基于ETM+影像的扎龙湿地遥感分类研究

通过对扎龙湿地Landsat7 ETM 影像进行计算机自动分类的实验研究，探讨了提高湿地遥感分类精度的方法与途径。实验所采用的首先对遥感影像进行非监督分类，再利用非监督分类生成的分类模板加以修改补充后进行监督分类的方法，经过误差矩阵的精度评价，可以获得研究区湿地遥感分类较高的分类精度。利用上述分类方法对3种ETM 不同波段组合的影像进行具体的遥感分类比较研究发现，选择ETM 7、5、3影像进行分类有助于提高扎龙湿地遥感分类的精度。为了提高湿地遥感分类的精度，还必须运用人机互译判读方法。     

基于支持向量机的扎龙湿地遥感分类研究

湿地遥感分类是实现湿地动态监测、管理与利用的重要手段之一.由于湿地具有独特的生态环境,获取实测样本点相对困难,因此,研究小样本、高精度的湿地遥感分类方法十分必要.以扎龙国家级自然保护区为研究区,采用支持向量机方法进行了研究区湿地遥感分类研究,初步剖析了样本数量与特征维度对分类结果的影响,并同传统的最大似然分类方法进行了...     

扎龙湿地生态系统变化过程及影响因子分析

随着区域气候变化及人类活动的影响,扎龙湿地生态系统发生了深刻变化。利用20世纪50年代以来扎龙湿地区域的气象数据、1986～2002年间8个时段的Landsat TM影像及2006年的SPOT4影像数据和扎龙国家级保护区管理局的资源调查数据,分析了近20a来扎龙湿地生态系统的变化过程。结果显示,20世纪80年代和90年代该地区的年平均气温分别比1951～1980年的年平均气温高出1．2℃和1．8℃。与1986年相比,2002年扎龙湿地的湖泊及水库面积减少了15．17％;明水面面积下降了49．36％。这一期间,扎龙湿地芦苇（Phragmites australis）产量、渔类产量、鸟类的种类和数量都明显减少,湿地退化程度十分严重。气候变化对湿地生态系统影响的同时,扎龙湿地上游地区也建设了60余座水库,并在湿地内部兴建了大量的人工沟渠、堤坝和道路。高强度的人类活动不仅截留了大量本应直接流人湿地的水体,使湿地蓄水量明显下降,也使湿地破碎化程度加剧。根据扎龙湿地生态系统面临的现状,就扎龙湿地保护与恢复提出了相应的建议。     

1979年以来扎龙湿地研究进展及热点追踪

利用文献计量法,对1979年以来公开发表的有关扎龙湿地的文献,进行归类统计分析。文献发表量在2000年后急速攀升,2006年以后每年保持在60篇以上,以哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔、长春三地的科研机构为主。研究热点始终以湿地物种、生物多样性保护、湿地评价为主。近年来,扎龙湿地退化、恢复、重建及补偿研究成为关注的焦点;湿地生态系统模型、生态过程、生物地球化学循环研究热度增加;湿地温室气体排放等成为新兴主题,而扎龙湿地的形成、发育和古环境的重建研究则相对较少。     

基于多光谱遥感的扎龙湿地湖泡水深反演研究

以扎龙湿地龙泡子为研究对象,利用58个实测水深数据和季相最接近的Quick Bird数据,建立湖泊水深的反演模型。探索性地建立了单波段和多波段组合的线性(多元)回归模型、指数模型、二次多项式模型、微分模型和对数模型等;通过对比模型的决定系数R2,比较模型精度;线性模型、对数模型、指数模型和幂指数模型的R2小于0.5,而二次多项式模型和多元线性回归模型的R2大于0.5,精度相对较高;筛选出拟合度较高的模型,用20个实测验证样本,采用相对误差和均方根误差进行模型精度评价;最后,利用精度较高的模型,进行龙泡子水深反演计算。水深反演结果表明,用选出的模型反演得到的龙泡子水深基本一致,为170~200 cm,即使有稀疏的水草覆盖,依然可以表现出水深渐变的趋势。以蓝、绿、红和近红外波段多光谱遥感反射率为自变量,建立的线性湖泡水深反演模型y=123.990-3.332B1+183.859B2-237.133B3-37.143B4(y为水深;B1、B2、B3和B4分别为蓝、绿、红和近红外波段的水体反射率),能较好地反演扎龙湿地湖泡的水深。     

扎龙湿地的形成背景及其生态环境意义

扎龙湿地位于黑龙江省西部, 为乌裕尔河下游尾闾湖形成的苇草湖沼。作者通过野外调 查、表土样品粒度对比和遥感影像分析, 探讨了湿地形成演化的地质环境背景, 分析了扎龙湿地 与嫩江、沙地的成因联系。研究认为齐齐哈尔- 大庆沙地由北西走向的纵向沙垄和低洼盐碱带组 成, 与科尔沁沙地一起构成了一个NE 向展布的沙带, 可能主要形成于末次冰期时期。其后嫩江 进入沙地, 对沙地进行改造, 在扎龙地区留下众多牛轭湖。后期由于构造抬升嫩江河道西迁, 乌裕 尔河成为内流河, 其尾闾湖最后演化成为现在的扎龙湿地。因此扎龙地区的环境演化过程为: 风 成沙地形成→嫩江改造、破坏沙地→嫩江西迁、乌裕尔河分流→扎龙尾闾湖形成→扎龙尾闾湖退 化、湿地形成。因此扎龙湿地与连环湖是在风成沙丘上形成的沼泽地, 是整个嫩江流域生态环境 最脆弱的一个关键区。一旦湿地消失, 将导致这个地区的盐碱化和沙漠化, 对附近的齐齐哈尔和 大庆两市的生态环境造成严重影响。     

湿地生态旅游开发的关注视角——以扎龙自然保护区为例

生态旅游以其生态和环保特性成为湿地资源的一种有效的开发方式。在分析湿地生态旅游研究概况和中国湿地生态旅游发展的基础上,提出了开展湿地生态旅游的关注视角:关注湿地价值构成;关注湿地生态旅游受益群体;关注湿地生态旅游开发规模;关注湿地生态旅游管理模式。对扎龙湿地生态旅游开发进行了实证研究。     

融合Sentinel-2红边波段和Sentinel-1雷达波段影像的扎龙湿地信息提取

以黑龙江流域中的扎龙湿地及其上游区域为研究区,将Sentinel-2红边波段和Sentinel-1雷达波段影像数据相结合,根据面向对象原理,采用随机森林算法,对研究区的湿地进行遥感分类和信息提取;利用3种特征变量集,进行实验对比,研究红边波段反射率和雷达后向散射系数对湿地信息提取的作用。研究结果表明,红边波段反射率和雷达后向散射系数对土地覆盖分类精度的提高起到了重要作用,两者结合得到的分类结果的总体精度达到了88.72%,Kappa系数为0.87,其中,水体、水田和沼泽的用户精度分别为100%、98.18%和91.37%。利用红边波段和雷达波段影像数据,分别使土地覆盖分类总体精度提高了5.26%和2.51%,红边波段影像数据对沼泽提取精度的提高贡献最大,使生产者精度提高了12.5%。     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的扎龙湿地水环境质量评价

为了简单有效地评价水质状况,建立了蒙特卡罗水质评价模型,对扎龙湿地北部(进水区)、中部(过水区)和南部(出水区)的污染状况进行评价,并与模糊综合评价结果、灰色关联评价结果和内梅罗评价结果进行比较.基于蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo,MC)法的评价结果表明,扎龙湿地北部、中部和南部总体水质类别都为Ⅱ类,与模糊综合评价法和灰色关联评价法的评价结果一致,也与湿地水质的实际状况相吻合,从而证明了模型的准确性;而其与内梅罗指数法的评价结果差别较大,究其原因,内梅罗指数法评价结果表现为过保护,较严格,从而使得水质评价结果有些脱离实际,内梅罗指数法比较适于评价参评因子值波动比较小、各参评因子都污染较轻的研究区域.从单指标评价类别分析,溶解氧(DO)、Zn、Cd和Cu含量的评价类别一致;扎龙湿地北部和南部总磷(TP)含量的评价类别一致,中部和南部总氮(TN)含量评价类别一致;而Cr含量在3个区中的评价类别都不同,而且从北部、中部到南部逐渐增大,水质变差;另外由于南部地势较低,Cr在南部长期沉积和聚集也是导致其含量过高的重要原因之一.从各类别概率值之和分析,扎龙湿地内部各区隶属于Ⅱ类的概率值之和都是最大的,但隶属于劣Ⅴ类的概率值之和居第二,表明大部分区域水质较好,局部区域水质较差,考虑到水是流动的,水质有由好转差的风险;从北部到南部,隶属于Ⅰ类、Ⅲ类和劣Ⅴ类的概率值之和趋于减小,隶属于Ⅳ类的概率值之和基本未变,隶属于Ⅴ类的概率值之和稍有增加,水质趋于向Ⅱ类转化;从中部到南部,隶属于Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和劣Ⅴ类的概率值之和减小,隶属于Ⅳ类的概率值之和基本未变,水质趋于向Ⅲ类和劣Ⅴ类水质转化.从平均值看,TP含量先减少后增大.扎龙湿地水质的评价结果表明,总体符合Ⅱ类水质及以上的概率约为54.5％,但个别指标评价结果不容乐观,尤其是Cd含量、DO含量和南部Cr含量的超标,应引起相关部门的注意.     

基于多源光学遥感数据的湖泊湿地分类结果一致性分析

多源光学遥感数据是长时序研究中的重要数据源,而其分类结果的一致性分析则是多源遥感数据应用的前提和基础.该文以鄱阳湖湿地为研究对象,采用决策树方法对Landsat-8、Sentinel-2A、GF-1、HJ-1A 4种光学影像数据进行分类,以总体精度和Kappa系数评估分类精度,并基于类型面积偏差、类型面积相关、空间叠加分析对分类结果进行一致性分析.结果表明:1)利用决策树方法对不同传感器数据进行湖泊湿地分类,总体精度均高于89％,一致性较好;2)对于具体的湿地类型面积,不同传感器分类结果基本一致,以泥沙滩涂为主,水体次之,植被最少;3)分类结果中64.30％的区域具有高度一致性,完全不一致区域占12.70％.研究成果可为多源光学遥感数据用于长时序湖泊湿地变化监测的误差分析和集成使用提供参考.     

Monitoring Growth in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas Using Remotely Sensed Data

Urbanization and the ability to manage for a sustainable future present numerous challenges for geographers and planners in metropolitan regions. Remotely sensed data are inherently suited to provide information on urban land cover characteristics, and their change over time, at various spatial and temporal scales. Data models for establishing the range of urban land cover types and their biophysical composition (vegetation, soil, and impervious surfaces) are integrated to provide a hierarchical approach to classifying land cover within urban environments. These data also provide an essential component for current simulation models of urban growth patterns, as both calibration and validation data. The first stages of the approach have been applied to examine urban growth between 1988 and 1995 for a rapidly developing area in southeast Queensland, Australia. Landsat Thematic Mapper image data provided accurate (83% adjusted overall accuracy) classification of broad land cover types and their change over time. The combination of commonly available remotely sensed data, image processing methods, and emerging urban growth models highlights an important application for current and next generation moderate spatial resolution image data in studies of urban environments.     

Monitoring Growth in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas Using Remotely Sensed Data

Urbanization and the ability to manage for a sustainable future present numerous challenges for geographers and planners in metropolitan regions. Remotely sensed data are inherently suited to provide information on urban land cover characteristics, and their change over time, at various spatial and temporal scales. Data models for establishing the range of urban land cover types and their biophysical composition (vegetation, soil, and impervious surfaces) are integrated to provide a hierarchical approach to classifying land cover within urban environments. These data also provide an essential component for current simulation models of urban growth patterns, as both calibration and validation data. The first stages of the approach have been applied to examine urban growth between 1988 and 1995 for a rapidly developing area in southeast Queensland, Australia. Landsat Thematic Mapper image data provided accurate (83% adjusted overall accuracy) classification of broad land cover types and their change over time. The combination of commonly available remotely sensed data, image processing methods, and emerging urban growth models highlights an important application for current and next generation moderate spatial resolution image data in studies of urban environments.     

基于越南遥感时间序列数据的湄公河三角洲土地利用及河岸变化检测研究

通过采用先进的遥感技术,基于光学和雷达时间序列卫星影像（陆地卫星,SPOT和雷达卫星）,本文对金瓯半岛（位于湄公河三角洲南部）土地覆被变化及湄公河河岸侵蚀情况进行了检测研究。鉴于金瓯半岛典型的土地覆被类型为红树林,通过对1973-2008年红树林遥感影像分析发现,近年来红树林林地面积急剧下降,超过一半的红树林已经转变为虾养殖场。与此同时,检测发现湄公河河岸已经被严重侵蚀,且侵蚀趋势正加速恶化。具体而言,田河和口河的左右两岸被认为是遭受严重侵蚀的热点区域。本文以1966-1968年地形图作为基准线数据,与1989-2009年卫星影像数据进行比照分析,此外采用数字海岸线分析系统（DSAS）模型对未来变化趋势进行了预测。     

Spatial Patterns in Surface Energy Balance Components Derived from Remotely Sensed Data

A relatively simple modeling approach for estimating spatially distributed surface energy fluxes was applied to two small watersheds, one in a semi‐arid climate region and one in a sub‐humid region. This approach utilized a combination of ground‐based meteorological data and remotely sensed data to estimate ‘instantaneous’ surface energy fluxes at the time of the satellite or aircraft overpasses. The spatial resolution in the watershed grid cells, which was on the order of 100‐400 km, was selected to be compatible with ground measurements used for validation. The model estimates of surface energy fluxes compared well with ground‐based measurements of surface flux (typically within approximately 40 Wm^?2). The model accuracy may be slightly less for bare soil surfaces due to an overestimation of the soil heat flux. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of computing spatially distributed values of surface energy fluxes, these maps were used to qualitatively infer the dominant factors controlling the energy fluxes for the time period shortly following precipitation events in the basins. For the semi‐arid watershed, values of sensible heat flux varied considerably over the watershed and displayed a pattern very similar to that of the spatially variable cumulative precipitation for at least one to eight days prior to the image acquisition. Due to the large fraction of exposed bare soil in a semi‐arid ecosystem, even very small precipitation events had a strong influence on the pattern of sensible heat fluxes observed shortly after the event (less than 24 hours). For the sub‐humid watershed, the fluxes tended to be more uniform across the watershed, and were influenced by a combination of precipitation total and land cover type.     

基于遥感数据的泉州市土地利用变化分析

本文基于TM遥感图像解译的1985、2000年两期土地利用现状图,借助ArcView 3.2软件,统计分析了泉州市1985～2000年间土地利用类型的数量及空间变化特征.结果表明15年来各类土地利用类型发生了很大变化,综合年均变化率为0.09%;而且类型转化量最大的是耕地转变为城乡、工矿及居民用地,其次是林地与草地类型之间的转化.     

Spatial Prediction of Lateral Variability of a Laterite-Type Bauxite Horizon Using Ancillary Ground-Penetrating Radar Data

Tropical laterite-type bauxite deposits often pose a unique challenge for resource modelling and mine planning due to the extreme lateral variability at the base of the bauxite ore unit within the regolith profile. An economically viable drilling grid is often rather sparse for traditional prediction techniques to precisely account for the lateral variability in the lower contact of a bauxite ore unit. However, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) offers an inexpensive and rapid method for delineating laterite profiles by acquiring fine-scale data from the ground. These numerous data (secondary variable) can be merged with sparsely spaced borehole data (primary variable) through various statistical and geostatistical techniques, provided that there is a linear relation between the primary and secondary variables. Four prediction techniques, including standard linear regression, simple kriging with varying local means, co-located cokriging and kriging with an external drift, were used in this study to incorporate exhaustive GPR data in predictive estimation the base of a bauxite ore unit within a lateritic bauxite deposit in Australia. Cross-validation was used to assess the performance of each technique. The most robust estimates are produced using ordinary co-located cokriging in accordance with the cross-validation analysis. Comparison of the estimates against the actual mine floor indicates that the inclusion of ancillary GPR data substantially improves the quality of the estimates representing the bauxite base surface.     

扎龙湿地研究进展

湿地是陆地生态系统生态过程的重要组成部分,扎龙湿地作为世界最大的芦苇湿地,正处于全球变化的敏感区域,总结了2000年以来扎龙湿地的土地覆盖、湿地环境、生态评估等方面的研究成果,并提出了其中存在的问题和未来发展趋势。结果如下:(1)扎龙湿地土地覆盖研究以遥感手段为主,从景观生态学角度研究认为,核心湿地趋于破碎,土地利用趋于多样化和均匀化,湿地景观完整性较差,有湿生景观向旱生景观转变的趋势,但湿地整体仍处在稳定状态;(2)近几十年来的湿地退化造成土壤有机碳流失严重;(3)湿地在自然条件下的蓄水量呈下降趋势,天然补水量小于生态需水量,而且水体已呈现出富营养化状态,个别水体重金属元素的污染已达到极强的潜在生态危害程度;(4)自然因素对扎龙湿地的总体变化影响显著,但人类活动对一些典型区域的退化起主导作用;(5)扎龙湿地研究近期应注重长时间序列湿地监测资料的积累和遥感研究工作,在耦合水文、生态、气象、土壤等多环境因素下,开展湿地生态系统功能参数的定量研究、湿地生态服务价值研究和管理决策支持系统构建,以及探讨定量方式在扎龙湿地生态系统变化分析中的应用。     

Monitoring the Effects of Biological Control of Water Hyacinths Using Remotely Sensed Data: A Case Study of Bangalore, India

Native to South America, water hyacinths were brought to India as ornamental plants and are now considered as one of the most dreaded aquatic weeds in the country. This plant has infested more than 200,000 ha of fresh water bodies in the country. The Indian Institute of Horticultural Research resorted to biological methods to control these weeds and received favorable results, however, these weeds tend to reinfest the fresh water bodies. For an effective weed control, the infestation needs to be monitored and remotely sensed data have been recommended for this purpose. In this research, SPOT multitemporal data have been used to monitor the infestation of water hyacinths in Bangalore, India. Using Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), this study delineated areas of clearing and new infestation in the fresh water tanks in the study area. This study concluded that host specific weevils can eradicate water hyacinths in large areas but that reinfestation remains an ongoing problem.     

广西涠洲岛自然保护区牛角坑湿地生态修复工程

针对涠洲岛自然保护区牛角坑湿地所出现的水源不足、生境退化、生物量下降等问题,通过实施牛角坑湿地保水工程、鸟类饵料生物培殖工程、鸟类栖息地通道修复工程、监测基础设施建设工程,实施湿地生态修复。重点实施沼泽-觅食地-引水渠-湿地调节库4级保水工程来提高牛角坑湿地的保水能力,把牛角坑间歇性沼泽地改造为永久性湿地,提高牛角坑湿地对鸟类的承载力,丰富涠洲岛自然保护区的生物多样性。