“碧利斯”(0604)暴雨过程不同类型降水云微物理特征分析

本文利用"碧利斯"(0604)暴雨增幅过程高分辨率的数值模拟资料, 将降水分成对流降水和层云降水, 对比分析了不同类型降水云微物理特征和过程的差异, 探讨了不同类型降水对暴雨增幅的贡献, 结果指出:(1)暴雨增幅前, 降水基本为层云降水, 对流降水只存在于零星的几个小区域, 暴雨增幅发生时段, 对流降水所占比例较暴雨增幅前有显著增加, 平均降水强度达层云降水强度的3倍多。(2)暴雨增幅时段, 云系发展更加旺盛, 云中各种水凝物含量较增幅前明显增加, 其中, 对流和层云降水区云中水凝物含量均有一定程度增长, 但对流降水区增加更显著;而无论增幅前还是增幅时段, 对流降水区云中水凝物含量均要明显大于层云降水区, 并且两者的这种差异随着地面降水强度的增强而增大。(3)暴雨增幅前后, 对流降水区雨滴的两个主要来源最终均可以追踪到云水, 通过云水与大的液相粒子(雨滴)和大的固相粒子(雪)之间、以及大的固相粒子(雪和霰)之间的相互作用和转化, 造成雨滴增长, 并最终形成地面降水, 而层云降水区中与雨滴形成相关的上述主要云微物理过程明显变弱, 但层云降水区中暴雨增幅时段的上述过程又要强于增幅前, 说明层云降水对暴雨增幅也有一定贡献。     

EVALUATION OF CONVECTIVE-STRATIFORM RAINFALL SEPARATION SCHEMES BY PRECIPITATION AND CLOUD STATISTICS

In this study,two convective-stratiform rainfall partitioning schemes are evaluated using precipitation and cloud statistics for different rainfall types categorized by applying surface rainfall equation on grid-scale data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation.One scheme is based on surface rainfall intensity whereas the other is based on cloud content information.The model is largely forced by the large-scale vertical velocity derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment(TOGA COARE).The results reveal that over 40% of convective rainfall is associated with water vapor divergence,which primarily comes from the rainfall type with local atmospheric drying and water hydrometeor loss/convergence,caused by precipitation and evaporation of rain.More than 40% of stratiform rainfall is related to water vapor convergence,which largely comes from the rainfall type with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence attributable to water clouds through precipitation and the evaporation of rain and ice clouds through the conversion from ice hydrometeor to water hydrometeor.This implies that the separation methods based on surface rainfall and cloud content may not clearly separate convective and stratiform rainfall.     

CLOUD RADIATIVE AND MICROPHYSICAL EFFECTS ON THE RELATION BETWEEN SPATIAL MEAN RAIN RATE, RAIN INTENSITY AND FRACTIONAL RAINFALL COVERAGE

Cloud radiative and microphysical effects on the relation between spatial mean rain rate, rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage are investigated in this study by conducting and analyzing a series of two-dimensional cloud resolving model sensitivity experiments of pre-summer torrential rainfall in June 2008. The analysis of time-mean data shows that the exclusion of radiative effects of liquid clouds reduces domain mean rain rate by decreasing convective rain rate mainly through the reduced convective-rainfall area associated with the strengthened hydrometeor gain in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds, whereas it increases domain mean rain rate by enhancing convective rain rate mainly via the intensified convective rain intensity associated with the enhanced net condensation in the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds. The removal of radiative effects of ice clouds decreases domain mean rain rate by reducing stratiform rain rate through the suppressed stratiform rain intensity related to the suppressed net condensation in the presence of radiative effects of liquid clouds, whereas it increases domain mean rain rate by strengthening convective rain rate mainly via the enhanced convective rain intensity in response to the enhanced net condensation in the absence of radiative effects of liquid clouds. The elimination of microphysical effects of ice clouds suppresses domain mean rain rate by reducing stratiform rain rate through the reduced stratiform-rainfall area associated with severely reduced hydrometeor loss.     

EFFECTS OF STRATIFORM CLOUD ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CUMULUS CLOUD AND ITS PRECIPITATION

Based on the two-dimensional slab-symmetric model of cumulus clouds established by the authors,thedevelopment of the cumulus cloud and its precipitation in environments with and without the stratiform cloudpresent has been simulated numerically in almost the same atmospheric stratification.Results show that thepresence of the stratiform cloud has a significant effect on the development of the cumulus cloud and theincreae of its precipitation.The rainfall may increase by scveral to tens of times.It is believed that theconvective-stratiform mixed cloud system may be important for producing heavy to torrential rain.This isin good agreement with what has been observed in the Meiyu frontal cloud system in recent investigations     

内蒙古典型暴雨过程的中尺度雨团观测分析

利用FY-2E逐时云顶黑体亮温资料 (TBB)、闪电定位资料、自动气象站资料和逐时降水资料,对2009—2013年6—8月内蒙古7例暴雨天气过程的中尺度雨团特征进行分析。结果表明:内蒙古暴雨的降水强度在1~3 h即可达到暴雨或大暴雨量级,中尺度雨团活动是内蒙古暴雨过程形成原因,而80%雨团活动是中尺度对流系统 (MCS) 造成的。MCS内TBB不超过-52℃冷云区和地闪密度大值中心对雨团强度和发展具有重要的指示作用,冷锋云系中MCS造成的雨团多原地生成和消亡,TBB不超过-52℃冷云区面积小,维持时间为2~8 h,地闪密度增长缓慢而且发生频次低;冷涡云系中雨团跳跃式出现在MCS冷云区或冷空气流入一侧,出现TBB不超过-62℃冷云区,雨团出现频次高,持续出现时间可长达24 h,地闪密度增长迅速且发生频次高。7次暴雨过程中约有60%雨团伴有地闪活动,地闪密度达到最大值时刻预示未来1~3 h最强雨团出现和MCS发展到成熟。地面加密风场中尺度辐合线先于MCS和雨团出现,中尺度辐合线造成的局地辐合可作为MCS发展的启动机制。     

沿海地区一次中尺度对流系统闪电活动及降水结构

利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达,微波成像仪,闪电成像仪等探测数据,研究了2010年8月5日发生在江苏北部一次中尺度对流系统(MCS)的降水结构和闪电活动之间的关系.结果表明:MCS在发展阶段,对流云降水面积与层状云降水区相当;在减弱阶段,层状云降水区面积远大于对流云降水区.MCS的生命史中,大部分闪电发生在对流云区,仅有少数闪电发生在层状云区,在减弱阶段闪电多发生在对流云和层云的过渡区中.发生闪电的层云和对流云降水垂直廓线表明:在MCS的发展成熟和减弱中在4 km高度,层云降水率都达到最大值;在对流云降水区中发生闪电主要与对流云上空含丰富的冰相粒子和对流云发展厚度(顶高达17 km)有关.研究还表明闪电数目最大值一般回波强度在35～45 dBz之间,并非回波越强闪电越多.闪电主要发生在40～50 dBz之间,且明显向强回波区趋近,这对我们利用雷达回波预警闪电落区具有一定的参考意义.     

中国东部暖季对流云与层状云的比例及与降水的对应关系

基于1985~2011年逐时地面台站观测云资料,分析了对流云和层状云及其比例关系的时空演变特征,结合逐日融合降水资料研究了对流云、层状云与季风雨带的对应关系。结果表明,中国东部暖季（5~9月）对流云发生频率平均为15.4%,层状云为30.0%。对流云与层状云发生频率的比例在广东、广西、海南省东部和贵州省大部分地区大于1,其它地区均小于1。伴随季风雨带的北进南退,层状云发生频率和云量中心均与降水中心对应,且层状云云带与季风雨带位置吻合,随时间的演变趋势也相同,说明季风雨带主要由层状降水构成,对流云发生频率和云量大值中心则位于季风雨带南侧。对流云和层状云发生频率/云量的变化在华南地区和江淮流域呈显著负相关,云的类型主要由大气稳定度决定。对流云和层状云发生频率在华北地区呈显著正相关,水汽是形成云的决定因素。就降水频率而言,华南地区层状云降水和对流云降水各占一定的比例,而江淮流域和华北地区层状云降水频率更大。     

梅雨锋云系中尺度系统回波结构及其与暴雨的关系

梅雨锋云系中中尺度回波带主要有对流带和混合带二种类型,中尺度回波团一般为混合型回波。对流云回波带在初生、成熟和消散三个不同的演变阶段结构特征不同,下垫面对回波带的演变有一定的影响。中尺度系统能够产生高强度降水,多个中尺度系统相继通过一地或中尺度系统与对流回波群的汇集可以造成梅雨期的局地性暴雨和大暴雨。产生暴雨的中尺度系统常具有混合型回波结构,它们降水强度大,对降水的贡献也大。     

两个中尺度对流系统的降水结构和闪电特征

对两个处于不同发展阶段的中尺度对流系统(MCS)降水结构的分析结果表明,处于初生至发展阶段的MCS,对流降水和层云降水的面积比相对较大,处于成熟至消亡阶段的MCS的相对较小。本文进一步分析了这两个MCS个例在6km高度处的雷达回波特征及其和闪电的关系,结果表明处于初生至发展阶段的MCS的绝大部分事件(闪电资料的一种)集中发生在MCS中的强对流单体回波区,而对处于成熟至消亡阶段的MCS,事件集中发生在对流区和对流云向层云转化的回波区。     

Vertical Structures of Convective and Stratiform Clouds in Boreal Summer over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Neighboring Regions

Cloud is essential in the atmosphere, condensing water vapor and generating strong convective or large-scale persistent precipitation. In this work, the relationships between cloud vertical macro- or microphysical properties, radiative heating rate, and precipitation for convective and stratiform clouds in boreal summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed and compared with its neighboring land and tropical oceans based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite measurements and TRMM precipitation data. The precipitation intensity caused by convective clouds is twofold stronger than that by stratiform clouds. The vertical macrophysics of both cloud types show similar features over the TP, with the region weakening the precipitation intensity and compressing the cloud vertical expansion and variation in cloud top height, but having an uplift effect on the average cloud top height. The vertical microphysics of both cloud types under conditions of no rain over the TP are characterized by lower-level ice water, ice particles with a relatively larger range of sizes, and a relatively lower occurrence of denser ice particles. The features are similar to other regions when precipitation enhances, but convective clouds gather denser and larger ice particles than stratiform clouds over the TP. The atmospheric shortwave (longwave) heating (cooling) rate strengthens with increased precipitation for both cloud types. The longwave cooling layer is thicker when the rainfall rate is less than 100 mm d^?1, but the net heating layer is typically compressed for the profiles of both cloud types over the TP. This study provides insights into the associations between clouds and precipitation, and an observational basis for improving the simulation of convective and stratiform clouds over the TP in climate models.     

一次东北冷涡云降水垂直结构特征分析

利用辽宁阜新国家站(121.7458°E,42.0672°N)的毫米波云雷达(8 mm)和微雨雷达(12.5 mm)对2020年8月12-13日东北冷涡影响下的一次降水过程进行了观测,分析了云降水的垂直结构特征并探讨了降水机制。结果表明：本次过程中,云水平方向发展不均匀,以层状云和层积混合云为主,云内有时还嵌有对流泡。云降水阶段性变化明显,先后出现了层状云降水、层积混合云降水和对流云降水。层状云降水和层积混合云降水均表现出明显的亮带特征,但层积混合云降水的雷达回波强度、回波顶高和降水强度明显大于层状云降水。对流云降水的雷达回波会因强降水而产生明显衰减,因此回波顶高不能表示出实际的云顶情况。层状云降水阶段,云雷达反射率随高度降低增长缓慢,雨滴在下落过程中受蒸发和碰并的共同作用,反射率降低。与层状云降水相比,层积混合云降水的碰并效应强,且由于前期降水对近地面的增湿作用,使云下蒸发弱。对流云降水阶段,反射率的增长主要发生在冰水混合层,有利于大滴的产生,拓宽了云滴谱,提高了碰并效率。     

上海地区几类强降水雨滴谱特征分析

用Parsivel激光降水粒子谱仪资料对2013年上海地区4—10月份期间4种类型 (层状云、对流暖云主导型、对流冷云主导型和强台风影响下的混合暖云型) 降水过程的雨滴谱特征进行了分析。通过平均雨滴谱及其拟合特征、雨滴数密度与含水量分布、雨滴尺度与速度二维谱分布等对比分析发现:各类降水中, 雨滴谱的峰值结构与雨强大小有关, 其中直径介于0.187~1.312 mm的小雨滴均出现峰值且总数最多。各尺度雨滴数密度及其比例决定了其降水量贡献比, 在冷云强降水中的雨强贡献最大的雨滴尺度要显著大于其他3种类型。雨滴谱宽按大小排列依次为对流冷云主导型、混合暖云型、对流暖云主导型和层状云。最后综合运用雨滴谱、雷达、雨量站、闪电等观测资料对9月13日对流冷云主导型降水过程进行分析后发现:在雷暴的演变过程中, 雨滴谱特征与雷达反射率因子、垂直液态水含量、自动站雨强、闪电频次等要素均有较好的相关性。冷云产生的冰晶和冰雹融化后的大雨滴进入中低层的广谱小雨滴群, 并通过破碎分裂增加了大雨滴的形成概率, 尤其是捕捉碰并过程更加快了大雨滴的增长速度, 使雨强在短时间内迅速加强。雨滴谱中各档粒子数的演变, 揭示了降水强度的变化, 用雨滴谱资料可有效弥补现有雷达定量估测降水的偏差, 且在冷云中改善明显。     

基于TRMM卫星资料对四川盆地降水的三维结构特征分析

利用TRMM卫星多种探测仪器得到的观测资料,分析研究2010年7月15~18日由西南低涡引发的四川盆地区域性暴雨天气过程,重点揭示了该次过程降水的三维结构特征。结果表明:红外和微波亮温数据均能从一定侧面反映低涡云系的降水特征;西南低涡引发的降水属于中尺度系统降水,层云降水对总降水的贡献率超过90%,存在明显的亮带结构;大范围降水区内包含一条主雨带和若干独立的对流性雨团,表现为大范围层云降水围绕对流降水的结构特征,对流性降水云顶最高能发展到17km,局部最大降水率出现在2~5km高度;降水凸起部分为独立的对流降水云团,呈塔状立体结构。      

Numerical Simulation of Torrential Rainfall and Vortical Hot Towers in a Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective System

A cloud-resolving model simulation of a mesoscale convective system （MCS） producing torrential rainfall is performed with the finest horizontal resolution of 444 m. It is shown that the model reproduces the observed MCS, including its rainfall distribution and amounts, as well as the timing and location of leading rainbands and trailing stratiform clouds. Results show that discrete convective hot towers, shown in Vis5D at a scale of 2-5 kin, are triggered by evaporatively driven cold outflows converging with the high-θe air ahead. Then, they move rearward, with respect to the leading rainbands, to form stratiform clouds. These convective towers generate vortical tubes of opposite signs, with more intense cyclonic vorticity occurring in the leading convergence zone. The results appear to have important implications for the improvement of summertime quantitative precipitation forecasts and the understanding of vortical hot towers, as well midlevel mesoscale convective vortices.     

DIURNAL CYCLES OF CONVECTIVE AND STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION OVER NORTH CHINA DURING SUMMER

The diurnal cycles of precipitation over north China during summer in four strong rainfall years are examined using two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling data. The diurnal signals are analyzed in terms of precipitation budget, fractional rainfall coverage and rain intensity over convective and stratiform rainfall area. The analysis of precipitation budget shows that the diurnal cycles of convective and stratiform precipitation mainly correspond respectively to those of water vapor convergence and transport of hydrometeor from convective rainfall area to stratiform rainfall area in 1964, 1994 and 1995, whereas they mainly correspond to those of water vapor convergence in 2013. The diurnal cycles of convective and stratiform precipitation are mainly associated with those of rain intensity in 1964, 1994 and 1995. In 2013, the diurnal cycle of stratiform precipitation is mainly related to that of fractional rainfall coverage over stratiform rainfall area. The multiple peaks of convective precipitation mainly correspond to the rain intensity maxima associated with strong water vapor convergence.     

一次西南低涡特大暴雨的中尺度对流云团特征

针对2007年7月8~10日四川盆地南部的特大暴雨天气过程,利用逐小时红外云顶黑体亮度温度结合地面加密雨量资料对其进行了对比分析。分析指出此次特大暴雨是由西南低涡内几个中尺度对流云团连续生消造成的,在其开始阶段有一中尺度对流复合体沿基本气流方向强烈发展,此阶段云团虽发展旺盛,但由于雨团随系统移动较快,并未造成洪灾。此云团减弱后,低涡环流仍维持并少动,又依次触发了3个中尺度对流的生成,这3个中尺度对流云团逆基本气流向SSW方向缓慢移动,造成的降水落区集中,中心雨强大,持续时间长,由此导致了暴雨洪涝的产生。强降水位置对于前向传播系统,一是在其发展的前端,二是在冷云中心的略偏后的位置,最大雨强出现在云团成熟之前发展最剧烈时,而后向传播的低涡云团强降水主要在冷云中心附近,最大雨强出现在云团发展最旺盛(冷云中心TBB最低)时。     

一次川渝大暴雨的中尺度分析

利用逐时FY-2CTBB资料、闪电资料、自动站雨量资料和经过再分析的中尺度格点分析场资料,分析2007年7月16-20日发生在川渝地区的暴雨天气过程中尺度特征,为评估、预报此类暴雨天气过程提供有价值的信息.分析结果表明:本次降水过程是高原涡和西南涡两个中尺度系统逐步耦合的结果,与上升气流相伴的强而深厚的正涡度柱是造成对流辐合体反复在相近区域生、消和暴雨反复在临近区域发生的重要因素之一;西南低涡环流中的三个中尺度云团系统(MCS)直接产生了本次暴雨过程的强降水,MCS的生消和青藏高原东部的对流云系具有翘翘板效应;对卫星云图Tbb值、闪电资料和强降水的综合分析表明闪电发生于降水之前约1～3小时,强降水基本出现在闪电密集区和低Tbb值重合区;闪电的移动方向基本可以代表对流旺盛区的移动方向,也就是未来可能出现强降水的方向.闪电突然增强或减弱对于追踪对流降水的发生和移向、判断强降水的增强或减弱、强降水出现时间、位置、变化趋势具有一定的指示意义.     

2016年7月18—20日湖北省特大暴雨过程的中尺度特征分析

利用多种常规和非常规观测资料诊断分析了湖北2016年7月18—20日特大暴雨过程的降水特点以及中尺度对流系统(MCS)的发生发展特征和环境场条件,结果表明：此次特大暴雨过程具有很强的极端性,分为梅雨锋南侧暖区降水和梅雨锋面降水两个阶段,都具有较为极端的水汽条件。第一阶段在地面风场辐合的作用下触发了初生对流单体,西南低空急流出现脉动,湿层的增厚促进了强雷暴的发展。新生单体在雷暴上游生成,迅速并入强雷暴,后向传播是其稳定少动的重要原因之一。强盛阶段,强雷暴具有暖云低质心的特征,低层垂直风切变与雷暴偏北风出流的方向配置、中气旋的出现都促进了上升运动,促使强雷暴长时间维持,造成了马良站连续数小时出现高强度降水。第二阶段,环境风平行分量远大于垂直分量,促进了东北—西南向平行层状MCS（PS型MCS）的形成。具有多单体依次排列的特征,新生单体在系统西南侧地面辐合线的作用下不断生成发展,使得PS型MCS增强维持,移动缓慢。马良站受到PS型MCS对流线和西北侧层状回波的影响,小时强降水明显较第一阶段偏弱。     

人工增雨农业减灾技术研究

该项目在河南、山东、吉林3省建立了层状云人工增雨外场观测作业试验区，研制了层状云数值模式，结合分析得出了层状云人工增雨新的概念模型、相应的催化条件判据和作业指标；研制了催化条件的飞机实时识别技术和地面综合集成识别技术；建立了中尺度层状云系数值模拟预报的实时业务和省级的人工增雨综合技术系统（催化条件综合识别判据、实时监测识别技术、催化指标和作业决策系统等），提出了相应的作业流程。 在鄂西北（十堰市）对流云人工增雨作业试验区进行了大量外场观测和作业试验，用研制的三维对流云催化模式进行实时预报和催化数值试验，初步提出了催化的最佳部位、时机和剂量；开发应用了高成核率火箭；用雷达识别作业条件并建立了指挥作业的技术流程，因而大大减少了作业的盲目性，提高了对流云人工增雨作业的科学性。     

一次典型降水层状云的结构特征和增雨潜势分析

利用FY-2C卫星资料、雷达资料和逐时降水资料及NCAR/NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料,对2005年9月24-25日河南省出现的层状云降水过程进行了分析。结果表明:影响降水过程的是低槽—切变云系,切变线云系为暖云云系,结构较均匀,低槽云系主体为冷云,云顶亮温不均匀,有低亮温带结构,当东移的低槽云系与北抬的切变线云系叠加后,叠加区上有中小尺度云团活动,促使降水加强。强降水出现在700 hPa、850 hPa切变线之间及500 hPa低槽前部,并与云顶亮温的发展变化趋势表现出相似性;500 hPa槽前、700 hPa切变线北侧的降水,雨强与亮温值的对应关系不确定。这主要是由于低槽云系和切变线云系的叠加部位不仅具有深厚的湿层,而且具有较强的动力抬升和水汽辐合条件;切变线北侧处于低空辐散区且水汽条件较差,自然降水产生的条件不是很好。最后借助于FY-2C卫星资料反演的云物理参数,对低槽—切变云系的增雨潜势进行了简要分析,认为低槽—切变云系上云顶温度较高的部位符合“播云窗”概念,具有很好的增雨潜势,切变线北侧的低槽云系由于云顶温度低、低空水汽不充分,“播撒—供应”机制不能很好地建立,其增雨潜势条件也弱。