墨西哥湾西北部陆坡气体水合物资源评价

气体水合物是一种似冰状的结晶物质 ,烃类和非烃类气体赋存于水分子笼形格架内。全球海底气体水合物储集层可能含有２×１０１４（Ｓｏｌｏｖｉｅｗ，２０００）～７．６×１０１７ ｍ３（Ｄｂｒｙｎｉｎ等，１９８１）的甲烷。目前 ,在墨西哥湾西北部陆坡水深４４０～＞２４００ｍ处采集了５０个热成因和细菌成因的气体水合物样品。通过活塞柱状取样和科学考察深潜器 ,研究者已经从海底取到细菌成因Ⅰ型构造的甲烷水合物和热成因Ⅱ型和Ｈ型的气体水合物。近年来 ,ＧＯＭ (墨西哥湾 )深水区已经成为对石油勘探具有重要意义的地区。１９９９…     

墨西哥湾天然气水合物资源潜力的评估方法

通过对有关墨西哥湾天然气水合物资源评估方法的文献进行归纳总结,认为地质、技术和经济是影响水合物资源经济潜力评估的三大重要因素,这对于我国未来天然气水合物资源评价具有一定的参考作用。     

墨西哥湾天然气水合物矿产资源预测模型及其应用

墨西哥湾是世界上研究天然气水合物较深入的海区,调查资料丰富,已在50多处采集到天然气水合物样品,具备建立天然气水合物矿产资源预测模型的条件。选择34处已知天然气水合物矿点和34处已知无矿点作为训练区,建立矿点存在与否的预测模型。模型的相关系数值表明墨西哥湾天然气水合物与盐底辟关系密切。将该模型应用于整个墨西哥湾北部,初步获得了天然气水合物存在可能性概率分布图;概率大于0.7的预测单元包含已知矿点中的30个,利用该阈值圈定了墨西哥湾天然气水合物潜在资源分布区。     

世界天然气水合物调查研究进展

天然气水合物潜在的巨大能源效应和对环境可能的影响及潜在的灾害，促使天然气水合物的调查研究日益高涨。概述了加拿大、日本和美国近年的调查研究进展及下一步的调查计划。     

全球天然气水合物资源潜力评价及勘查试采进展

天然气水合物是一种清洁高效的环保型化石能源,分布于世界深水海域和多年冻土带环境之中,资源潜力巨大。最新的评价预测结果表明,全球水合物沉积物中碳资源量介于500~3 000 Gt。作为一种新型的非常规能源,目前其资源量评价预测尚存在不确定性,而且并非所有的天然气水合物都可开采利用。不同赋存形态的天然气水合物构成了能源金字塔,展示了不同类型水合物资源潜力大小及可开发利用的程度。因此,天然气水合物资源潜力评价预测与开发利用正越来越多地受到人们的关注与重视。尽管中国在南海的试采工作取得了重大突破,但如何经济、安全地世界性开采这种新能源仍需要开展更多的研究工作。     

海洋浅表层天然气水合物资源评价

浅表层天然气水合物具有埋藏浅、厚度大、纯度高等特点。现有的评价方法多针对于具有明显BSR反射特征的中深层天然气水合物,而对浅表层天然气水合物的相关研究鲜有发表。本研究通过对国内外浅表层水合物发育区广泛调研,以浅表层水合物的形成机理为基础,探究水合物资源评价方法的选择;以水合物空间展布规律为参考,明确评价范围界定条件;以综合指示特征为参考,分析评价参数的选取依据。并在此基础上,与中深层天然气水合物进行对比,提出浅表层天然气水合物资源刻度区选取及解剖的初步建议,引出评价中存在的问题,梳理出浅表层天然气水合物的资源评价方法的关键问题。     

墨西哥湾北部陆坡天然气水合物成藏系统

为了深入了解墨西哥湾北部陆坡天然气水合物赋存状况、水合物储层特征以及资源评价,借助天然气水合物成藏系统概念,在收集和整理国内外学者的研究成果的基础上提出了散失均衡体系。对该区天然气水合物气体供应、流体运移、聚集成藏及水合物散失均衡体系进行了综合分析,认为散失均衡体系应该作为天然气水合物成藏系统的重要组成部分予以重视。     

南极陆缘天然气水合物特征及资源前景

首先,根据地震反射剖面的似海底反射特征、深海钻探计划(DSDP)和大洋钻探计划(ODP)钻孔沉积物的高甲烷含量、高有机碳含量以及孔隙水盐度、氯离子浓度和硫酸根离子浓度异常等地球物理和地球化学证据推测,南极陆缘有7个潜在的天然气水合物分布区,它们分别为南设得兰陆缘、南极半岛的太平洋陆缘、罗斯海陆缘、威尔克斯地陆缘、普林斯湾陆缘、里瑟-拉森海陆缘和南奥克尼群岛东南陆缘等。其次,从气源条件、沉积条件、热流及温压条件和地质构造条件等对南极陆缘天然气水合物的成藏条件进行了分析,认为该陆缘具备天然气水合物形成和赋存的有利地质条件。最后,对南极陆缘天然气水合物的资源前景进行了探讨,认为其资源量非常可观。     

The distribution of phenylalkanes in the modern sediment associated with gas hydrate from the Gulf of Mexico

Phenylalkanes with carbon numbers between 16 and 19, characterized by the main carbon-18, have been identified in the modern sediments collected from gas hydrate area from the Gulf of Mexico. The structure of phenylalkanes with four isomers for every carbon number was determined by means of their mass spectra and previous studies. The distribution of the series characterized by a low molecular mass was similar to the distribution of n-alkane, alkylcyclohexanes and alkylbenzenes in each sample. There were differences in the distribution of the phenylalkane series between the S - 1, S - 4, S - 7, S - 9 samples and the S - 8, S - 10 and S - 11 samples. The phenylalkanes might be derived from Archaea associated with anaerobic oxidation of methane （AOM） processes in S - 1, S -4, S -7 and S -9 samples according to their distribution resembled with the distribution of the extract from a type of Archaea. The distribution of alkylcyclohexanes and alkylbenzenes in S - 1, S - 4, S - 7 and S - 9 sample was found to be similar to each other. The odd-over-even predominance of alkylcyclohexanes was seen as the input of some bac- terial.     

天然气水合物资源潜力评价

作为一种新型能源的天然气水合物越来越引起人们的重视。研究表明,在永冻区水合物主要存在于地下130～2000m,海洋中的水合物主要存在于海底以下100～1100m,水合物矿层的厚度可从几厘米到30m左右。目前海相和极地永冻区水合物资源量估计约为20000万亿m^3。近些年来,很多国家包括日本、印度和美国投入大量的资金进行水合物资源的研究。虽然在有些基础性问题的研究上,如对已证实的含水合物地层中水合物聚集的资源量的估算等方面存在差异,但这些研究项目的开展可以帮助我们了解水合物储层的属性、开采体系的设计以及更为重要的开采成本及经济效益等关键性问题。     

A Preliminary Trophic Model of the Continental Shelf, South-western Gulf of Mexico

A preliminary mass-balance trophic model was constructed to determine the flow of energy in a community of fish and invertebrates on the continental shelf of the south-western Gulf of Mexico. Input parameters were taken from the literature, except for the biomass of fish groups which was obtained from trawl surveys in the study area. The model consists of 12 fish groups, five invertebrate groups, phytoplankton and detritus. Results indicate an imbalance between primary production and consumption, with only about 10% of primary production being consumed in the water column. Most of the primary production is exported to detritus which forms the basis of the food-web, with a detritivory/herbivory ratio of 2·5. Benthic invertebrates play a significant role in transferring energy from detritus to higher trophic levels. Eight discrete trophic levels were found, with very reduced flow at levels higher than the fifth. The highest fractional trophic level is 4·3, and consists of sharks. Analysis of mixed trophic impacts showed that detritus and lower trophic levels have a significant positive impact on other groups in the system. Mean transfer efficiency is 9·2%. Some whole system properties are also given. Of net primary production, 6·7% is required to sustain current catch levels, suggesting that the resources in this area are fully exploited.     

美国墨西哥湾海上油气发现与生产评述

评述了美国墨西哥湾深海油气储量、墨西哥湾原有的油气发现、墨西哥湾浅水和深水的油气发现统计、深水钻井重获许可后开发的新进展、墨西哥湾油田原油生产数据以及新发现开始生产石油的情况.     

Zooplankton Feeding Ecology: Contents of Fecal Pellets of the Copepod Anomalocera ornata from Continental Shelf and Slope Waters of the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract. The diet of the copepod Anomalocera ornata was examined by comparing contents of fecal pellets produced on natural diets with assemblages of available phytoplankton. Samples were collected in continental shelf and slope waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. A wide size and taxonomic array of phytoplankters was ingested, and remains of phytoplankton taxa in fecal pellets reflected the composition of phytoplankton assemblages in the water. Absence of crustacean remains in fecal pellets suggests that A. ornata feeds primarily as an opportunistic grazer.     

Distinctiveness of the mesopelagic fish fauna in the Gulf of Mexico

We quantify the similarity of the Gulf of Mexico mesopelagic fish fauna to that in adjacent oceanic regions, the Venezuelan and Colombian Basins of the Caribbean Sea and the North and South Sargasso Seas. The South Sargasso and Colombian are the least similar of the areas in terms of their faunal composition, and the Venezuelan and Colombian Basins are the most similar. The Gulf fauna lies somewhere in between, and is a composite of that in the Sargasso and Caribbean Seas. The Gulf of Mexico displays the greatest abundance, biomass and richness (S=140 species), and is an intermediate in evenness (J=0.66) and percent endemism (7.1%). Our findings support the view that the centrally located Gulf is an oceanic ecotone between the Atlantic Tropical and Subtropical faunal regions.     

中国海域天然气水合物资源远景

南海东北部活动陆缘和北部被动陆缘以及东海冲绳海槽南部具有形成天然气水合物的良好成矿条件。从水深来看，上述3个有代表性的地区最小水深都在300m以上，有利于水合物的稳定存在；从沉积厚度和沉积速率来看，上述3个地区新生代地层厚度一般都在3000～6000m，有利于提供水合物形成所需的充足气源；从地球物理、地球化学等调查结果来看，上述3个地区普遍存在重要的地球标志——似海底反射BSR等，以及重要的地球化学标志——底水甲烷异常、孔隙水氯异常等。通过对上述海区的区域地质条件、地球物理和地球化学异常的综合分析认为，上述3个地区可能更适宜水合物的形成和聚集，因而可能会有很好的远景。