Spectral Diagnostics of Langmuir Coronal Plasma Turbulence Based on the Radio Emission at the Double Plasma Frequency

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Analysis of the radiation of solar radio bursts with a fine structure generated at a double plasma frequency makes it possible to obtain information on the energy...     

CONTRIBUTION DU TRAITEMENT NUMERIQUE A L'ANALYSE ET A INTERPRETATION DES ENREGISTREMENTS REFRACTION*

The tools used in digital processsing have received little application, to date, to refraction seismic. It seems however that some problems encountered in the analysis of refraction records could be solved through techniques which are of common use in processing of reflection seismic data (correlation, stacking, f and k filtering). The experiments made with some of these techniques revealed the possibility of a more complete refraction record analysis, allowing the study of later arrivals. The interpretation of these records could also, to a fairly large extent, be automated by means of digital processing. While recording, some care ought to be taken to allow identification and interpretation by digital processing of as many events as possible. However, the results shown here have been obtained from fairly old analog records, for which no particular care had been taken, which makes it possible to complete and revise the interpretation of previous studies using the same processing techniques. Long line refraction shooting is justified for marine surveys in some areas, particularly where reflection is disturbed by singing; improvements in analysis and interpretation would therefore prove very useful for a faster and more thorough interpretation.     

Modification of electron concentration in the ionosphere in the pump-wave plasma resonance region

We discuss the propagation of sounding radio waves in the inhomogeneous ionosphere, in the reflection area of which there are small-scale artificial magnetically-positioned irregularities. The propagation of radio waves in such an area, where the lateral dimensions of strongly elongated artificial irregularities are smaller than the wavelength, has a diffraction nature. It is shown that the calculation of diffraction parameters makes it possible to derive the amplitude of density irregularities and their relative area perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. Comparison of theoretical calculations with experimental studies on modification of the electron density altitude profile by heating of the ionosphere with midlatitude stand Sura showed that the relative area of the negative density perturbations can reach several percent.     

Stratigraphic absorption compensation based on multiscale shearlet transform

Seismic waves propagating through viscoelastic media experience stratigraphic absorption and attenuation effects, which directly affect the imaging resolution in seismic exploration. Without stratigraphic absorption, the ratio of deep reflection energy to shallow reflection energy (attenuation ratio) is invariable at different frequencies. If a seismogram is decomposed into different frequency bands, these signals will show similar time–energy distributions. Therefore, the attenuation ratios should be similar across different frequency bands, except for frequency-variable weights. Nevertheless, the frequency-variable weights for different frequency bands can be obtained by benchmarking against the time–energy distributions of low-frequency information because the loss of low-frequency information is relatively insignificant. In this light, we obtained frequency-variable weights for different frequencies and established a stratal absorption compensation (SAC) model. The anisotropic basis of the shearlet enables nearly optimal representation of curved-shape seismic signals, and shearlets at different scales can represent signals for different frequency bands. Then, we combined the SAC model with the shearlet transform and established the new compensation method. As the signal and noise have different distributions in the shearlet domain, we selectively compensated the signals using a thresholding algorithm. Hence, it was possible to avoid noise enhancement. This is the prominent advantage of the proposed method over other compensation methods.     

Monitoring soil contaminations using a contactless conductivity probe1

In order to investigate the possibility of using low-frequency electromagnetic waves to detect and monitor oil contamination of soils, a series of laboratory measurements were performed. A new measurement system to monitor the resistivities of soil and sand samples while samples are being contaminated by diesel oil is presented. The frequency used in measurements is 100 kHz. Since the measurement system is composed of coil-type transmitters and receivers, there is no need for electrodes to be in contact with samples. The contamination process is simulated using diesel oil dripping on top of soil and sand samples. The conductivity distributions in samples along the sample length are recorded as a function of time. Water-wet sand and soil samples were measured during diesel oil contamination. The measured data show that the conductivities of soil and sand samples change during the contamination process. The change in resistivity for measured samples before and after diesel oil contamination is in the range of 20% to 50%, giving a reflection coefficient change in the low-frequency limit of 4.7% to 7%. This amount of change in the reflection coefficient makes it very challenging to detect and monitor oil contamination based on EM reflection from the contaminants. The results suggest that EM methods based on propagation and induction, such as tomography and borehole induction, could be used for this purpose.     

在频率域基于小波变换和Hilbert解析包络的CSEM噪声评价

传统CSEM一般只提取主频信号,或以谐波与主频的振幅比为依据提取部分低阶谐波信号,但缺乏判断标准,实际操作中存在很大的不确定性.本文基于小波变换和希尔伯特解析包络提出一种新的CSEM信号噪声评价方法,首先在时间域中基于混合基快速傅里叶变换获得原始信号准确功率谱;其次在频率域中根据CSEM频率位置相邻频率幅值进行频谱预处理,基于离散小波变换将预处理后的频谱分成低频部分和高频部分,基于希尔伯特变换识别高频部分的上包络线,并与低频部分重构得到频谱的整体上包络线;最后根据包络线与对应CSEM频率振幅的比值估计噪声的影响幅度,根据阈值筛选出高信噪比的主频和谐波信号.本方法不需增加野外工作量即可提取大量的频率信号,特别是高阶谐波信号,实现频率加密,提高CSEM的纵向分辨能力和能源利用率.

     

MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS*

A seismic trace is modeled as a moving average (MA) process both in signal and noise: a signal wavelet convolved with a reflection coefficient series plus colored random noise. Seismic reflection coefficients can be estimated from seismic traces using suitable estimation algorithms if the input wavelet is known and vice versa. The maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm is used to estimate the system order and the reflection coefficients. The system order is related to the arrival time of the latest signal in a complex seismic reflection event. The least-squares (LS) method does not provide such information. The ML algorithm makes assumptions only about the Gaussian nature of the noise. It is better suited for seismic applications since the LS method inherits the white noise assumption. The Gauss-Newton (G-N) and Newton-Raphson (N-R) optimization algorithms are used to obtain the ML and the LS estimates. Reflection coefficient estimations are affected by the choice of sampling rate of seismic data. Theoretically, the optimum choice in system identification is the Nyquist rate. Experience with synthetic data confirms the theory. In practice, good estimates of reflection coefficients are possible only up to certain pulse separations (or, equivalently, orders). This is mostly due to numerical problems with the optimization algorithms used and partly due to the limited bandwidth of seismic signals. Good estimates from data simulated using three airgun array pulses recorded with 6–128 Hz filter setting are possible up to about 40.0 ms pulse separations. Successful estimations from pinchout and thin layer simulations and well controlled offshore “bright-spots” are given.     

NEW FILTERING METHODS WITH “VIBROSEIS”*

In order to obtain high resolution correlograms, it is of importance amongst other things to get reflection signals with large bandwidth. An advantage of the VIBROSEIS *** *** Trade Mark and Service book of the Continental Oil Company.
method is that the frequencies radiated by the vibrators can be matched to the transmission response of the subsurface involved. By choosing the right frequency range, the highest possible amplitude and most favourable form may be given to the reflection signals. In a reflection correlogram, individual signals cannot be considered in isolation. Signals of different origin are interfering with one another. They very often have different amplitudes, so that it may be desirable in many cases to filter out events of certain apparent velocity. With the VIBROSEIS method this may be achieved quite simply. All frequencies of the noise signal are uniformly suppressed. The advantage is that noise signals, e.g. refraction signals, which cannot be sufficiently attenuated by wavelength filtering, may be completely eliminated by this velocity filtering without affecting the bandwith of the desired signal. The total dynamic range of the tape recording can be used for the registration of wanted events. To perform this kind of filtering several vibrators are necessary in the field; each of them is controlled by an individual signal. There is an unavoidable error of static and dynamic corrections which causes the results of reflection measurements to deteriorate when using multiple coverage. High frequency components especially are seriously affected by destructive interference. This difficulty can be avoided by using a VIBROSEIS signal with high frequency component amplitudes supported. For the probability of error of corrections a normal distribution is assumed. A smoothed amplitude characteristic may be achieved after stacking. The amplitude characteristic of seismic devices is commonly reduced to about 100 cps bandwidth. For further improvement of resolution of VIBROSEIS correlograms it is necessary to apply special filtering methods. This is of particular interest when any kind of gain control is used to display weak events more clearly. With increasing amplification the sidelobes of the strong signals may reach the size of the weak events. In order to eliminate this effect, the amplitude characteristic of the VIBROSEIS signal is adjusted for optimum suppression of side-lobes.     

NEW FILTERING METHODS WITH “VIBROSEIS”*

In order to obtain high resolution correlograms, it is of importance amongst other things to get reflection signals with large bandwidth. An advantage of the VIBROSEIS *** *** Trade Mark and Service book of the Continental Oil Company.
method is that the frequencies radiated by the vibrators can be matched to the transmission response of the subsurface involved. By choosing the right frequency range, the highest possible amplitude and most favourable form may be given to the reflection signals. In a reflection correlogram, individual signals cannot be considered in isolation. Signals of different origin are interfering with one another. They very often have different amplitudes, so that it may be desirable in many cases to filter out events of certain apparent velocity. With the VIBROSEIS method this may be achieved quite simply. All frequencies of the noise signal are uniformly suppressed. The advantage is that noise signals, e.g. refraction signals, which cannot be sufficiently attenuated by wavelength filtering, may be completely eliminated by this velocity filtering without affecting the bandwith of the desired signal. The total dynamic range of the tape recording can be used for the registration of wanted events. To perform this kind of filtering several vibrators are necessary in the field; each of them is controlled by an individual signal. There is an unavoidable error of static and dynamic corrections which causes the results of reflection measurements to deteriorate when using multiple coverage. High frequency components especially are seriously affected by destructive interference. This difficulty can be avoided by using a VIBROSEIS signal with high frequency component amplitudes supported. For the probability of error of corrections a normal distribution is assumed. A smoothed amplitude characteristic may be achieved after stacking. The amplitude characteristic of seismic devices is commonly reduced to about 100 cps bandwidth. For further improvement of resolution of VIBROSEIS correlograms it is necessary to apply special filtering methods. This is of particular interest when any kind of gain control is used to display weak events more clearly. With increasing amplification the sidelobes of the strong signals may reach the size of the weak events. In order to eliminate this effect, the amplitude characteristic of the VIBROSEIS signal is adjusted for optimum suppression of side-lobes.     

Efficient reflection waveform inversion using a locally normalized zero-lag correlative objective function

Full-waveform inversion is characterized by cycle-skipping when the starting background model differs significantly from the true model and low-frequency data are unavailable. To mitigate this problem, reflection waveform inversion is applied to provide a background velocity model for full-waveform inversion. This technique attempts to extract background velocity updates along the reflection wavepath by matching the reflection waveforms. However, two issues arise during the implementation of reflection waveform inversion: amplitude and efficiency. The amplitude is always underestimated due to the complex subsurface parameter (i.e. the source signature, density, attenuation etc.). This makes it unreasonable to match the reflection amplitude involved in waveforms, especially in the filed data cases. In addition, generating the background velocity gradient requires the simulation of the reflection wavefield. However, simulating the reflection wavefield is time-consuming. To address the former, we introduced a locally normalized objective function, while for the latter, we used an efficient strategy by avoiding the explicit generation of the reflection wavefield. Results show that applying the proposed method to both synthetic and field data can provide a good background velocity model for full-waveform inversion with high efficiency.     

三峡地区上地壳结构的远震虚震源反射地震成像

远震虚震源反射成像方法利用远震初至波在台网之下地表与地下界面间形成的反射波(PPdp震相)波形资料进行台网地区地震反射结构研究.此方法先用台网各台站的平均初至波形求取震源信号,再用该震源信号与各道地震记录作反褶积从而取得反射剖面.本文介绍了远震虚震源反射成像的基本原理和实现步骤,并以三峡地区的观测资料为例,得到三峡库首区上地壳的反射地震剖面.成像剖面中解释出的四川盆地和秭归盆地的底界面位置和形态与地表地质观测和大地构造背景吻合.为验证虚震源成像的能力,本文使用弹性波正演模拟合成地震数据,经过处理实际资料一样的步骤获得虚震源成像结果.正演模拟表明,叠加多个远震的反射地震剖面可以有效地改善成像的信噪比和连续性;虚震源成像需要选择特定的震源频率范围,以减轻高频噪音以及低频造成的成像问题.在研究上地壳结构时,建议在不适合主动源采集和缺乏低频信号的地区尝试远震虚震源方法.     

回线源瞬变电磁成像的理论分析及数值计算

进一步提高瞬变电磁法对地探测的解释精度,提出了回线源瞬变电磁成像原理及数值计算方法. 讨论了频率域中水平层状介质中瞬变电磁响应,得到一个以波阻抗为积分核的双重积分式;然后对水平层介质下电磁场的解进行上、下行波分离,得到含有以反射系数序列为未知的线性方程组,并给出了求取波阻抗和反射系数的数值解法：对实测磁场值进行域的变换,以均匀半空间下的等效波阻抗代替积分核函数,经过线性数字滤波后,在频率域求出等效波阻抗;把频率域中的波阻抗转换到时间域,以此为参数,构建方程组,在时间域用线性规划法求出反射系数序列. 最终以反射系数为参数进行成像. 对理论模型的数值计算结果表明,用本文提出的成像方法可以增强瞬变电磁法识别地下电性分界面的能力.     

薄层时频特征的正演模拟

基于正演模拟的薄层时频特征响应分析是薄层定性识别与厚度定量预测的基础与关键.本文基于波场延拓理论,利用深度域相移法对不同厚度薄层进行了正演模拟.采用广义S变换对零偏移距地震道的反射复合波进行瞬时频谱分析,发现当薄层顶底反射系数极性相反时,复合波的干涉作用具有升频降幅作用,而极性相同时具有升幅降频作用;理论推导和实验分析均证明主峰值频率与薄层双程旅行时间厚度存在定量解析关系,这为薄层厚度定量预测提供了重要的技术手段;由于峰值频率对反射系数大小与极性变化不敏感,因此,峰值频率方法与时域振幅方法相比更具稳定性.     

Reflection and Transmission Coefficients for an Incident Plane Shear Wave at an Interface Separating Two Dissimilar Poroelastic Solids

Using Biot’s poroelasticity theory, we derive expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients for a plane shear wave incident on an interface separating two different poroelastic solids. The coefficients are formulated as a function of the wave incidence angle, frequency and rock properties. Specific cases calculated include the boundary between water-saturated sand and water-saturated sandstone and the gas–water interface in sand. The results show a very different interface response to that of an incident P wave. Plane SV wave incidence does not significantly excite the Biot slow P wave if the frequency of the wave is below the transition frequency. Above this frequency, an incident plane SV wave can generate a mode-converted slow Biot P wave which is actually a normal propagating wave and not highly attenuating as in the usual (diffusive) case. For an incident SV wave onto a gas–water interface, even at very high frequency, there is no significant Biot second P wave produced. For small incident angles, the gas–water interface is essentially transparent. With increasing angles, there can arise an unusual "definitive angle" in the reflection/transmission coefficient curves which is related to the change of fluid viscosity on both sides of the interface and provides a possible new means for underground fluid assessment.     

Marine seismic wavefield measurement to remove sea-surface multiples

We propose a new method for removing sea-surface multiples from marine seismic reflection data in which, in essence, the reflection response of the earth, referred to a plane just above the sea-floor, is computed as the ratio of the plane-wave components of the upgoing wave and the downgoing wave. Using source measurements of the wavefield made during data acquisition, three problems associated with earlier work are solved: (i) the method accommodates source arrays, rather than point sources; (ii) the incident field is removed without simultaneously removing part of the scattered field; and (iii) the minimum-energy criterion to find a wavelet is eliminated. Pressure measurements are made in a horizontal plane in the water. The source can be a conventional array of airguns, but must have both in-line and cross-line symmetry, and its wavefield must be measured and be repeatable from shot to shot. The problem is formulated for multiple shots in a two-dimensional configuration for each receiver, and for multiple receivers in a two-dimensional configuration for each shot. The scattered field is obtained from the measurements by subtracting the incident field, known from measurements at the source. The scattered field response to a single incident plane wave at a single receiver is obtained by transforming the common-receiver gather to the frequency–wavenumber domain, and a single component of this response is obtained by Fourier transforming over all receiver coordinates. Each scattered field component is separated into an upgoing wave and a downgoing wave using the zero-pressure condition at the water-surface. The upgoing wave may then be expressed as a reflection coefficient multiplied by the incident downgoing wave plus a sum of scattered downgoing plane waves, each multiplied by the corresponding reflection coefficient. Keeping the upgoing scattered wave fixed, and using all possible incident plane waves for a given frequency, yields a set of linear simultaneous equations for the reflection coefficients which are solved for each plane wave and for each frequency. To create the shot records that would have been measured if the sea-surface had been absent, each reflection coefficient is multiplied by complex amplitude and phase factors, for source and receiver terms, before the five-dimensional Fourier transformation back to the space–time domain.     

基于S变换的软阈值滤波在深地震反射数据处理中的应用

深地震反射原始单炮数据是非平稳的弱能量反射信号, 信噪比较低. 如何提高信噪比一直是深地震反射数据前处理中的一大难题. S变换是一种适用于分析非平稳信号的时频变换方法. 同其他分析时变信号的方法相比, S变换的基本小波不必满足小波在时间域均值为零的容许性条件, 它的时频分辨率与分析信号的频率有关, 且其在时间域的积分可以得到傅里叶频谱,其反变换也简单. 因此, S变换容易表示深地震反射信号复杂的时频特性. 本文在S变换的基础上, 利用软阈值滤波方法对深地震反射数据进行处理, 实验结果表明, 该方法有效地提高了信噪比, 压制了有效频带范围内的混频干扰, 突出了弱反射信号, 使得波组信息更加丰富, 有利于连续追踪有效反射波组和识别薄地层, 特别是提高了深部Moho界面反射层位的分辨率, 为深地震反射剖面后续处理和准确解释奠定了基础.     

Evaluation of Subsurface Structure at Soultz Hot Dry Rock Site by the AE Reflection Method in Time-frequency Domain

—?Because the Soultz Hot Dry Rock (HDR) site, France, is to be expanded to a scientific pilot plant of greater depth, measurement of the deep area below the predeveloped artificial reservoir is gaining importance. In this paper, we present estimates of deep subsurface structure at the Soultz HDR site, obtained by a reflection method using acoustic emission (AE) signals, that is, induced seismicity, as the wave source. First, we briefly describe the AE reflection method in the time-frequency domain with wavelet transform. Then we show estimates of the subsurface structure by using 101 high-energy AE events observed in 1993. We compare and discuss the results obtained, using the AE reflection method in two wells with other independent borehole observations. Furthermore, we present the results of an investigation of the frequency dependence of reflectors identified by hodogram linearity as a possible means of further characterizing detected structures.     

Near surface geophysical surveys with a high frequency mutual impedance measuring system

Relationships for the mutual impedance of horizontal coplanar, vertical coplanar, perpendicular and vertical coaxial loop antenna arrays operating at a high frequency, located over a layered conducting medium, have been derived. The relationships take into account the occurrence of displacement currents in both the free space and the conducting medium. The relations can be used for calculating the earth parameters in geophysical prospecting. The use of high frequency antenna array makes it possible to determine distributions of apparent resistivity as well as apparent electrical permittivity. The potential application of the measurements of mutual impedance of loop antennas operating at a high frequency to the geophysical examinations is presented. The measuring system developed for this purpose is described. A simple method of interpreting the mutual impedance measurements to obtain the traces of apparent resistivity and apparent permittivity of the investigated earth is given.     

An effective data processing flow for the acoustic reflection image logging

Recent studies have revealed the great potential of acoustic reflection logging in detecting near borehole fractures and vugs. The new design of acoustic reflection imaging tool with a closest spacing of 10.6m and a certain degree of phase steering makes it easier to extract the reflection signals from the borehole mode waves. For field applications of the tool, we had developed the corresponding processing software: Acoustic Reflection Imaging. In this paper, we have further developed an effective data processing flow by employing multi‐scale slowness‐time‐coherence for reflection wave extraction and incorporating reverse time migration for imaging complicated subtle structures with the strong effects of borehole environment. Applications of the processing flow to synthetic data of acoustic reflection logging in a fractured formation model and interface model with fluid filled borehole generated by 2D finite difference method, and to the physical modelling data from a laboratory water tank, as well as to the field data from two wells in a western Chinese oil field, demonstrate the validity and capability of our multi‐scale slowness‐time‐coherence and reverse time migration algorithms.