甘肃北山牛圈子蛇绿岩铷—锶同位素年龄及其大地构造意义

甘肃北山地区早古生代蛇绿岩受阿尔金北东向左行走滑断裂影响,被分割成白云山-洗肠井蛇绿岩段、通畅口-牛圈子蛇绿岩段、白玉山-红柳河蛇绿岩段.牛圈子蛇绿岩属洋壳型蛇绿岩,蛇绿岩各单元岩石发育齐全,与东部洗肠井洋壳型蛇绿岩和西部红柳河洋壳型蛇绿岩相似,牛圈子蛇绿熔岩Rb-Sr同位素年龄为463±18Ma,与洗肠井蛇绿熔岩夹层中放射虫时代一致,为中奥陶世-晚奥陶世早期,红柳河蛇绿岩尚无可靠时代依据.通过构造恢复,上述3条蛇绿岩段在早古生代为统一的早古生代蛇绿岩带,这条早古生代蛇绿岩带属早古生代塔里木板块和哈萨克斯坦板块间的缝合带.     

乌苏县莫托沟─古尔图蛇绿岩特征

通过对莫托沟─古尔图蛇绿岩特征的研究，认为该区蛇绿岩尽管受到强烈的多期构造肢解，但根据岩石类型仍能恢复蛇绿岩的原始层序，代表了早石炭世－中石炭世强烈拉张所形成的海盆壳－幔型建造残块，是古洋壳最后闭合的一部分。因此，笔者认为：巴音沟─莫托沟─古尔图蛇绿岩套，是哈萨克斯坦板块与塔里木板块多次聚合俯冲所形成的，是划分两大板块界线的重要依据之一。     

内蒙古中段蛇绿岩特征及地质意义

在内蒙古中段的中朝古板块与西伯利亚古板块之间，发育了许多大小不等、呈ＮＥＥ向断续延伸的蛇绿岩块。本文对蛇绿岩的层序、岩石组合、矿物成分、岩石化学特征、形成时代及构造环境进行了系统的描述。其中北部的索伦山－贺根山蛇绿岩带，位于西伯利亚古板块南侧，延伸达６００ｋｍ，上部被下二叠统砾岩所不整合覆盖，并在灰岩和硅质岩中分别产有中石炭世化石及中－晚泥盆世放射虫、珊瑚化石，表明它形成于晚古生代。而南部的温都尔庙－柯单山蛇绿岩带，断续延长约３４０ｋｍ，位于中朝古板块的北缘，在硅质岩中产放射虫、软舌螺、介形虫等化石，还测得枕状熔岩之Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ年龄为６３０Ｍａ，证明其时代为早寒武－中奥陶世。上述大型蛇绿岩带是古板块俯冲作用的结果，是确定洋壳与陆壳碰撞（或对接）位置及时代的重要证据。此外，一些小的蛇绿岩块则是区域性逆冲断层发育的伴生产物。     

新疆艾母土巴斯它乌蛇绿岩地质特征

艾母土巴斯它乌蛇绿岩为区域上阿拉尔—巴音沟—古尔图蛇绿岩带的西延部分,是华力西中期准噶尔微板块与伊犁—伊赛克湖微板块俯冲带的重要组成部分,为该处存在微板块缝合带提供了依据。带内发育早石炭世洋盆火山—沉积岩系、蛇绿岩。地球化学特征显示蛇绿岩于早石炭世晚期形成于微洋盆扩张环境。     

蛇绿岩、蛇绿岩上覆岩系及其与洋壳的对比

文中由蛇绿岩和蛇绿岩上覆岩系的差别,引出上部洋壳和下部洋壳的概念。指出下部洋壳和上部洋壳有许多不同之处：首先它们的组成不同,下部洋壳仅由镁铁超镁铁岩组成,包括玄武岩、辉长岩、超镁铁质堆晶岩等;而上部洋壳则由沉积岩（主要是深海相的,少量为浅海相）和长英质、镁铁质以及超镁铁的喷出岩（及少量侵入岩）组成。其次洋壳岩浆的成因和形成方式不同,下洋壳产于板块扩张脊,是板块扩张作用的产物;上洋壳产于扩张轴外,属于轴外岩浆系列。当洋盆闭合洋壳侵位到陆壳之上时,下洋壳即成为蛇绿岩,而上洋壳则构成蛇绿岩的上覆岩系。     

新疆北天山巴音沟南侧发育早泥盆纪蛇绿岩及其构造意义

北天山晚古生代蛇绿岩带的巴音沟蛇绿岩是该带的重要组成部分和典型代表。传统意义的巴音沟蛇绿岩带在区内分南北两支,南支为贝勒克蛇绿岩带,北支为巴音沟蛇绿岩带,分别代表早泥盆世末和早石炭世末的两条不同古洋壳残片。     

新疆东昆仑鸭子泉蛇绿岩的基本特征及其大地构造意义

鸭子泉蛇绿岩位于新疆东昆仑祁漫塔格山系中部, 与阿尔金断裂平行产出, 由超基性岩、基性岩和拉斑玄武岩等组成。它侵位于早石炭世含放射虫的深海沉积物中, 可能代表了东昆仑祁漫塔格地区晚古生代的板块俯冲带。蛇绿岩可能来源于俯冲带附近的由小型扩张中心形成的次生洋壳, 之后由于消减作用, 侵位到深海沉积物中, 形成了造山带中的蛇绿岩。     

甘肃红石山蛇绿岩地球化学特征及构造环境

红石山蛇绿岩产出于塔里木板块北缘红石山深大断裂带中,主要由变质橄榄岩、辉长岩和玄武岩组成。玄武岩的主要地球化学特征与MORB相似,微量元素特征表明它属N-MORB。结合区域地质特征,认为红石山蛇绿岩早期为初始洋盆环境,晚期有洋脊扩张中心环境的玄武岩形成。早石炭世早期是洋盆发育的全盛期,早石炭世晚期洋壳发生消减,于二叠纪晚期构造侵位,伴有绿片岩相变质作用。     

试论南秦岭勉略宁三角地带岛弧型的蛇绿岩套

蛇绿岩套主要是基性、超基性成分的火山岩和深成岩的杂岩体。它常出现于显生宙的各个造山带中。按现代海底岩石学的研究表明,海洋地壳的岩石组成与蛇绿岩套基本一致,因而推测蛇绿岩套代表古海洋地壳和地幔顶部的残块,这就是最近十几年来,很多研究者所支持的蛇绿岩为洋壳碎块的假说。按板块构造学说,洋壳是在洋中脊形成的,以后转移到岩石圈板块聚合边界的消亡带,因此蛇绿岩主要沿两个板块的接触线附近的俯冲板块一侧分布。最近,都城秋穗根据蛇绿岩杂岩体中的火山岩,将蛇绿岩分为三类,每类都代表在不同的地质环境下形成。     

西藏泽当蛇绿混杂岩研究新进展

泽当蛇绿混杂岩是雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带重要组成部分，受控于板块结合带，它与国内、外某些典型的层序性蛇绿岩能够对比，形成于板内拉张裂谷，属边缘海或小洋盆的产物，是跨越三叠纪－早白垩世。     

The geological history and geodynamics of the Earth

The Earth formed through a hot accretion process. Almost simultaneously, the core and the mantle were separated from each other. At the final stages of the accretion process, the outer layer approximately 2000 km thick was molten, thus representing a magma ocean. This magma ocean produced the primary crust of the Earth. Surface waters were precipitated from the atmosphere and released from the crystallizing magma ocean. The plate tectonic processes started at around 4.3 to 4 Ga BP. In the Archean, the overall tectonic mechanism was quite specific, due to substantially higher mantle temperature and thicker oceanic crust. The normal plate tectonics acted during the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic with the periodic assembly of continents, which are known as supercontinent cycles.     

西准噶尔蛇绿岩:古大洋俯冲增生过程的记录

蛇绿岩记录了大洋岩石圈形成、演化、消亡的全过程,是刻画区域板块构造和洋 陆格局演化的关键证据。本文通过系统梳理前人相关研究,总结西准噶尔蛇绿岩最新研究成果,探讨大陆地壳增生方式、恢复古大洋演化历史,从而对西准噶尔构造体制转化提供新制约。西准噶尔地区发育多条震旦纪—石炭纪被构造肢解的蛇绿岩带,具有典型的岩块 基质结构,绝大多数蛇绿岩包括正常洋壳组分和海山/大洋高原残片,其中基性岩具有MORB和OIB的地球化学特征。基于前人研究,本文认为在西准噶尔古大洋发育过程中,发育不同时代与地幔柱有关的海山/大洋高原,同时存在增生型和侵蚀型两类汇聚板块边界。另外,大洋高原增生不仅是大陆地壳增生的有效途径之一,还可能诱发俯冲极性反转和传递。而在大洋高原形成初期,还可能存在地幔柱诱发俯冲起始机制。     

华北古陆的形成与构造演化史

以华北古陆为例，论述了地球演化史中经历的三大阶段：（１）古陆的形成阶段（４６００～１８００Ｍａ）：地球形成早期，以地幔对流为主导作用，到早太古宙出现初始古陆核，地幔对流驱动的地体拼贴和板底垫托是陆壳形成的主要方式；中太古宙开始出现一定规模的坳陷盆地，发育了基性火山岩 碎屑岩 镁质碳酸盐岩等表壳岩，同时伴随着大量中基性、花岗质岩浆活动；晚太古宙和早元古宙是陆壳形成的主要时期，并已具现今板块活动特征。地幔热柱与板块构造共同控制着地壳运动。（２）古陆稳定发展阶段（１８００～２５０Ｍａ）：地幔热柱活动较弱，古陆主要表现为缓慢的升降运动（造陆运动）。（３）地球新活动时期（２５０Ｍａ至今）：地幔热柱活动进入一个新的活跃时期。岩石圈发生明显的热减薄，地幔热柱表现为多级演化，并导致盆岭系的形成。     

华北克拉通的形成以及早期板块构造

地球上最早的地壳岩石是高钠的花岗质(TTG)岩石,但是否有更老的洋壳存在过、以及陆壳是怎样形成的,涉及到地球动力学几乎所有的问题。其中板块构造是在什么时候开始的,就是个延续了数十年热度不减的前沿科学问题。流行的说法是板块构造始于新元古代,也有一些学者认为在新太古代就已经开始,或者认为自从地球上有了水的记录,就开始有板块构造。在众多的判别板块构造的标志中,蛇绿岩残片和古老的高压变质岩无疑是两个最具影响力的问题。前者可以确定有远古的古老洋壳存在过并成为缝合带中的残片,后者可以指示曾有地表的岩石单元被俯冲到深部,是俯冲、消减与碰撞的岩石学证据。本文在讨论和比较了太古宙绿岩带与蛇绿岩,以及早前寒武纪高温高压(HTHP)麻粒岩/高温—超高温(HT-UHT)麻粒岩与造山带高压变质带之后,认为尚不能作为板块构造的证据。本文还对华北的新太古代末的稳定大陆形成以及古元古代活动带的裂谷-俯冲-碰撞进行了论述。提出华北克拉通在新太古代末的绿岩带-高级区格局可能标志着热体制下有限的横向活动构造,微陆块被火山-沉积岩系焊接,随后发生变质作用和花岗岩化,完成稳定大陆的克拉通化过程。其构造机制可能是适度规模且多发的地幔柱构造控制下小尺度的横向构造运动的机制。华北克拉通的古元古代活动带有与绿岩带-高级区不同的构造样式,表壳岩带状分布,经受了强烈的变形以及中级变质作用,伴随花岗岩的侵入,虽然没有蛇绿岩和高压变质带,但已表现出板块构造的雏形特征。     

太古宙—元古宙过渡分界及成矿动力体制转换

太古宙与元古宙之间分界时限较窄、测年数据偏新和混乱, 极大遏制了地球早期基础地质的深入研究.通过太古宙与元古宙分界标志和过渡标志的确定, 将太古代—元古代间动力体制转换类型划分为4种: 挤压体制向扩张体制转换; 垂直运动与水平运动间转换; 水平主压应力场转换; 地幔柱体制向板块构造体制转换.太古代与元古代间动力体制转换产物主要为真核生物、放射性元素、岩浆、矿产, 各自形成时限可达(3~5) × 108 a.太古宙与元古宙之间分界不应以单一年代划分, 而是一个渐变过渡的界线, 可初步确定在2.2 0~2.80Ga之间.太古宙—元古宙界线的划分应与地球动力学和构造体制等重大事件相联系, 此研究为探求早期深部成矿作用带来新的启迪      

The building blocks of continental crust: Evidence for a major change in the tectonic setting of continental growth at the end of the Archean

Oceanic arcs are commonly cited as primary building blocks of continents, yet modern oceanic arcs are mostly subducted. Also, lithosphere buoyancy considerations show that oceanic arcs (even those with a felsic component) should readily subduct. With the exception of the Arabian–Nubian orogen, terranes in post-Archean accretionary orogens comprise < 10% of accreted oceanic arcs, whereas continental arcs compose 40–80% of these orogens. Nd and Hf isotopic data suggest that accretionary orogens include 40–65% juvenile crustal components, with most of these (> 50%) produced in continental arcs.Felsic igneous rocks in oceanic arcs are depleted in incompatible elements compared to average continental crust and to felsic igneous rocks from continental arcs. They have lower Th/Yb, Nb/Yb, Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, reflecting shallow mantle sources in which garnet did not exist in the restite during melting. The bottom line of these geochemical differences is that post-Archean continental crust does not begin life in oceanic arcs. On the other hand, the remarkable similarity of incompatible element distributions in granitoids and felsic volcanics from continental arcs is consistent with continental crust being produced in continental arcs.During the Archean, however, oceanic arcs may have been thicker due to higher degrees of melting in the mantle, and oceanic lithosphere would be more buoyant. These arcs may have accreted to each other and to oceanic plateaus, a process that eventually led to the production of Archean continental crust. After the Archean, oceanic crust was thinner due to cooling of the mantle and less melt production at ocean ridges, hence, oceanic lithosphere is more subductable. Widespread propagation of plate tectonics in the late Archean may have led not only to rapid production of continental crust, but to a change in the primary site of production of continental crust, from accreted oceanic arcs and oceanic plateaus in the Archean to primarily continental arcs thereafter.     

大陆的起源

太阳系固体星球都有类似的核-幔-壳结构,但唯独人类居住的地球具有长英质组成的大陆壳.太古宙大陆克拉通主要由英云闪长岩(Tonalite)-奥长花岗岩(Trondhjemite)-花岗闪长岩(Granodiorite)为主的TTG深成侵入体变质而成的正片麻岩和由基性-超基性酸性火山岩及少量沉积岩变质的表壳岩(绿岩)组成....     

Alkaline magmatism and enriched mantle reservoirs: Mechanisms, time, and depth of formation

Alkaline magmatism has occurred since 2.5–2.7 Ga and its abundance has continuously increased throughout the Earth’s history. Alkaline rocks appeared on the Earth with changes in the geodynamic regime of our planet, i.e., when plume tectonics was supplemented by plate tectonics. Global-scale development of plate tectonics at the Archean—Proterozoic boundary initiated subduction of already significantly oxidized oceanic crust enriched in volatiles and large-scale mantle metasomatism caused the formation of enriched reservoirs as sources of alkaline and carbonatite magmatism. Study of metasomatized mantle material showed the occurrence of traces of primary carbonatite melts, which are strongly enriched in rare elements, according to ion-microprobe analyses. The results obtained allowed us to propose a new two-stage genetic model for Ca-rich carbonatites including (1) metasomatic wehrlitization and carbonatization of mantle material and (2) partial melting of wehrlitized mantle with formation of carbonate-rich melts or three immiscible liquids (at high alkali contents), i.e., silicate, carbonatitic, and sulfide (at high sulfur activity). Original Russian Text L.N. Kogarko, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 1, pp. 5–13.     

地质历史中板块构造启动时间

地质历史中板块构造是何时开始启动的长期存在着激烈的争论,最极端的一是认为板块构造在新元古代的800 Ma前开始,二是在冥古宙4.3 Ga就已启动,多数学者认为在太古宙末开始启动。确定板块构造启动时间主要依据以下几方面:(1)地球动力学特点,如地幔的热状态以及粘塑性地幔对流模拟表明,板块构造可能是在地球热和冷停滞状态之间演化的一个相。在太古宙较热的地球中,板片强度低,板片的频繁断离阻止了形成类似现代样式的长期俯冲体系,太古宙的板块构造是短期的、阵发性的;(2)代表俯冲的标志的蛇绿岩、蓝片岩和超高压(UHP)变质地体;(3)具有弧特征的岩石组合,如拉斑玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩及英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩(TTG)岩套;(4)增生楔中混杂岩和大洋板块地层、前陆盆地、大陆裂谷、双变质带、造山带;(5)与俯冲带关系密切的造山型Au矿、斑岩Cu矿和浅成热液矿床、火山岩型块状硫化物矿床(VHMS),它们最早出现的年龄一致在3.5~3.1 Ga,指示了板块构造的开始;(6)世界不同地区大陆的Ni/Co、Cr/Zn比值随沉积年龄变年轻而降低,陆壳从3.0 Ga前的镁铁质转变为2.5 Ga时的长英质,表明全球板块构造的启动应在3.0 Ga的古中太古代;(7)冥古宙锆石、太古宙金刚石中矿物包裹体及Hf、O、C、N同位素组成研究表明,冥古宙地球表面存在类似板块汇聚边缘,太古宙含有大陆沉积物的海洋岩石圈俯冲进入地幔。     

Plate tectonics,flood basalts and the evolution of Earth’s oceans

The chemical composition of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) indicates that the present‐day thermal budget of Earth is likely to be characterized by a significant excess of surface heat loss over internal heat generation, indicating an important role of secular cooling in Earth’s history. When combined with petrological constraints on the degree of secular cooling, this thermal budget places a tight constraint on permissible heat‐flow scaling for mantle convection, along with implications for the operation of plate tectonics on Earth, the history of mantle plumes and flood basalt magmatism, and the origin and evolution of Earth’s oceans. In the presence of plate tectonics, hotter mantle may have convected more slowly because it generates thicker dehydrated lithosphere, which could slow down subduction. The intervals of globally synchronous orogenies are consistent with the predicted variation of plate velocity for the last 3.6 Gyr. Hotter mantle also produces thicker, buoyant basaltic crust, and the subductability of oceanic lithosphere is a critical factor regarding the emergence of plate tectonics before the Proterozoic. Moreover, sluggish convection in the past is equivalent to reduced secular cooling, thus suggesting a more minor role of mantle plumes in the early Earth. Finally, deeper ocean basins are possible with slower plate motion in the past, and Earth’s oceans in the Archean is suggested to have had about twice as much water as today, and the mantle may have started as dry and have been gradually hydrated by subduction. The global water cycle may thus be dominated by regassing, rather than degassing, pointing towards the impact origin of Earth’s oceans, which is shown to be supported by the revised composition of the BSE.