日本紫菜加工技术

日本紫菜生产历史悠久,产量和消费量均名列世界前茅。笔者曾赴日就日本的紫菜养殖及其加工技术进行考察,现就日本紫菜加工技术和开展我国紫菜加工技术研究问题,谈一些体会和看法。     

坛紫菜与条斑紫菜轮栽试验

于1987—1989年利用人工培苗和潮间带栽培方法进行了坛紫菜和条斑紫菜轮栽试验。结果表明,用加大育苗室的采光面积、保温和缩短光照时间促熟措施,可使坛紫菜丝状体在8月初开始大量放散壳孢子,8—9月中旬采壳孢子苗,采苗后约35天开始采收紫菜,至12月初结束。9月中旬采苗的,亩产干品83.3kg。条斑紫菜丝状体按常规法育苗,于10月中旬采壳孢子苗,先在海上密挂育苗,至11月底取下坛紫菜网,将条斑网分挂到坛紫菜架上,进行了两种紫菜的轮换栽培,直至翌年5月初结束,亩产干品120.1kg。两种紫菜总产量达203.4kg,比单作增产近一倍。     

紫菜——高营养的海产品

紫菜,又名“索菜”属红藻门、红毛等种的食用海生藻类植物,生长在温暖浅海的岩礁上。它鲜时有青色,于后变紫色“散生时正青、乾时紫色”。《闽书》有曰:“故称紫菜”。紫菜干制品供食用,其营养好,口味鲜美,脆嫩爽口、可解油腻、别具风味,既为菜蔬,又可入药,并有特殊的香草味而倍受人们欢迎。现在常见的紫菜品种颇多,如甘紫菜、边紫菜、长紫菜、坛紫菜、丝紫菜、条斑紫菜等。     

试谈盐城市北部滩涂发展条斑紫菜生产问题

条斑紫菜味美而含有丰富蛋白质,多种维生素和无机盐类,是具有防治动脉硬化及高血压之功效的一种食用海藻,畅销国内外市场。我省南通市是全国条斑紫菜养殖加工的主要生产基地,生产实践证明紫菜养殖具有效益大,周期短,与农业生产不争劳动力和技术并不复杂等特点,是充分开发滩涂资源,发展沿海外向型经济,加速沿海经济腾     

打造平安渔业构建和谐渔区

海安县地处沿江、沿海和里下河三大农业区交汇处,海淡水资源丰富,既有海洋渔业又有淡水渔业.全县拥有60马力以下海洋捕捞渔船400多艘,60马力以上海洋捕捞渔船60多艘,大马力紫菜养殖渔船40多艘,海洋从业人员3 000多人;全县海水养殖面积2万多公顷,其中紫菜栽培筏架面积2 000多公顷,全部集中在蒋家沙竹根沙海域,养殖加工企业发展到14家;全县一次紫菜加工机已达37台套,二次加工机6台套,每年一次加工干紫菜8万箱,二次加工紫菜2.5万箱,老坝港镇一次、二次紫菜加工产值达3亿元;全县紫菜养殖总量、加工量和经济效益分别占全国的六分之一、五分之一和四分之一,河豚养殖规模居世界第一.     

“七五”攻关课题“紫菜体细胞育苗”在京通过验收

1990年12月14日,由中国科学院海洋研究所、上海水产大学和青岛海洋大学承担的国家“七五”科技攻关项目“生物技术”专题——“紫菜体细胞育苗”课题在北京通过验收。其中上海水产大学完成的“条斑紫菜体细胞快速育苗技术”子课题在1990年5月通过了专家通讯鉴定,青岛海洋大学完成的“条斑紫菜酶解细胞育苗”子课题在1990年10月通过专家现场鉴定。     

利用后期紫菜制取“细菌培养基用琼胶”通过鉴定

利用后期紫菜制取“细菌培养基用琼胶”,经浙江省科委主持于1986年11月在杭州通过鉴定。 “细菌培养基用琼胶”是工业、农业、医药各部门应用很广泛的生物制品。我国过去一直用石花菜和江蓠生产这种琼胶。因受资源的限制,产量受到影响。随着紫菜养殖业的发展,人们对开发利用不能食用的后期紫菜引起了重视。 中国科学院海洋研究所科技人员经过研究,提出了一套用后期紫菜生产“细菌培养基用琼胶”的工     

中国坛紫菜和条斑紫菜中的氨基酸组成和营养价值的研究

关于紫菜氨基酸组成和食用价值已有报道,伹不够详细;对紫菜质量等级的划分,目前仍根据收割时间和外观来评级,缺乏科学依据。本文报道了我国养殖的条斑紫菜和坛紫菜的氨基酸组成和营养价值。并结合养殖地点、采集时间、采集次数以及加工方法进行了初步讨论。     

五种紫菜同工酶标记的遗传分析

用垂直凝胶电泳来研究采自中国的（条斑紫菜×坛紫菜）杂交种、坛紫菜、条斑紫菜、少精紫菜、半叶紫菜的同工酶多态性。然后分析最小可能位点数和观察同位基因数、遗传差异性和采用平均连接聚类法。选取23种酶带中的六个酶（MDH,ME,LDH,GDH,IDH和G-6-PDH）进行分析。最小可能等位基因位点数显示五种紫菜在ME等位基因位点都只有一个。LDH和GDH等位基因位点半叶紫菜和少精紫菜和另外的三种紫菜不同,而在分析MDH时半叶紫菜比较独特。在IDH位点分析时少精紫菜和坛紫菜和其他三种不同,而条斑紫菜和坛紫菜和其他三种不同在G-6-PDH位点不一致。总的来看,最小可能等位基因位点数分析半叶紫菜是最分离的。遗传多样性结果分析表明当遗传相似度为0．7550时,五种紫菜中的遗传变异研究受到限制。条斑紫菜和坛紫菜的杂交种非常接近少精紫菜。当遗传相似度达到0．8937时,出乎意料的是条斑紫菜和坛紫菜遗传同一。性很低。条斑紫菜4个株系的平均遗传相似度仅为0．7428,差异比较大。在所有紫菜中半叶紫菜是最分化的分支,它与最小可能等位基因位点数分析一致。     

启东紫菜产业生机盎然

今年以来,启东紫菜养殖、加工、出口呈现一片兴旺景象。到目前为止,已产干菜600吨,产值达1300万元;加工紫菜干品5万多箱,出口创汇额达百万美元。紫菜养殖产量和出口总量创近几年来同期的最好水平。 位于长江入海口的启东市紧靠浩瀚的吕四渔场,有着77.5公里长的海岸线,沿海滩涂辽阔,水质肥沃,是紫菜生长的天然场所。吕四渔民早在70年代就选定条斑紫菜作为养殖品种。     

Life habit of vesicomyid clam,Calyptogena soyoae,and hydrogen sulfide concentration in interstitial waters in Sagami Bay,Japan

In and around the beds of vesicomyid clam (Calytogena soyoae) located off Hatsushima Island in Sagami Bay, central Japan, hydrogen sulfide concentration in bottom water and interstitial water was measured every 10 cm from just above seafloor to 40 cm deep usingin situ separative dialysis bags. While hydrogen sulfide over 0.01 mmol/kg was not measured from the seawater just above the dense clam beds, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide increased rapidly below 10 cm deep. The results indicate that the habit of the clam is correlated with high concentration of hydrogen sulfide contained in pore waters of sediments between depths of 10 and 20 cm from the bottom surface. Concentrations of hydrogen sulfide ranging from approximately 0.05 mmol/kg to 0.6 mmol/kg might be suitable requirement for the habitat ofC. soyoae.     

Biomass accumulation and organic carbon stocks of Kandelia obovata mangrove vegetation under different simulated sea levels

Mangrove forests are vulnerably threatened by sea level rise (SLR). Vegetation organic carbon (OC) stocks are important for mangrove ecosystem carbon cycle. It is critical to understand how SLR affects vegetation OC stocks for evaluating mangrove blue carbon budget and global climate change. In this study, biomass accumulation and OC stocks of mangrove vegetation were compared among three 10 year-old Kandelia obovata (a common species in China) mangrove forests under three intertidal elevations through species-specific allometric equations. This study simulated mangrove forests with SLR values of 0 cm, 40 cm and 80 cm, respectively, representing for the current, future ~100 a and future ~200 a SLR of mangrove forests along the Jiulong River Estuary, China. SLR directly decreased mangrove individual density and inhibited the growth of mangrove vegetation. The total vegetation biomasses were (12.86±0.95) kg/m2, (7.97±0.90) kg/m2 and (3.89±0.63) kg/m2 at Sites SLR 0 cm, SLR 40 cm and SLR 80 cm, respectively. The total vegetation OC stock decreased by approximately 3.85 kg/m2 (in terms of C) from Site SLR 0 cm to Site SLR 80 cm. Significantly lower vegetation biomass and OC stock of various components (stem, branch, leaf and root) were found at Site SLR 80 cm. Annual increments of vegetation biomass and OC stock also decreased with SLR increase. Moreover, significant lower sedimentation rate was found at Site SLR 80 cm. These indicated that SLR will decrease mangrove vegetation biomass and OC stock, which may reduce global blue carbon sink by mangroves, exacerbate global warming and give positive feedback to SLR.     

江苏近海紫菜养殖区的空间扩张模式研究

为精准实施海域使用现状的动态监测与有效管理,开展了江苏近海紫菜养殖区空间扩张模式研究.选取1990年、2000年、2013年和2018年四个时相的Landsat遥感影像为数据源,采用面向对象分类方法提取江苏近海紫菜养殖区的空间分布信息,分别计算1990年、2000年、2013年和2018年江苏近海紫菜区养殖面积并分析其...     

Pop-up bottom seismic recorder (PUBS) of the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences,U.K.

A pop-up bottom seismic recorder designed for seismic refraction experiments was built by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences in 1968. The device is housed within a 71 cm diameter sphere weighing 270 kg when launched. signals picked up by a hydrophone are recorded in analogue form on magnetic tape in the band 2–100 Hz. The total continuous recording period is 12 hr but the lifetime of the system can be effectively extended by cycling the tape-recorders to allow shooting to go on for up to 3 days. Ballast release is by acoustic command or by pre-set clock. The instruments have been used in water depths from 150 to 4820 m making a total of 63 deployments with a 95% recovery rate. A new version with three-component geophones is being built.     

Time and density-dependent properties of fluid mud suspensions,NE brazilian continental shelf

Fluid mud suspensions, defined as containing between 10 to 480 g/liter, occur in numerous estuarine and nearshore continental shelf environments. The quantities of sediment incorporated in fluid mud are enormous, and they must be considered to be of major importance in the transport and deposition of fine-grained sediment in these environments.This study was performed on the NE Brazilian Continental Shelf, a muddy coastline that reaches from the Amazon to the Orinoco, a distance of 1600 km. The fluid mud forms a thick (3 to 5 m) boundary layer that extends 100-km offshore and generally coincides with the 10-m depth contour.The fluid muds appear well-adjusted to the current regime on the NE Brazilian continental shelf. Near-bottom current velocities were seldom greater than 50 cm/sec during the sampling interval. Consequently, yield stress in fluid muds of 1.20 × 10³ kg/m³ and greater was seldom exceeded, and consolidation proceeded without interruption.     

The effects of fisheries management on the Icelandic demersal fish value chain

Iceland׳s fishing industry has outperformed fishing industries in neighboring countries in recent years. This paper identifies key factors in market structure in recent decades that contribute to long run profitability of the Icelandic fishing (and fish processing) industry using semi-structured interviews with industry participants, and compares those with similar results from Norway. Further, the development of profitability in the Icelandic and Norwegian demersal fishing industries is used to assess the long run effects of different management systems on quality, product focus and profitability. The results indicate that three key changes in Icelandic regulation during the 1980s were important to the development of long run profitability within the fishing industry: the abolition of export barriers, the introduction of an individual transferable quota (ITQ) system and the establishment of fish auctions. A large and growing literature supports the role of ITQs in ensuring long run profitability. The importance of market structure for profitability has only recently been identified, affecting the ability of value chains to become market oriented and supply homogenous product flow from heterogeneous raw material. Comparison with Norway indicates that while individual transferable quota management does improve profitability in fishing to a certain extent, management systems must facilitate a strong market connection from consumers, through the stages of retail and processing, to fishers for the full realization of profit potential in the fishing industry.     

A giant piston-corer

A new large piston-coring device utilizing well-casing pipe 14 cm (o.d.), 11 cm (i.d.) has obtained cores over 20 m in length in water depths of 100 to 5000 m. Recovery ratios range from 0·76 to 0·87. Penetration varies between 24 and 29 m with a total core weight of 3200–4000 kg and 2 to 3 m of free fall.     

栉孔扇贝大面积半人工采苗生产技术的研究

栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri(Jones et preston)肉细嫩鲜美,营养丰富,经济价值很高,在国外市场上深受欢迎,为海珍品之一。 我所在连续四年进行扇贝半人工采苗试验和两年半人工采苗生产的基础上,于1981年承担了山东省水产局下达的“扇贝大面积半人工采苗生产技术”的研究课题。通过不断的实践和改进,目前已系统地摸索出提高扇贝半人工采苗率的技术措施。     

食用海藻对肠道菌群及肠道微环境影响的研究

综述了食用海藻对大鼠盲肠肠道菌群及肠道微环境的影响。大鼠喂食添加紫菜等 9种食用海藻的饲料后 ,均能对其盲肠微生物区系及代谢产物和血清脂质水平产生不同的影响 :使肠道中的双歧杆菌数量增加 ,p H值降低 ;抑制血清甘油三酯及血清游离脂肪酸含量。从而改善肠内的生态环境     

Response of early Ruppia cirrhosa litter breakdown to nutrient addition in a coastal lagoon affected by agricultural runoff

The response of early Ruppia cirrhosa Petagna (Grande) litter decomposition to external nitrogen and phosphorus availability in La Tancada (Ebro River, NE Spain), a coastal lagoon that receives agricultural freshwater runoff from rice fields has been examined. Recently abscised dead R. cirrhosa stems were collected and 25 g of fresh weight was placed in litter bags with a mesh size of 100 μm and 1 mm. These bags were fertilised by adding nitrogen (N), a mixture of nitrogen plus phosphorus (N + P), or phosphorus (P), or were left untreated (CT). Macroinvertebrates were retrieved from the bags and the ash-free dry weight, and carbon, and N and P content of the remaining plant material were measured after 0, 3, 7, 14, 22 and 32 days. Litter decomposition rates, k (day⁻¹), were estimated using a simple exponential model. Litter decay was clearly accelerated by the addition of P in the fine (100 μm) litter bags (0.042), but when N was added alone (0.0099) the decomposition rate was lower than in the CT treatments (0.022). No significant difference was observed between the N (0.0099–0.018) and N + P (0.0091–0.015) treatments in either the fine or the coarse (1 mm) litter bags. These results could be attributed to the relatively high availability of external (environmental) and internal (detritus contents) N. No significant effect of macro invertebrates was observed in the CT treatment or under N or P or N + P addition. The ratio between the decomposition rates in coarse and fine litter bags (k_c/k_f) was lower in disturbed Tancada lagoon (0.82) than in Cesine lagoon (2.11), a similar Mediterranean coastal water body with almost pristine conditions. These results indicate that, in addition to data on macroinvertebrate community structure, decomposition rates could also be used to assess water quality in coastal lagoons.