FY-2红外云图中强对流云团的短时自动预报算法

目前气象预报业务中,预报员主要借助卫星云图,定性判断云团的移动趋势,缺乏形式化的定量评判方法。本文基于FY-2C与FY-2D的高时间分辨率的近红外影像(10.3—11.3μm),采用亮温和面积阈值方法进行云团识别,然后根据最大相关系数云团匹配技术进行追踪,系统地实现强对流云团的自动临近预测。实验结果表明,本文提出的最大相关系数追踪比传统的交叉相关系数法具有更高的匹配精度和运行效率,而且研究发现云团质心外推明显优于最低亮温外推,平均亮温、面积、圆形度对云团的分裂合并有较好的指示作用,经列联表法检验,本文提出的自动识别追踪技术具有较高预测精度和预测时效,并且为卫星云图业务化应用提供了定量科学依据。     

Intercomparison of deep convective cloud fractions from passive infrared and microwave radiance measurements

The common method to detect deep convective clouds is from satellite infrared (IR) measurements, which is based on thresholds of cloud-top temperatures. However, thick cirrus clouds with high cloud tops are difficult to screen out using IR methods, resulting in an overestimation of deep convective cloud fractions. Two aircraft cases with simultaneous Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer, Multispectral Atmospheric Mapping Sensor, and ER-2 Doppler radar measurements during the Convection and Moisture Experiment 3 in August 1998 are analyzed to investigate the influence of high thick cirrus clouds on two previously developed IR methods. In contrast, a microwave method based on the brightness temperature differences between the three water vapor channels around 183.3 GHz of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) (183.3/spl plusmn/1,183.3/spl plusmn/3, and 183.3/spl plusmn/7 GHz) can screen out high thick cirrus clouds efficiently. The tropical deep convective cloud fractions (30/spl deg/S-30/spl deg/N) estimated by the IR methods and the AMSU-B method are compared. Although their geographical distributions are in well agreement with each other, the total fractions detected by the IR methods are about 2-3.5 times greater than that detected by the AMSU-B method. Moreover, the overestimation of deep convective cloud fractions by the IR method (11-/spl mu/m brightness temperature less than 215 K) can result in a displacement in the detected location of the deep convective clouds. The average thick cirrus clouds cover 2.5 times the area of the deep convective clouds that generates them.     

一种基于卫星遥感的临近预报方法

中尺度对流系统(MCS)是形成强对流天气的主要原因,云团在MCS生命周期中的分裂合并问题是临近预报的难点。为解决这一问题,本文提出了FCC方法,该方法使用质心位移和FY-2卫星数据预测多个对流单体的运动轨迹。多个案例分析证明,FCC算法在MCS的各个生命周期均能进行有效的预测,包括初生、成熟和消散阶段。此外,通过列联表方法验证了所提算法的有效性。     

Cloud classification in NOAA AVHRR imageries using spectral and textural features

Clouds contribute significantly to the formation of many of the natural hazards. Hence cloud mapping and its classification becomes a major component of the various physical models which are used for forecasting natural hazards. The problem of cloud data classification from NOAA AVHRR (advance very high resolution radiometer) satellite imagery using image transformation techniques is considered in this paper. The singular value decomposition (SVD) scheme is used to extract the salient spectral and textural features attributed to satellite snow and cloud data in visible and IR channels. The goals of this paper are to discriminate between clear sky and clouds in an 8 × 8 pixel array of 1.1 km AVHRR data. If clouds are present then classify them as low, medium or high range. This scheme can effectively segregate clouds and non-cloud features in the visible and IR bands of the imagery. It can also classify clouds as low, medium or high range with a success rate of 70–90%. Computer-based snow and cloud discrimination and automatic cloud classification system will help the forecaster in various climatological applications, viz., energy balance estimation, precipitation forecasting, landslide forecasting, weather forecasting and avalanche forecasting etc.     

基于云量影像的日照百分率遥感集成模型

通过遥感影像云量数据和地面站点日照百分率观测数据建立遥感集成日照百分率模型,模拟遥感集成日照百分率的空间分布。基本思路是以空间尺度上的富余弥补时间尺度上的稀缺。云的移动是连续的,所以一幅云量遥感影像中,某一格网点周围一定区域范围内的云量都有可能对该点日照情况产生影响,因此对遥感总云量数据在日照轨迹内及云移动所经路径内重采样,能够更接近可照时段内云量的真实情况。然后按云量和日照百分率的负相关性,建立了日尺度的日照百分率遥感集成综合模型,实现对遥感集成日照百分率的模拟,完成日照百分率的遥感集成空间分布模拟图。结果表明：（1）重采样后的总云量克服了云量观测在时间上的局限性;（2）遥感集成日照百分率克服了气象站点空间上的局限性;（3）遥感集成日照百分率模型模拟精度相对插值法有显著的提高。     

FY-2E红外通道晴空沙尘区时间差分法导风研究

利用大气红外辐射传输模式,结合FY-2E静止卫星红外窗区光谱响应函数,模拟计算了标准大气环境下0-5 km各高度层气溶胶消光系数增量为50%和30%两种情况下对FY-2E红外1通道亮温增量的贡献。定量分析了春季气溶胶消光系数对亮温增量的影响以及主要影响高度。结合FY-2E红外1通道灵敏度,提出了可用于红外通道晴空沙尘气溶胶微弱示踪信号移动追踪的"时间差分法"。理论模拟计算和实例分析表明,在一定条件下,"时间差分法"追踪红外通道晴空沙尘气溶胶微弱示踪信号的移动,可以获得传统云导风所无法得到的干旱半干旱沙尘爆发区的风场信息,且反演得到的风场与美国国家环境预报中心NCEP再分析资料850 hPa风场有着很好的一致性。     

基于ArcGIS Engine的飞机人工增雨航线自动化设计算法研究

人工增雨作为应急抗旱和缓解水资源紧张的重要手段,与社会经济可持续发展、生态安全和人民生活密切相关。航线设计是飞机人工增雨作业方案设计的一项重要内容,基于GIS平台自动化设计飞行航线将成为趋势。在传统飞行航线设计方案的基础上,研究提出了基于ArcGIS Engine的半圆弧过渡条播航线、＂弓＂字形条播航线和＂之＂字形条播航线三种层状云作业＂穿云＂航线与一种对流云或层积混合云作业＂绕云＂航线的自动化设计算法。应用结果显示,四种自动化算法均能够快速有效地设计出飞机航线,取得很好的效果。     

高分辨率遥感影像中云和似云目标的自动区分

云的存在会对遥感影像的处理及目标识别等产生影响,因此,自动提取云对高分辨率卫星影像的应用具有重要意义。高分影像上更加复杂的云的细节形态及似云目标的干扰,使得高分影像的自动云提取难以达到实用水平。本文以雪地为例,选取形状、纹理和边缘3个差异化特征作为云与似云目标区分的关键,提出了一种区分高分辨率遥感影像中云和似云目标的云检测算法。首先利用Wallis滤波对输入影像进行预处理,增强影像中不同尺度的影像纹理模式;然后对影像进行快速稳定的均值漂移分割,利用灰度和纹理特征构成支持向量机的第一层分类器,将分割后的区域对象分成"云"和普通地物,再利用边缘、形状、纹理等特征结合灰度特征构成支持向量机的第二层分类器,将"云"区分为云区和似云目标;最后使用Grab-cut对云检测结果进行边缘迭代精化。本文算法取得了优良的试验结果,证明了算法在似云目标干扰下对高分辨率遥感影像进行精确云检测的能力。     

Wavelet-Based Technique to Extract Convective Clouds From Infrared Satellite Images

Extraction of all cumuliform clouds from infrared satellite images is important for cloud studies. Existing methods have focused on extracting only the cumulonimbus clouds. Over monsoon Asia, warm cumulus and cumulus congestus clouds are a large fraction of total cumuliform clouds and are covered by cirrus. An extraction method based only on brightness temperatures (BT) is not sufficient for the detection of these cumuliform clouds. In this letter, a new cloud extraction technique based on spatial characteristics of the convective clouds is presented. The À trous wavelet transform (ATWT) is shown here to successfully extract both shallow and deep convective clouds. The depression in BT caused by the cold cloud tops corresponds to negative wavelet components found by the ATWT.      

Landsat TM遥感影像中厚云和阴影去除

提出了一种新的利用多时相Landsat TM影像数据进行的厚云及其阴影去除的方法。该方法通过分析厚云及其阴影的光谱特征, 设计了厚云和云阴影识别模型。该算法的实现是采用图像配准技术、非监督分类、像元替换等运算, 计算出厚云和云阴影区域的TM影像替换数据, 进而得到消除或者减少云影响的TM遥感影像。试验结果表明本文提出的厚云及其阴影去除方法效果很好, 能消除或者弱化云对TM影像数据的影响。     

A method for vertical adjustment of digital aerial photogrammetry data by using a high-quality digital terrain model

The accuracy of vertical position information can be degraded by various sources of error in digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) based point clouds. To address this issue, we propose a relatively straightforward method for automated correction of such point clouds. This method can be used in conjunction with any 3D reconstruction method in which a point cloud is generated from a pair of aerial images. The crux of the method involves separately co-registering each DAP point cloud (formed by the overlap of two or more images) to a common airborne laser scanning (ALS) based digital terrain model. The proposed method has the following essential steps: (1) Ground surface patches are identified in the normalized DAP point clouds by selecting areas in which standard deviation of vertical height is low, (2) height differences between the DAP and ALS point clouds are calculated at these patches, and (3) a correction surface is interpolated from these height differences and is then used to rectify the entire DAP point cloud. The performance of the proposed method is verified using plot data (n = 250) from a forested study area in Eastern Finland. We observed that DAP data from the area corrected using our proposed method resulted in significant increases in prediction accuracy of key forest variables. Specifically, the root mean squared error (RMSE) values for dominant height predictions decreased by up to 23.2%, while the associated model R² values increased by 16.9%. As for stem volume, RMSEs dropped by 20.6%, while the model R² improved by 14.6%, respectively. Hence, prediction accuracies were almost as good as with ALS data. The results suggest that vertically misaligned DAP data, if rectified using an algorithm such as the one presented here, could deliver near ALS data quality at a fraction of the cost.     

基于车载点云数据的树木提取与分析

本文基于高速公路高精度点云数据,首先通过点云数据的分类处理实现对树木点云数据的提取,将树木点云投影到水平面,采用DBSCAN密度聚类算法实现单根树木的提取;然后在数据密集区域存在树木树冠点云重叠的区域,本文结合树干几何特征提取树干的位置信息,计算所有点云到树干中心的欧氏距离,将所有点云归类到最近的树干进行粗分割;最后根据粗分割的树木轮廓特征确定树冠模型与树冠中心,提出了采用基于密度特征的格网竞争算法对重叠的区域进行精细分割。试验表明,本文采用的树木分割方法能够实现单棵树木精确提取。     

多像位姿估计的全景纹理映射算法

纹理映射技术作为获取具有丰富纹理信息的真彩色点云的有效手段,正以其独特的优势广泛地应用于众多行业领域。研究了一种利用三维激光扫描仪与外置数码相机联合标定解算多张影像位姿并获取全景真彩色点云的方法。其基本思想是利用摄像机与激光扫描仪固有的相对位置姿态,通过对首张影像进行标定得到其位置姿态后,利用摄像机空间旋转的几何特性,根据首张影像的位姿获取其余影像的位姿,继而完成多张影像的纹理映射,获取全景彩色点云。对比目前主流的全景影像纹理映射算法,该算法在精度与效率上均有一定提高。对多种点云数据进行纹理映射实验,结果表明,该方法能够快速准确地获取真三维全景彩色点云,为三维精细化建模提供了数据基础。     

基于二维图像特征的点云配准方法

为了提高低覆盖率点云的配准精度和收敛速度,提出了一种基于二维图像特征的点云配准方法。首先采用基于区域层次的点云配准算法实现粗配准;然后将三维点云转换成二维图像,再采用SURF算法提取二维图像的特征,并求解其匹配像素点对;最后根据二维匹配点获取相应的三维点云相关点,并计算刚体变换,由此实现点云的快速精确配准。试验结果表明,与迭代最近点（ICP）算法相比,该点云配准方法的配准精度和耗时分别提高了约20%和60%,是一种快速、高精度的点云配准算法。     

“针孔”模拟成像下的单航空影像与LiDAR点云配准

以摄影测量共线方程为严格配准模型,提出了一种引入针孔成像模拟过程的单张航空影像LiDAR点云配准迭代方法,共分为3个阶段:第一,利用航空影像内参数及初始外方位元素对LiDAR点云针孔模拟成像,生成与航空影像空间分辨率、几何形变相接近且具有相同幅面大小的透视影像-LiDAR深度影像;第二,以梯度互信息作为影像相似性测度依据,实施影像金字塔、分块处理策略实现LiDAR深度影像与航空影像几何变换参数快速估计,进而依据估计参数及LiDAR深度影像、激光脚点投影关系建立LiDAR点云航空影像概略相关;第三,以LiDAR点云影像概略相关下的近似同名像点为观测值,以像点梯度互信息为权重,实施摄影测量空间后方交会计算获得优化的影像外方位元素,生成新的LiDAR深度影像并重复上述过程,直至满足给定的迭代计算条件,实现单张航空影像与LiDAR点云数据的自动空间配准。实验表明,本文方法配准精度达亚像素级且自动化程度高。     

低空UAV激光点云和序列影像的自动配准方法

提出了一种低空无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)序列影像与激光点云自动配准的方法。首先分别基于多标记点过程与局部显著区域检测对激光点云和序列影像的建筑物顶部轮廓进行提取,并依据反投影临近性匹配提取的顶面特征。然后利用匹配的建筑物角点对,线性解算序列影像外方位元素,再使用建筑物边线对的共面条件进行条件平差获得优化解。最后,为消除错误提取与匹配特征对整体配准结果的影响,使用多视立体密集匹配点集与激光点集进行带相对运动阈值约束的ICP(迭代最临近点)计算,整体优化序列影像外方位元素解。试验结果表明本文方法能实现低空序列影像与激光点云像素级精度的自动配准,联合制作DOM精度满足现行无人机产品1∶500比例尺标准。     

面向室内场景点云的对象重建

针对当前逆向工程中对象提取及模型重建效率较低的问题,提出了一种面向室内场景点云的对象重建方法。首先构建直通滤波器,采用改进的RANSAC算法剔除非对象点云,然后根据欧氏聚类提取算法分割出各个对象点云,最后基于α-shape理论批量重建出对象模型。试验结果表明,该方法能够从散乱的室内场景点云中快速、自动地重建出代表真实对象的三维模型,具有较高的实用价值。     

利用对象光谱与纹理实现高分辨率遥感影像云检测方法

针对高分辨率遥感影像云检测过程中合适的云检测光谱阈值难以确定及影像中类云地物对云检测精度影响的问题,提出一种基于对象光谱与纹理的高分辨率遥感影像云检测方法。首先,对影像进行直方图均衡化处理,根据均衡化影像直方图获得合适的影像云检测光谱阈值。其次,用简单线性迭代聚类算法对影像进行分割生成分割对象,以对象为处理单元,根据云检测光谱阈值和对象光谱属性对对象进行云检测过滤,获得初始云检结果。然后,求得直方图均衡化影像的纹理图,根据对象的纹理均值及角二阶矩对初始云检测结果提纯,消除类云地物对云检测精度的影响。最后对提纯云区域进行区域增长及膨胀处理,获得最终的影像云检测结果。定性对比试验和定量评价结果表明,本文方法可以获得良好的影像云检测结果。     

TCFM导风技术介绍及其初步试验研究

本文提出新的导风技术TCFM,将最大相关法和傅里叶相位分析法相结合,从而在最大相关法整数倍像素位移的基础上有效地计算出亚像素尺度位移分量,提高示踪云追踪精度。本文介绍了TCFM概念和计算方法,并分别利用模拟资料和实际云图进行了导风试验,结果表明,TCFM技术是有效的,用TCFM技术导风要优于最大相关法,并且对于高时间分辨率云图导风,TCFM技术与傅里叶相位分析法的作用相当。因此,在云迹风场计算中TCFM技术具有实际应用价值。     

联合统计信息与散射模型的GF-5 AHSI可见光影像薄云校正

针对高分五号可见短波红外高光谱相机AHSI (visible-shortwave infrared Advanced HyperSpectral Imager)可见光波段存在的薄云干扰,本文提出了一种联合统计信息与散射模型的校正方法。利用AHSI影像邻近波段间地表与云雾辐射的统计差异,实现对不同场景下相对薄云辐射RCR (Relative Cloud Radiance)的准确估计。基于此,根据不同波段的散射特性,分别利用分级暗目标统计和散射模型约束策略,获取可见光波段的绝对云辐射强度,最终实现影像校正。通过设置模拟与真实实验对方法的有效性和鲁棒性进行目视和定量检验。模拟实验中,可见光波段内的薄云干扰均可被有效地去除,校正结果与真实地表十分一致;此外,RMSE (RootMean-Square Error),MAE (Mean Absolute Error)和SA (Spectral Angle) 3个评价指标的值分别为1.9891,1.6822和0.4901,远小于对比方法。真实实验中,不同场景内的薄云可被有效抑制,在较为准确恢复降质地表信息的同时保持晴空区光谱特征;Q指数,SSIM (Structural Similarity Index)和UQI (Universal Quality Index)的计算结果优于对比方法。综上,本文提出方法可用于不同场景下高分五号AHSI影像可见光波段的薄云校正,可得到目视效果良好且光谱保真度高的校正结果。