堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的颗粒流模拟方法研究

围绕堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的颗粒流模拟方法展开研究。首先,基于FISH二次开发建立了堆石料的随机不规则单粒模型,充分考虑堆石料的形状特征和破碎现象;然后,建立了堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的等效模拟方法,以单粒强度随其粒径的变化规律为基础,推导了堆石料模型中细观黏结强度与堆石料等效粒径的负指数经验公式;其次,基于建立的数值模型对堆石料的室内单粒压缩试验进行仿真模拟,验证数值模型的正确性和合理性,并对较大粒径堆石料的单粒强度进行模拟预测,突出数值试验的优势;最后,基于建立的数值模型对相同粒径不同形状特征堆石料的单粒强度分布特征进行模拟研究。研究结果表明：（1）堆石料内部缺陷含量和尺寸随粒径增加对其单粒强度所产生的尺寸效应,可通过堆石料模型中细观强度参数随粒径折减进行等效模拟;（2）形状特征对堆石料的破裂机制具有重要影响,方形颗粒为压剪破裂,单粒强度较高,而随机不规则颗粒和圆形颗粒为拉剪或劈裂,单粒强度相对较低;（3）拉剪或劈裂条件下,堆石料形状越不规则,其单粒强度的离散程度越高,反之则离散程度越低。相关研究成果可为进一步研究荷载作用下堆石体内各粒径段堆石料的破碎量奠定基础,从而更加真实地反映堆石体的级配演化规律。     

循环荷载作用下考虑颗粒破碎的堆石体本构模型

中国西部兴建的很多200～300 m高的堆石坝处于高烈度地震区。应力水平高时堆石体的颗粒破碎对其在循环荷载作用下的应力、应变特性有重要的影响。基于广义塑性理论,通过引入状态参数,建立了循环荷载作用下考虑颗粒破碎的堆石体的本构模型,并给出了模型参数的确定方法。与堆石体在400、800、1 500、2 200 kPa围压作用时的试验结果对比,表明所提出的本构模型可以较好地模拟循环荷载作用下颗粒破碎时堆石体的动应力和动应变响应。     

考虑颗粒破碎对特征孔隙比影响的堆石体亚塑性本构模型

颗粒破碎是影响堆石体强度和变形特性的主要问题之一。相比于砂土,堆石料在较低的应力水平下就会发生严重的颗粒破碎,因此,在进行堆石体力学特性及本构模型研究时必须考虑颗粒破碎的影响。同时,堆石体在受力过程中孔隙比是变化的,而传统本构模型不能使用一组参数模拟不同孔隙比的同种材料。因此,以能够考虑应力水平和土体孔隙比影响的Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型为基础,考虑堆石体有别于砂土的孔隙比变化特征,提出了考虑堆石破碎的亚塑性本构模型。亚塑性理论是目前可最大限度地减少人为假定的一种本构理论,颗粒材料在不同特征应力路径下,破碎造成的过度变形量不同;但相同应力水平、不同特征应力路径下孔隙比已不满足Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型中提出的等比例变化规律。据此,结合考虑颗粒破碎的临界状态理论和堆石体常规三轴试验和循环加载试验结果,提出了考虑颗粒破碎堆石体特征孔隙比的表达式,并将其引入到Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型中,建立了考虑颗粒破碎的堆石体亚塑性本构模型,提出了模型参数的确定方法。与堆石体试验结果对比表明,该本构模型可以较好地模拟其力学与变形特性。     

颗粒破碎的三维离散元模拟研究

采用PFC等离散元方法研究岩土材料的颗粒破碎已经成为热点。采用考虑局部应力集中的点荷载破碎准则,利用阿波罗填充和膨胀法保证破碎前、后颗粒之间的种群平衡,并引入尺寸因子来表征不同粒径的颗粒强度。在此基础上,开展了石英砂、钙质砂和萨克拉门托河砂3种不同破碎难易程度材料的数值试验,并与室内试验结果进行对比。结果表明:建立的三维颗粒破碎模型能够很好地描述破碎难易程度不同的颗粒材料的压缩特性;考虑应力集中效应的点荷载破碎准则比基于平均应力Mohr-Coulomb理论的颗粒破碎准则更能真实地反应颗粒材料的破碎现象。同时,所建立的模型能够揭示破碎对颗粒材料各向异性消散和级配曲线演化的影响规律。     

堆石料颗粒破碎特性试验研究

颗粒破碎是堆石料的一项基本特性,它对堆石体的变形和强度特性具有明显的影响。对于高堆石坝而言,在高应力场作用下堆石颗粒发生明显破碎,可导致坝体变形率增加。为了正确认识堆石体及堆石坝的变形特性和机理,研究了堆石颗粒破碎特性以及颗粒破碎的影响因素。采用大型三轴试验研究了堆石料的颗粒破碎特性,分析了堆石体干密度、级配特征、堆石颗粒强度等对颗粒破碎的影响,研究了应力状态对颗粒破碎率的影响,建立了颗粒破碎率的计算模型以及颗粒破碎引起的堆石体应变增量与颗粒破碎率的关系。     

堆石料单颗粒劈裂试验破碎强度随机性与尺寸效应的三维离散元模拟

堆石单颗粒形状不规则,强度随机且存在尺寸效应,开发堆石颗粒模型是开展堆石料颗粒流室内数值试验的基础。文中提出一种随机裂缝模型,并对模型参数的设置进行分析讨论,模型在合理的参数设置的情况下能反映真实堆石颗粒的脆性劈裂、强度随机性Weibull分布、强度尺寸效应,是深入开展筑坝材料破碎及缩尺效应颗粒流模拟分析的前提。单颗粒数值试验表明,颗粒形状对破碎模式影响显著;在相同岩性材质和裂缝分布情况下形状对颗粒强度影响较大;颗粒越不规则,其强度离散性越大。     

堆石颗粒压缩破碎强度的尺寸效应

目前在颗粒材料的尺寸效应研究中,极少考虑颗粒的复杂形状和内部结构非均匀性。采用随机散粒体不连续变形分析方法(SGDD),引入无厚度界面单元和凝聚力模型模拟颗粒破碎,对5组不同粒径的堆石颗粒进行单颗粒压缩试验的数值模拟,分析了颗粒内界面单元强度对颗粒破碎的影响,并采用Weibull分布模型分析颗粒破碎强度的尺寸效应。通过与室内单颗粒压缩试验对比,试验的数值模拟能真实地再现单颗粒压缩下的破碎过程,不同颗粒的压缩曲线规律相似,达到峰值荷载前,承载力曲线急剧上升,随后颗粒发生致命破碎,承载能力骤降。不同粒径组的单颗粒破碎强度均服从Weibull分布,平均Weibull模数为2.48。不同粒径组的颗粒特征强度存在明显的尺寸效应,特征强度随着颗粒尺寸的增大而减小,与颗粒尺寸呈幂指数关系,但小于Weibull模型的预测值。     

考虑颗粒强度尺寸效应的原型堆石料破碎特性研究

高土石坝中,堆石体颗粒破碎是导致坝体变形的主要因素之一。但是由于原型坝料的颗粒尺寸较大,其破碎程度难以直接通过室内试验度量,因此通常要将原型级配缩尺为60 mm以下的小粒径级配堆石料,然后才能进行室内试验。而由于原型和试验级配差异较大,导致试验测得的参数往往和原型坝料实际参数有较大差异,因而影响了原型坝料力学特性的深入研究。这里提出了一种新的实时预测原型坝料破碎的方法。首先在颗粒尺度上,基于单粒强度的Weibull分布理论和颗粒分形破碎理论,阐述了原型堆石料级配演化的推求过程;然后通过单粒强度试验测得了相关参数,并与三轴试验测得的试样级配曲线对比,验证了参数选取的合理性;之后分析了颗粒强度离散程度对于原型坝料级配曲线形状的影响;最后,讨论了加载过程中原型级配和试验级配堆石体的相对破碎参量和受力状态的关系。     

基于颗粒流的堆石料三轴剪切试验研究

近年来频发的地质灾害使得深入研究大坝堆石体受力变形机制显得愈发迫切和重要。针对堆石颗粒具有形状极其不规则、咬合作用突出的特点,编写了一个简单易用的程序来随机生成形状不规则的数值颗粒。以正四面体为核,按照晶胞繁衍的方式,生成堆石的仿真颗粒集合体。模拟排水剪切条件下的大三轴试验,通过分析数值试验过程中细观参量的变化规律,探讨三轴剪切条件下堆石体变形的细观机制。分析表明,按照晶胞繁衍法生成的数值颗粒与圆颗粒相比能更好地模拟堆石,由颗粒簇形成的咬合力能形成更真实的力-变形关系;数值试验得到的应力-应变曲线和体变曲线与室内三轴试验结果基本一致;颗粒的破碎速率是联系堆石体宏、细观力学性质的重要纽带,通过分析堆石体颗粒破碎4个阶段细观参量的变化规律,深化了对堆石体变形机制的认识。     

堆石料单轴流变试验的颗粒流模拟

岩石断裂力学的亚临界裂缝扩展理论认为微裂缝扩展可导致岩石破碎,即岩石颗粒破碎具有时间效应。根据亚临界裂缝扩展理论,提出了考虑微裂缝扩展导致堆石颗粒破碎时间效应的数值流变模拟新方法,并进行了考虑颗粒不同典型破碎模式的单轴流变颗粒流数值试验。在对比数值与室内流变试验曲线的基础上,分析了数值流变过程中颗粒破碎情况与颗粒体内部结构发展过程等。研究成果表明,两种试验手段得到的堆石流变的发展趋势基本一致,由微裂缝扩展引起的颗粒延时破碎是堆石流变的主要原因之一,深化了对堆石料变形机制的认识。     

堆石料大三轴试验的细观模拟

采用三维颗粒流计算程序,对堆石料的大三轴排水剪切试验过程进行了数值模拟。在数值模型的生成过程中,使堆石料集合体达到规定密度和级配;采用动态松弛算法迭代求解,并引入粒间阻尼,以吸收颗粒填装的多余动能使其稳定;颗粒间引入黏结力来提高试样的峰值强度;确定堆石料的细观力学参数,拟合室内试验应力应变曲线。模拟不同围压下堆石料的试验,得到的应力-应变曲线与室内试验基本一致,说明颗粒流方法可以较好的模拟堆石料的大三轴试验过程。由于没有考虑颗粒形状及颗粒破碎的影响,造成大应变剪胀偏大。     

A random virtual crack DEM model for creep behavior of rockfill based on the subcritical crack propagation theory

The post-construction settlement of rockfill dams and high filled ground of airport, which is a phenomenon of much significance, is mainly caused by the time-dependent breakage of the rockfill material. In this paper, a random virtual crack DEM model is proposed for creep behavior of rockfill in PFC2D according to the theory of subcritical crack propagation induced by stress corrosion mechanisms. The bonded clusters are adopted to represent the rockfill particles so as to simulate their irregular shapes. Virtual cracks are set at the bonds of the clusters, and the length of the crack is considered as a random value, which leads the crushing strength of a single particle to follow the Weibull’s statistical model and the corresponding size rules. Oedometric creep tests for rockfill are simulated by using this proposed model. The results show that the model, validated preliminarily by some test data, can reflect qualitatively the creep mechanism as well as the size effects reasonably. Particles can develop various breakage patterns during creep, including global breakage, local breakage and even complex mixed breakage. The increase in stress levels and particle size will lead to an obvious growth of the creep strain and creep rate of the rockfill. The scale effects on the creep behavior of rockfill are analyzed through 35 specimens, and formulas including the effects of scales and stress levels are tentatively proposed.     

多尺度内聚颗粒模型破碎过程研究

岩石破碎过程涉及到多个变量（应力、应变和孔隙率等）变化和裂纹的产生、拓展和聚集,是研究岩石破碎机制的重要途径。为了克服现有研究中岩石颗粒模型未考虑岩石内部特征问题,针对岩石内部颗粒非均匀分布、聚集的特点,开展了岩石轴压破碎试验和岩石岩相分析试验,并在此基础上,构建符合真实岩石内部特征的多尺度内聚颗粒模型。根据离散元的颗粒黏结模型（BPM）理论,求解了多尺度内聚颗粒模型不同粒级颗粒间黏结键的力学关系,发现与二级颗粒形成的黏结键断裂判据为 ≥ 2 GPa,三级颗粒之间形成的黏结键断裂判据为 ≥ 6 GPa,并基于该判据建立了用于模拟颗粒模型破碎的演化模型。通过模拟轴压破碎试验,破碎演化模型可以从细观角度得到颗粒模型各颗粒间黏结键承受力的实时变化和岩石破碎过程中黏结键从外而内的断裂顺序;从宏观角度得到岩石内部裂纹呈V形从上表面两端延伸并相交于岩石中部。通过与岩石轴压破碎试验结果对比发现,模拟试验得到的岩石裂纹特征与岩石轴压破碎试验结果相似,验证模型的可靠性,实现了从细观和宏观角度分析岩石破碎过程。     

Micromechanical Modelling of Granular Materials: Effect of Particle Size and Gradation

In this paper the effects of maximum particle size, particle gradation/sorting and fabric on bulk mechanical behaviour of granular materials such as coarse grained soils and rockfills are investigated" from micromechanical considerations starting from the grain scale level, using numerical" simulations based on Discrete Element Modelling (DEM). Hydrostatic compaction and biaxial tests on 2-dimensional assemblies of discs with varying particle sizes and gradations were modelled using DEM. An examination of the constitutive behaviour of granular media considering" the particulate nature of the medium has been attempted to explain the effect of particle size and gradation. Simulation results on perfectly parallel graded assemblies indicate that with increase in the size of the particles, a marginal increase (or no increase) in the angle of internal friction is observed during biaxial loading conditions. A change to a wider gradation (keeping the minimum grain size the same) results in a decrease in the angle of internal friction and an increase in volumetric strain to a considerable extent. Based on micromechanical force and fabric parameters, the basis for the physical behaviour was established. This helps in understanding the physics of parallel gradation techniques.     

大石峡高面板坝筑坝砂砾料现场大型相对密度试验

当前,主要采用相对密度来表征筑坝砂砾料的密实程度,并以此来评价大坝的施工碾压质量。受试验设备尺寸和击实功能的限制,室内试验难以反映现场实际筑坝砂砾料粒径大、采用大型碾压机具进行高强度碾压的实际情况,试验确定砂砾料最大干密度值偏低,难以直接用于指导实际工程。针对大石峡高面板坝筑坝砂砾料,在工地现场采用实际筑坝碾压设备和大型相对密度桶,对原级配坝料开展相对密度试验,研究了坝料的压实特性,确定了不同级配（含砾量）坝料的相对密度特性指标。研究表明：比较室内试验成果,现场试验确定砂砾料最大干密度值有较大提高;随着含砾量的增加,砂砾料的最大、最小干密度值先增加、后减小,存在压实密度最高的最优含砾量特征值;强振碾压使得弱胶结砂砾料产生不同程度的颗粒破碎效应,颗粒破碎的程度和土料的原始级配特性相关联。     

Single-particle crushing strength under different relative humidity conditions

This paper presents a fundamental study on the effect of the relative humidity on the rockfill crushing strength. This aspect plays an important role in the mechanical behaviour of rockfill, and it is known that certain characteristics of the granular materials, such as compressibility and shear strength, depend on the confining stress, which is a function of the particles crushing. An increased interest has been observed regarding the effect of the relative humidity in the mechanical behaviour of rockfill. Unfortunately, limited research has been conducted until now regarding the study of individual particle crushing. Therefore, this paper thoroughly investigated particle crushing, by performing single-particle crushing tests on rockfill particles divided into four size ranges, under different relative humidity conditions. The experimental results reveal a considerable influence of the relative humidity in the studied rockfill particles, whose strength of the particles with the greatest dimensions in saturated conditions was reduced by half. Consistent macro-mechanical evidence demonstrates that particle’s size and relative humidity conditions depict the most important factors that influence particle crushing strength.

     

Effects of particle size on crushing and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials

Strength and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials,key factors for determining the stability of dams,pertain strongly to the grain crushing characteristics.In this study,single-particle crushing tests were carried out on rockfill materials with nominal particle diameters of 2.5 mm,5 mm and 10 mm to investigate the particle size effect on the single-particle strength and the relationship between the characteristic stress and probability of non-failure.Test data were found to be described by the Weibull distribution with the Weibull modulus of 3.24.Assemblies with uniform nominal grains were then subjected to one-dimensional compression tests at eight levels of vertical stress with a maximum of 100 MPa.The yield stress in one-dimensional compression tests increased with decreasing the particle size,which could be estimated from the single-particle crushing tests.The void ratio-vertical stress curve could be predicted by an exponential function.The particle size distribution curve increased obviously with applied stresses less than 16 MPa and gradually reached the ultimate fractal grading.The relative breakage index became constant with stress up to 64 MPa and was obtained from the ultimate grading at the fractal dimension(a?2:7).A hyperbolical function was also found useful for describing the relationship between the relative breakage index and input work during one-dimensional compression tests.     

基于颗粒破碎的粗粒土剪切强度的模拟分析

颗粒破碎在岩土工程领域是很常见的现象,土工试验中无法显示颗粒破碎过程及其影响,本文采用离散单元软件PFC2D模拟了考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土的直剪试验,给出了考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土直剪试验的模拟方法,分析粗粒土的剪应力-剪切位移关系、剪胀和剪切强度等宏观力学行为,探讨基本颗粒间黏聚力、单颗粒孔隙率和粗粒土试样的孔隙率对剪切强度的影响。结果表明:颗粒破碎对剪切强度的破碎准则有影响,颗粒不破碎试样的剪切强度符合Mohr-Coulomb准则;颗粒破碎试样的强度包络线是幂函数关系。