冰尘结构特征及形成分析——以乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例

利用2007-2010年夏季在乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川采集的5个冰样, 对冰样中冰尘的特征、冰尘中蓝藻的种类及冰尘中无机矿物颗粒的粒度特征进行了分析研究. 研究表明: 冰尘为棕色球状聚合体, 粒径为0.27~3.5 mm, 分布在冰川消融区表面, 其组成成分为有机质、无机矿物颗粒和微生物. 冰尘有4种主要的内部结构: 类型Ⅰ, 具有同心层结构的冰尘;类型Ⅱ, 带有亚颗粒的冰尘;类型Ⅲ, 内部无明显结构的冰尘;类型Ⅳ, 中心位置处具有较大无机颗粒的冰尘. 冰尘中无机矿物颗粒的数量主要分布在d<3.5 μm的范围内, 且体积分布的粒径众数介于3~25 μm之间. 同时, 对冰尘中的蓝藻进行了16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析, 共从蓝藻16S rRNA基因文库中筛选了247个阳性克隆, RFLP分型得到10个不同的OTUs. BLAST比对, 系统发育分析将这10个OTUs归为颤藻目(Oscillatoriales)、色球藻目(Chroococcales)、未定种(Unclassified). 颤藻目为绝对优势类群, 占整个基因克隆文库的91%. 经估算, 冰尘中存在大量的有机物质和微生物, 无机矿物颗粒只占了很小的比例, 表明影响冰川消融区表面反照率的主要因素为冰尘中的有机部分, 包括有机物质和微生物.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川不同海拔可培养空气源酵母菌系统发育及多样性研究

为了了解天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川（简称乌源1号冰川）空气及气溶胶中可培养酵母菌的多样性、系统发育、空间分布及其与冰川生境酵母菌的关系,在乌源1号冰川西支3个海拔梯度位点收集空气气溶胶,采用4种培养基分离空气源酵母菌,根据菌落形态和显微镜镜检细胞形态初步分组,采用MSP-PCR指纹分型和rRNA基因间隔序列（ITS）确定酵母菌菌株的系统发育和分类地位,并分析了空气源酵母菌群落的多样性及空间分布特征。研究表明：从乌源1号冰川的表面空气共分离414株酵母菌,全部隶属于担子菌门（Basidiomycota）,MSP-PCR指纹分型划分为53个基因型,代表菌株ITS基因测序结果显示隶属于9属28种,其中24种为伞菌亚门（Agariomycotina）成员,4种属于柄锈菌亚门（Pucciniomycotina）,其中Holtermanniella、Vishniacozyma、Filobasidium、Dioszegia为优势酵母菌属。有6株酵母菌最适生长温度为16~18 ℃,为嗜冷菌,其余24株为耐冷菌,最适生长温度为22~25 ℃。Holtermanniella festucosa与Vishniacozyma victoriae为冰川空气广布的优势酵母菌种（22.22%、16.91%）,其他大多为来自周边生境的耐冷酵母菌,在冰川生境均有分布。此外,在小幅度的海拔梯度上,3个海拔高度的空气酵母菌群落结构有所不同,但多样性指数没有显著差异。冰川生境酵母菌来源与其周边空气酵母菌密切相关,但以Holtermanniella属为代表的空气源优势酵母在冰川生境不能分离,说明冰川的严酷条件对外源微生物具有明显的选择作用。     

冰川表面冰尘洞内病毒研究进展

病毒在驱动生态系统高生物多样性形成以及生态系统营养物和有机物的循环过程中均发挥着重要的作用。冰川洞作为冰冻圈微生物活动的热点, 为病毒提供了特殊的生存环境, 驱使病毒产生了生存与适应机制。通过综述国际上近些年来关于冰川表面冰尘洞内病毒的主要研究成果, 内容涉及冰尘洞在冰川生态系统中的重要性, 冰尘洞内病毒的丰度与生产力, 冰尘洞内病毒的遗传多样性, 病毒与宿主的相互作用关系, 以及病毒对于冰尘洞碳循环和食物网的重要性。此外, 还总结了当前冰尘洞内病毒研究存在的空白： 形态多样性、 降解率、 分离培养、 冰川表面散落冰尘内病毒, 指出了未来研究需要重点关注的几个方面, 为进一步研究病毒对于冰尘洞生态系统的重要影响提供科学参考, 并且对青藏高原冰川表面冰尘洞内病毒未来的研究提出了展望。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前沿冻土活动层古菌群落的垂直分布格局

采用免培养的PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)指纹、 克隆测序、 系统发育分析对天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前沿高山草甸冻土活动层古菌群落的垂直分格局进行了研究.结果表明: 1号冰川前沿高山草甸冻土活动层存在一些优势种群, 在所有6个取样深度的土层中均有分布.但不同深度土层古菌群落结构存在明显的差异, 在浅表层检测到一些特异的序列, 系统发育分析表明: 它们分别隶属于广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)的盐杆菌纲(Halobacteria)和热原体纲(Thermoplasmata), 而在深层土样没有检测到. 1号冰川前沿高山草甸带冻土活动层古菌群落以奇古菌(Thaumarchaeota)类群占据绝对优势, 全部隶属于被称为group1.1b的谱系.其中, 一些序列与不可培养的Nitrososophaera氨氧化古菌序列亲缘关系较近, 可能预示着这些中温泉古菌在氨氧化过程中发挥着重要作用, 对其群落结构及生态学贡献还有待更深入研究.     

食草动物粪便中的真菌孢子-粪壳菌及其在第四纪环境研究中的意义

粪壳菌是一种寄生于动物粪便的真菌,它与原生动物、粘菌、细菌、线虫和许多昆虫一起对动物粪便进行降解,使它们所包含的养分再循环.粪壳菌属于子囊菌亚门的粪壳菌目和球壳目.其中,以粪壳菌目子囊菌科Sordariaceae的粪壳菌类型最多,分布最广.本科真菌无子座,孢子主要呈褐色,形状多样,有柱形、卵形、球形、倒梨形、瓶形等,孢子体上有孔口,表面光滑或有刚毛.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川融水可培养细菌生理生化特性及其系统发育

对天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川末端融水细菌进行分离,检测了分离菌株的生理生化表型特征,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析确定分离菌株的系统进化地位.结果表明:天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川融水中分离的36株代表菌株分属于5个系统发育类群、8个属,其中,Bacteroidetes和γ-Proteobacteria为优势类群,分别占41.7%和38.9%;在属水平上,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)菌株占39%.依据菌株最适生长温度,36株分离菌株80%以上属于耐冷菌;产酶实验显示,大多数菌株同时产蛋白酶和脂肪酶,仅3株菌不产酶,6株菌同时产脂肪酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶.耐药性试验表明,36株分离菌株对各种抗生素有不同程度的耐药,其中,7株菌对测试的10种抗生素均具有耐药性.研究结果将有助于了解天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川微生物物种多样性、生理多样性,同时为评估气候变化、人类活动对冰川微生物生理特性潜在的影响提供依据.     

基于延时摄影监测冰川表面运动过程的研究北大核心CSCD

延时摄影因可靠、高效和低成本的优势,在冰川监测中应用广泛,特别是对于获取冰川表面连续变化信息而言。本文基于2020年3月—2021年9月物候相机拍摄的梅里雪山明永冰川末端照片及多期无人机影像,利用地面摄影测量技术和互相关算法,提取了日尺度冰川表面运动速度。结果表明:通过物候图像获取的冰川表面运动速度分辨率高,从海拔2 880~3 150 m a. s. l.,冰川总位移介于(129.38±7.76)~(669.95±247.88) m,年均表面运动速度达(79.14±4.74)~(412.86±152.75) m·a-1,呈从中间向两侧减缓的空间分布特征。冰川表面运动速度随季节变化,夏季流速[(0.13±0.06)~(1.99±0.37) m·d-1]快于冬季流速[(0.07±0.06)~(1.35±0.37) m·d-1]。与冬季流速相比,夏季流速受降水和气温升高的影响不稳定。根据流速分离结果,明永冰川末端底部全年处于融化或压融状态,底部滑动对冰川表面运动速度的贡献介于76%~93%。冬季底部滑动占表面流速高达82%,夏季底部滑动对冰川运动起绝对主导作用。本文采用的技术为进一步研究季风海洋型冰川的运动机制提供了参考方案。     

天山托木尔峰科其喀尔巴西冰川表面运动速度特征分析

天山托木尔峰科其喀尔巴西冰川是典型的树枝状山谷冰川,利用3组(6期)ASTER遥感影像通过COSI-corr软件反演了该冰川表面运动速度.与花杆测量数据进行对比,反演冰川表面运动速度平均绝对误差为3.1 m·a-1,相对误差为11.9%,二者在空间上的分布基本一致,表明其反演精度符合要求.在此基础上,分析冰川表面运动速...     

青藏高原冬克玛底冰川可培养细菌群落特征研究

冬克玛底冰川作为重要的长江源头之一,近年来主要以冰川气候、地质变化等自然地理方向的研究为主,而对于冬克玛底冰川不同生境中可培养细菌多样性及群落构成的研究还鲜有报道。为了阐明冬克玛底冰川可培养细菌多样性及其与环境因子的相关关系,发掘冰川微生物资源,针对冬克玛底冰川雪、冰和融水3种生境开展了研究。采用传统可培养法分离菌株,16S rRNA基因序列分析方法进行菌株鉴定,统计学方法分析可培养细菌多样性及其影响因素。结果表明,本研究中可培养细菌分属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。其中放线菌门为优势菌门,库克菌属(Kocuria)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)和马赛菌属(Massilia)为优势菌属。不同生境中的可培养细菌数量、群落结构和多样性均不同,冰样中可培养细菌数量最多、群落结构复杂并且多样性最高。冬克玛底冰川分离的36个菌属中有8个菌属未从其他冰川分离出。冰川不同生境中可培养细菌群落结构差异较大;Cl^-和Ca²⁺     

贵州喀斯特地区碳酸盐岩表生古菌群落结构及多样性研究——以南江大峡谷为例

为了研究贵州喀斯特地区碳酸盐岩表生古菌群落结构的多样性,应用16S rDNA文库技术,对采集于贵州南江大峡谷的白云岩和石灰岩样品进行基因文库的构建和限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析。用限制性核酸内切酶MspⅠ对两个文库中分别随机挑选的300个阳性克隆子进行酶切分型,白云岩和石灰岩16S rDNA基因文库各得到14和13个基因型,其覆盖率分别为95.4%和91.3%,香农指数分别为2.14和1.93。系统发育分析表明白云岩和石灰岩表生古菌克隆子全部归属于泉古菌门（Crenarchaeota）,代表性克隆与GenBank数据库已有16S rRNA序列的相似性为96%～100%,且最高相似性序列均来源于土壤及岩石环境的未可培养古菌序列。      

Sediment production and transport in a proglacial stream: Hilda Glacier, Alberta, Canada

Hilda Glacier, a small cirque glacier in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, yields two principal types of sediment: ablation till, deficient in fine material and produced by rockfalls and avalanches falling on to the glacier surface, and basal lodgement till, rich in fines and formed mainly by subglacial erosion. Recent recession from its Neoglacial maximum has exposed large areas of basal till with thin veneers of ablation till which, when combined with present subglacial and supraglacial debris, provide abundant material for erosion and transport by the mcltwatcr stream. Sediment transport measurements over two summers (1977–1978) showed that bed load and suspended load occur in approximately equal proportions and that dissolved loads are minor. Local source variations, especially bank slumps, are a major cause of scatter in sediment rating curves. Suspended-sediment concentrations are greater early in the melt season due to availability of loose sediment produced by freezing and thawing. Other contributors to scatter in suspended-sediment rating curves include rain showers and diurnal hysteretic effects. Although the distinction between bed load and suspended load is never sharp, available data suggest that the sand/ gravel grain-size boundary (-1ø) approximates the suspendcd-load/bed-load division for characteristic Hilda flows transporting gravel. This approximation, combined with till grain-size analyses, suspended-sediment measurements, and spatial distributions of till types, leads to the following computations of fluvial sediment sources: for suspended load - 6% supraglacial, 47% subglacial, 47% channel banks; for bed load - 46% supraglacial, 27% each subglacial and channel banks. Supraglacial debris provides only about one-fourth of all fluvial sediment, but nearly half of the bed load.     

Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter associated with the Greenland ice sheet

Subsurface microbial oxidation of overridden soils and vegetation beneath glaciers and ice sheets may affect global carbon budgets on glacial-interglacial timescales. The likelihood and magnitude of this process depends on the chemical nature and reactivity of the subglacial organic carbon stores. We examined the composition of carbon pools associated with different regions of the Greenland ice sheet (subglacial, supraglacial, proglacial) in order to elucidate the type of dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in the subglacial discharge over a melt season. Electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry coupled to multivariate statistics permitted unprecedented molecular level characterization of this material and revealed that carbon pools associated with discrete glacial regions are comprised of different compound classes. Specifically, a larger proportion of protein-like compounds were observed in the supraglacial samples and in the early melt season (spring) subglacial discharge. In contrast, the late melt season (summer) subglacial discharge contained a greater fraction of lignin-like and other material presumably derived from underlying vegetation and soil. These results suggest (1) that the majority of supraglacial DOM originates from autochthonous microbial processes on the ice sheet surface, (2) that the subglacial DOM contains allochthonous carbon derived from overridden soils and vegetation as well as autochthonous carbon derived from in situ microbial metabolism, and (3) that the relative contribution of allochthonous and autochthonous material in subglacial discharge varies during the melt season. These conclusions are consistent with the hypothesis that, given sufficient time (e.g., overwinter storage), resident subglacial microbial communities may oxidize terrestrial material beneath the Greenland ice sheet.     

石油污染地下水中细菌分子生态学研究

采集了某废弃炼油厂的石油污染地下水样品,提取水中微生物总DNA,构建细菌16S rDNA克隆文库,并通过16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,对样品中的细菌种群多样性以及群落结构进行了研究。结果表明,文库中阳性克隆的16S rDNA序列分属11个细菌类群,分别为Betaproteobacteria(381％),Alphaproteobacteria(353％),Gamaproteobacteria(51％),Deltaroteobacteria(52％),Bacteroidetes(40％),Verrucomicrobia(25％),Epsilonproteobacteria(19％),Nitrospira(13％),Planctomycetes(13％),Candidate Division OD1(13％),Unclassified Bacteria(38％)。在这一生态系统中,Betaproteobacteria和Alphaproteobacteria类细菌占据主导地位,二者所占比例均在三分之一以上。群落中最主要的降解菌是噬氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)细菌,它们在文库中所占比例达239％和195％。该石油污染地下水样品中细菌与许多其他已知的降解菌亲缘关系较近,如Sulfuricurvum kujiense、Trichlorobacter thiogenes、Rhodoferax ferrireducens以及红细菌属(Rhodobacter)、甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas)和涅瓦菌属(Nevskia)细菌等。此外,文库中克隆的16S rDNA序列与许多类似的污染场地中发现的环境克隆相似性很高,如煤焦油污染的地下水、苯污染的地下水、原油污染的土壤、溴甲烷和氯甲烷污染的土壤、抗生素生产废水以及活性污泥等,证明该石油污染地下水中有大量降解菌群的存在。石油污染物的种类对降解菌群的组成有一定的选择作用。     

Sedimentology and depositional model for glaciolacustrine deposits in an ice-dammed tributary valley, western Tasmania, Australia

Quaternary sedimentary successions are described from the Linda Valley, a small valley in western Tasmania that was dammed by ice during Early and Middle Pleistocene glaciations. Mapping and logging of exposures suggest that an orderly sequence of deposits formed during ice incursion, occupation and withdrawal from tributary valleys. Four principal sediment assemblages record different stages of ice occupation in the valley. As the glacier advanced, a proglacial, lacustrine sediment assemblage dominated by laminated silts and muds deposited from suspension accumulated in front of the glacier. A subglacial sediment assemblage consisting of deformed lacustrine deposits and lodgement till records the overriding of lake-bottom sediments as the glacier advanced up the valley into the proglacial lake. As the glacier withdrew from the valley, a supraglacial sediment assemblage of diamict, gravel, sand and silt facies formed on melting ice in the upper part of the valley. A lacustrine regression in the supraglacial assemblage is inferred on the basis of a change from deposits mainly resulting from suspension in a subaqueous setting to relatively thin and laterally discontinuous laminated sediments, occurrence of clastic dykes, and increasing complexity of the geometry of deposits that indicate deposition in a subaerial setting. A deltaic sediment assemblage deposited during the final stage of ice withdrawal from the valley consists of steeply dipping diamict and normally graded gravel facies formed on delta foresets by subaqueous sediment gravity flows. The sediment source for the delta, which prograded toward the retreating ice margin, was the supraglacial sediment assemblage previously deposited in the upper part of the valley. A depositional model developed from the study of the Linda Valley may be applicable to other alpine glaciated areas where glaciers flowed through or terminated in medium- to high-relief topography.     

Lithological stratification in supraglacial sediments: an example from western Tasmania, Australia

Pebble counts of the lithology of glacial sediments in the King Valley show that the content of distantly derived erratics of many sections decreases upwards in near surface sediments. Two factors that contribute to this lithological stratification are dilution of the erratic content of surface sediments by locally derived rocks and lithological stratification of debris within the Pleistocene King Glacier. The common diluting mechanism appears to have been slope detritus derived from the valley sides and small hills that crop out on the valley floor. Lithological stratification of debris in the King Glacier resulted from the altitude of the equilibrium line of the King Glacier relative to the position and altitude of the rock source areas and the thermal regime at the ice-bed interface. The Jurassic dolerite and Permian sediments that crop out above the equilibrium line altitude were transported in subglacial and englacial positions. In contrast, below the equilibrium line sediments that accumulated and were transported in a supraglacial position contained no erratic lithologies. When deposited, the supraglacial sediments formed a siliceous, non-erratic cover over sediments that were transported in subglacial and englacial positions. The model of the mode of sediment transport in the King Valley may have application to areas of alpine glaciation where the distribution of some rock types is restricted to areas above the equilibrium lines of glaciers.     

苏禄海深海沉积物古菌群落结构多样性研究

为了研究热带西太平洋深海沉积物中古菌群落结构的多样性,应用16S rDNA文库技术,对IMAGES ⅪⅤ航次采集的岩芯MD3 059进行基因文库的构建和分析,选取得到543个克隆,处理获得137个OTUs(Operational Taxonomic Units).基于16s rRNA序列的同源性比较,绘制系统进化树,进行统计学分析.研究结果显示,热带西太平洋苏禄海沉积物中有丰富多样的古菌群落,在不足5 m的沉积物中垂直分布着11种古菌类群.古菌序列归属于泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古菌(Euryarchaeota),其中,前者主要由Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group(MCG)构成(占总古菌克隆序列的50%以上),而后者主要由Marine Benthic Group D(MBG-D)、South Africa Gold Mine Euryarchaeotic Group(SAGMEG)和Marine Benthic Group B(MBG-B)等种属构成(占总古菌克隆序列的30%以上).研究结果对于理解热带西太平洋深海沉积物中微生物多样性和未来开发利用微生物资源具有重要意义.     

Genesis and continuity of quaternary sand and gravel in glacigenic sediment at a proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal site in east-central Illinois

The Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety has characterized the Martinsville Alternative Site (MAS) for a proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal facility. The MAS is located in east-central Illinois approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) north of the city of Martinsville. Geologic investigation of the 5.5-km² (1380-acre) site revealed a sequence of chiefly Illinoian glacigenic sediments from 6 to 60 m (20–200 ft) thick overlying two major bedrock valleys carved in Pennsylvanian strata. Relatively permeable buried units include basal, preglacial alluvium; a complex of intraglacial and subglacial sediment; englacial deposits; and supraglacial fluvial deposits. Postglacial alluvium underlies stream valleys on and adjacent to the site. In most areas, the buried sand units are confined by low-permeability till, lacustrine sediment, colluvium, and loess. The distribution and thickness of the most extensive and continuous buried sand units have been modified considerably by subglacial erosion, and their distributions have been influenced by the buried bedrock valleys. The most continuous of the various sand units were deposited as preglacial and postglacial alluvium and are the uppermost and lowermost stratigraphic units at the alternative site. Sand units that were deposited in englacial or ice-marginal environments are less continuous. Aquifer pumping tests, potentiometric head data, and groundwater geochemistry analyses indicate minimal interaction of groundwater across localized interconnections of the permeable units.     

Temporal changes in subglacial meltwater activity: field evidence from the late Devensian in the north of Ireland

Temporal changes in meltwater abundance, distribution and characteristics (controlling subglacial processes and ice sheet dynamics) can be inferred from subglacial sediment successions. Field evidence for changes in subglacial meltwater characteristics over time is presented from two sites (Doonan, Drummee) near a former late Weichselian (Devensian) ice centre in the north of Ireland. On a macroscale, both sites investigated show subglacial diamicton overlying glacially planated bedrock platforms. In more detail, primary sedimentary structures and facies variability show a complex relationship between depositional processes and meltwater characteristics at the ice/bed interface (IBI). Sedimentary evidence suggests sediment transport and deposition took place by low-viscosity subglacial slurries (mobile sediment–meltwater admixtures), which are part of a continuum between the processes of subglacial sediment deformation and subglacial meltwater flooding. Subtle changes in meltwater abundance and distribution at the IBI controlled slurry rheology, mechanisms of particle support and detailed sediment depositional processes.