的演变过程。研究区鲕粒灰岩发育可以分为3个阶段:(1)台地深斜坡鲕粒灰岩建造阶段(A段),主要发育放射鲕及同心—放射鲕,鲕粒形态多样、粒径大,粒间多为灰泥充填;(2)滩前缓斜坡鲕粒灰岩建造阶段(B段),主要发育同心—放射鲕、同心鲕,鲕粒含量极不稳定,粒径差异大,粒间由微亮晶及亮晶方解石胶结;(3)台内鲕粒滩高速建造阶段(C段),主要发育白云化的同心鲕和微晶鲕,鲕粒含量极高、粒径极小,鲕核也很小,粒间由亮晶方解石胶结。由A段到C段,相对水深逐渐变浅,成鲕环境变得成熟而稳定,鲕粒沉积规模逐渐扩大。     

鲕粒,豆粒磷块岩的显微结构和生成特点

晚震旦世陡山沱组和早寒武世渔户村组、辛集组磷矿中有各种鮞粒、豆粒磷块岩。豆粒、鮞粒内核的成分和结构复杂,有来自陆地的各种岩石砂屑、细砾,也有盆内沉积物破碎成的各种内碎屑。鮞粒、豆粒的壳层是同心纹层状磷灰石,它是内核在富磷海水扰动中逐层淀积而成。大部分豆粒、鮞粒在滨海高能浅水中与陆源砂、砾和岔内碎屑沉积在一起,少量鮞粒则沉积在滨外深水低能环境巾。豆粒、鮞粒和碎屑等沉积后又被不同物质胶结。     

鲕粒成因研究的新进展

鲕粒的成因一直是一个谜一样的沉积学难题。Brehm等在2006年的实验室研究的结果表明,将鲕粒的形成可以与叠层石进行类比,是一个特殊的球状微生物席的产物,从而将鲕粒归为微生物成因。最近,来自于巴哈马现代鲕粒的研究,Duguid等在2010年认为,鲕粒形成与微生物活动不存在一个直接的关系,重新强调了鲕粒形成的化学过程,即：当鲕粒处在沉积物—水界面（活跃相）的时候,凭借一个在鲕粒上的非晶质钙碳酸盐（ACC）沉淀物的微薄层,鲕粒开始形成;这个ACC微薄层后来结晶成文石针,从而形成新的鲕粒皮层（静止相）。两种观点的直接对立,代表了对鲕粒成因研究的新进展。来自于华南下三叠统的巨鲕、以及华北寒武系鲕粒,特     

豫西登封地区寒武系第三统鲕粒和鲕粒灰岩演化及其意义*

豫西登封寒武系第三统灰岩中的鲕粒自下而上个体直径与鲕核逐渐变小、形态变得更加浑圆、鲕粒间胶结程度更高,反映了从深水不稳定鲕粒灰岩到浅水高速建造鲕粒滩的演变过程。研究区鲕粒灰岩发育可以分为3个阶段:(1)台地深斜坡鲕粒灰岩建造阶段(A段),主要发育放射鲕及同心—放射鲕,鲕粒形态多样、粒径大,粒间多为灰泥充填;(2)滩前缓斜坡鲕粒灰岩建造阶段(B段),主要发育同心—放射鲕、同心鲕,鲕粒含量极不稳定,粒径差异大,粒间由微亮晶及亮晶方解石胶结;(3)台内鲕粒滩高速建造阶段(C段), 主要发育白云化的同心鲕和微晶鲕,鲕粒含量极高、粒径极小,鲕核也很小,粒间由亮晶方解石胶结。由A段到C段,相对水深逐渐变浅,成鲕环境变得成熟而稳定,鲕粒沉积规模逐渐扩大。     

北京下苇甸剖面张夏组鲕粒特征及其白云化机制

北京下苇甸剖面张夏组作为华北寒武系的标准剖面之一,鲜有人对其中的鲕粒类型及其成岩作用进行细致研究。在充分调研前人研究的基础上,通过野外观察、实测,并结合室内薄片鉴定、XRD测试等技术,对下苇甸剖面张夏组的鲕粒类型进行总结,并对鲕粒白云化机制进行分析。结果显示：(1)下苇甸张夏组鲕粒类型主要为放射鲕、同心放射鲕及单晶鲕/多晶鲕,还有少量同心鲕、复鲕及藻鲕;(2)鲕粒发生白云化,填隙物未见白云化,且放射圈层白云化程度高于同心圈层,并且放射圈层白云石颗粒围绕核心呈放射状分布,同心圈层围绕核心呈同心状分布;(3)鲕粒内部白云石颗粒多为中细晶,自形-半自形,回流渗透白云化是造成鲕粒白云化的主要成因,因此造成亮晶鲕粒石灰岩白云化程度高于灰泥鲕粒石灰岩。     

鲕粒原生矿物识别及对海水化学成分变化的指示意义

鲕粒是碳酸盐沉积过程中一类非常特殊的颗粒类型, 为研究当时的沉积背景、水动力条件、气候环境, 甚至储层特征提供了重要线索。然而, 鲕粒的矿物组成及控制因素问题, 长期受到忽视。组成鲕粒的原生矿物类型在地质历史时期呈周期性变化, 在显生宙表现为三个以文石和高镁方解石占主导的时期以及两个以低镁方解石占主导的时期, 这也被称作“文石海”和“方解石海”时期。原生矿物的组成, 制约着鲕粒的纹层结构、保存程度以及成岩特征, 还蕴含着海水化学成分变化的线索。鲕粒原生矿物识别主要依据:①原生纹层结构;②保存程度;③微量元素浓度, 尤其是Sr-Mg的浓度。文石质鲕粒受文石不稳定性的影响, 原生结构保存程度较差;一般保存有典型的文石残余纹层结构(例如砖砌结构、溶解变形结构以及偏心结构等);在封闭成岩环境下原生矿物为文石质的鲕粒Sr浓度往往大于2 000 ppm;纹层结构主要为切线状(占主导)和放射状。方解石质鲕粒包括低镁方解石和高镁方解石两种类型:低镁方解石为稳定矿物, 原生结构一般保存良好。尽管高镁方解石也为亚稳定矿物, 但成岩转换后的保存程度好于文石。两者Sr含量一般均低于1 000 ppm, Mg含量一般在0~20 mol % MgCO₃(两者以4 mol % MgCO₃为界)。高镁方解石受成岩作用影响, 在纹层中往往保留有微粒白云石包裹体;海相地层中保存的方解石质鲕粒为放射状或同心-放射状结构。另外还存在一类由两种矿物共同构成的双矿物鲕粒, 可以通过分析两类纹层在结构和保存特征上的差异进行区分。鲕粒原生矿物成分随时间的波动变化受到海水化学条件, 尤其是Mg/Ca比值, 大气二氧化碳分压以及碳酸盐饱和度的控制。Mg/Ca比值的波动决定着鲕粒原生矿物类型的长期变化规律。一些突发性事件可能会扰动(区域)短时间尺度下鲕粒原生矿物的组成, 造成鲕粒原生矿物的转换。通过研究碳酸盐鲕粒原生矿物特征以及控制因素进而了解海水的化学特征, 是独立于古生物学和地球化学分析之外的一种较为可靠的沉积学方法。     

印度西海岸卡奇湾外大陆架上的鲕粒和球状粒—推测古海平面振荡

６０ｍ水深附近的灰色鲕粒（０．０５－０．１２５ｍｍ粒级＊）,１１０ｍ水深附近的白色鲕粒（０．１２５－０．０６２５ｍｍ粒级）和９０ｍ水深附近内的浅太粒（０．１２５－０．０６２５ｍｍ粒级）均产片卡奇湾外的大陆架上。在横切面上,观察到灰色鲕粒有有５个不同心生长环,白色鲕粒有３个同心生长环。     

深埋藏条件下鲕粒灰岩的热水交代实验研究

在相对静岩压力40 MPa、地温150℃(大体相当于4 000 m深埋条件)、用时15 d的条件下,对灰色中厚层状鲕粒灰岩进行深埋藏热水交代白云化实验研究。结果表明:反应前后岩石的结构发生了轻微变化,尾液中的主要化学成分Ca2+浓度从0 mg/L增加到337 mg/L,Mg2+浓度从过饱和溶液降低到2 830 mg/L。电子探针分析结果表明,固体样CaO含量由61.000%降为60.830%,而MgO则由0.296%升到0.350%。可见,参与实验的固、液样品反应前后主量元素Ca、Mg有一定的变化。但根据样品的宏观观察、镜下鉴定、扫描电镜及X衍射图谱的综合对比,认为在该实验条件下,尚未产生明显的白云化现象。     

Mapping landslide susceptibility in Travis County, Texas, USA

A geographic information system (GIS) was used to construct a landslide hazard map for Travis County, Texas. The County is experiencing rapid growth, and development has encroached into unstable terrain that is vulnerable to landslides. Four layers of data were superimposed to create the landslide hazard map. Slope was given the most emphasis, followed by geology, vegetation, and proximity to faults. The final map shows areas of low, medium, and high landslide susceptibility. Areas of high susceptibility occupy stream and reservoir banks, rock escarpments, and agricultural land. The landslide hazard map can be a useful geologic criterion for land use planning. Planners can use the map to allocate appropriate land uses to unstable terrain, and to identify existing structures at risk from landslide activity. The methods presented in this paper can be adapted to other counties in the U.S. and elsewhere. Results of this study suggest that geographic information systems can effectively compile and overlay several data layers relevant to landslide hazards.     

Radioactivity in the Ogallala and Dockum Aquifers, northwest Texas, USA

This study investigated distributions of alpha and beta activity in the Ogallala and Dockum Aquifers of northwest Texas, USA. The survey included 319 samples from the Ogallala Aquifer and 48 samples from the Dockum Aquifer. The Ogallala Aquifer produced slightly higher median alpha (7.2 versus 6.1 pCi/L) and beta (7.7 versus 7.0 pCi/L) levels. However, a higher percentage of samples from the Dockum Aquifer exceeded drinking water standards, and the maximum alpha observation from that aquifer was 197 pCi/L, more than 13 times the 15-pCi/L standard. Approximately 4.4% of alpha observations from the Ogallala Aquifer and 16.7% of observations from the Dockum Aquifer exceeded the standard. Fewer observations, 0% from the Ogallala Aquifer and 6.3% from the Dockum Aquifer, exceeded the 50-pCi/L level of concern for beta activity. There were significant positive correlations between alpha and beta activity in each aquifer. However, there were no significant correlations between radioactivity and well depth, other than a weak inverse correlation between beta activity and well depth in the Ogallala Aquifer. Uranium deposits in sandstone and shale of the Dockum Aquifer, and in calcrete and silcrete of the Ogallala Aquifer, and overlying lacustrine sediments, likely influence radioactivity patterns observed in this study.     

Chertification histories of some Late Mesozoic and Middle Palaeozoic platform carbonates

A consistent pattern for the silica sources, depositional environments and timing of chertification was observed in a diverse suite of five Late Mesozoic and Middle Palaeozoic carbonate sequences; the (1) Upper Greensand (Cretaceous) and (2) Portland Limestone (Jurassic) of southern England, (3) the Ramp Creek Formation (Mississippian) of southern Indiana, and the (4) lower Helderberg Group (Devonian) and (5) Onondaga Limestone (Devonian) of New York State. Nodular chert formation in all five limestone sequences occurred in sediments that were largely uncemented. Ghosts of pre-chertification carbonate cements are present in some chert nodules but are volumetrically minor. In every limestone sequence except the Upper Greensand, chertification occurred after burial to a depth sufficient for intergranular pressure solution and mechanical grain deformation of carbonate sand. Nodular chert is most abundant in subtidal, normal marine wackestones and mudstones that were deposited at or below fair-weather wave base, and is absent or rare in supratidal, intertidal and high-energy subtidal limestones and dolomites. An intraformational sponge spicule silica source for chert nodules is suggested by direct evidence, such as calcitized sponge spicules in the host limestone, and circumstantial evidence, such as ghosts of sponge spicules in chert nodules and a correlation of chert abundance with depositional environment. Most molds of siliceous sponge spicules were apparently obliterated by post-chertification intergranular compaction. We propose that these general trends for the depositional environments, silica sources and timing of chertification are representative of most Mesozoic to Middle Palaeozoic platform limestones.     

Evolution of central eastern Australia during the late Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic

Palaeogeographic reconstructions and structural analysis of the Late Carboniferous to Triassic of central eastern Australia indicate that sedimentation and deformation were responses to the prolonged application of a dextral rotational force couple to the craton margin and to eustatic sea‐level changes. The force couple distorted the craton margins and adjacent Yarrol‐New England geosyncline and orogen into an incipient coupled orocline. The influence of the couple commenced in the Late Devonian and continued with varying effect until the Late Triassic, when it reversed to a sinistral system, part of a completely different stress regime that controlled sedimentation and structure during the Early Jurassic. Within the craton, deformation mainly took the form of a series of en echelon depressions, such as the Drummond Basin, Koburra, Denison and Taroom Troughs. A lineament between Longreach and Roma marks the southern boundary of this type of strain, although crust beyond its limit was not so rigid as to be unaffected by the force couple. The Yarrol‐New England region during the Devonian and the Early Carboniferous was the site of geosynclinal deposition where a thick and typically volcanogenic wedge lay along the eastern border of the craton. During the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian comparable wedges were formed farther to the east, in effect building outwards into the geosyncline. The same tensional regime that created the geosyncline is seen as the means for thinning crust below the sediment wedge and thus provided thermal instability, and for the igneous diapirism expressed as both intrusion and extrusion that characterizes the orogen from the Late Carboniferous onwards. The dextral force couple was responsible for most of the deformation and for controlling final emplacement of plutons. Sea‐level rises were marked in the late Early Permian and again in the early Late Permian.     

Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tectonic evolution and palaeogeography of East Asian crustal fragments: The Korean Peninsula in context

East and Southeast Asia comprises a complex assembly of allochthonous continental lithospheric crustal fragments (terranes) together with volcanic arcs, and other terranes of oceanic and accretionary complex origins located at the zone of convergence between the Eurasian, Indo-Australian and Pacific Plates. The former wide separation of Asian terranes is indicated by contrasting faunas and floras developed on adjacent terranes due to their prior geographic separation, different palaeoclimates, and biogeographic isolation. The boundaries between Asian terranes are marked by major geological discontinuities (suture zones) that represent former ocean basins that once separated them. In some cases, the ocean basins have been completely destroyed, and terrane boundaries are marked by major fault zones. In other cases, remnants of the ocean basins and of subduction/accretion complexes remain and provide valuable information on the tectonic history of the terranes, the oceans that once separated them, and timings of amalgamation and accretion. The various allochthonous crustal fragments of East Asia have been brought into close juxtaposition by geological convergent plate tectonic processes. The Gondwana-derived East Asia crustal fragments successively rifted and separated from the margin of eastern Gondwana as three elongate continental slivers in the Devonian, Early Permian and Late Triassic–Late Jurassic. As these three continental slivers separated from Gondwana, three successive ocean basins, the Palaeo-Tethys,. Meso-Tethys and Ceno-Tethys, opened between these and Gondwana. Asian terranes progressively sutured to one another during the Palaeozoic to Cenozoic. South China and Indochina probably amalgamated in the Early Carboniferous but alternative scenarios with collision in the Permo–Triassic have been suggested. The Tarim terrane accreted to Eurasia in the Early Permian. The Sibumasu and Qiangtang terranes collided and sutured with Simao/Indochina/East Malaya in the Early–Middle Triassic and the West Sumatra terrane was transported westwards to a position outboard of Sibumasu during this collisional process. The Permo–Triassic also saw the progressive collision between South and North China (with possible extension of this collision being recognised in the Korean Peninsula) culminating in the Late Triassic. North China did not finally weld to Asia until the Late Jurassic. The Lhasa and West Burma terranes accreted to Eurasia in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous and proto East and Southeast Asia had formed. Palaeogeographic reconstructions illustrating the evolution and assembly of Asian crustal fragments during the Phanerozoic are presented.