CO2和O3浓度倍增对作物影响的研究进展

文中利用自行设计的OTC - 1型开顶式气室进行了 9a的田间试验 ,取得了一批质量可靠的试验数据 ,分析了CO2 浓度倍增对大豆、冬小麦、棉花、玉米、春小麦和谷子的生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明CO2 浓度倍增对上述 6种作物的生物量及产量的影响均是正效应 ,对冬小麦、棉花和谷子品质的影响可能是有利的 ,对玉米品质的影响可能是不利的 ,对大豆的影响不大 ;分析了O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦、水稻、油菜和菠菜生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明O3 浓度倍增对上述 4种作物生物量的影响均是负效应 ,对冬小麦和水稻的产量影响是负效应 ,但是冬小麦和水稻籽粒中粗蛋白和 17种氨基酸含量都有所增加 ;分析了CO2 和O3 浓度复合倍增对大豆生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果是生物量和产量呈增加趋势 ,说明了CO2 的正效应大于O3 的负效应。采用作物模型数值模拟方法 ,分析了CO2 和O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦生物量及产量的影响。     

2019年8月太原市一次典型O3和PM2.5污染天气过程成因分析

选用太原市近地面O₃、PM_2.5、气象要素、天气形势、NCEP再分析资料、颗粒物激光雷达等资料,结合后向轨迹模式,对2019年8月19—20日太原市一次典型O₃和PM_2.5污染天气过程特征及成因进行分析。结果表明：此次污染过程O₃浓度早于PM_2.5浓度达到峰值,19日O₃浓度较大且持续时间长,20日PM_2.5浓度增大,但O₃浓度明显减小。河套倒槽前小风、高温的稳定层结为19日O₃和PM_2.5的积累提供了有利条件,边界层高度降低和偏东气流输送导致19日日落后O₃和PM_2.5浓度增大,其后倒槽过境时的地面上升运动、边界层发展使近地面O₃和PM_2.5污染得到一定缓解,20日冷锋过境后的边界层高度降低及高湿环境为PM_2.5在近地层迅速积累提供了有利...     

高CO2条件下贝加尔针毛对土壤干旱胁迫响应的试验研究

贝加尔针毛 (Stipa baicalensis) 是我国内蒙古东部和东北西部主要的地带性植被之一。通过人工模拟试验分析了CO₂浓度升高对贝加尔针毛的“施肥”效应, 结果表明:贝加尔针毛的生物量、生长量随CO₂浓度的升高而增加, 根中P的含量、叶中C、N、P的含量也随CO₂浓度的升高而增加。土壤干旱胁迫对贝加尔针毛的生物量、生长量的影响均为负效应, 且干旱程度的加重使影响更明显。干旱使针毛叶、根中的C、N含量增加。     

地闪活动背景下气象条件与O3浓度的相关性研究

基于2013~2017年重庆北碚区缙云山、蔡家和天生3个环境监测站点日值数据,结合地闪观测数据和相关气象要素资料,采用数理统计方法分析了气象条件与O₃浓度的关系,并基于HYSPLIT模型研究了闪电日O₃传输路径和潜在源区。结果表明:（1）北碚O₃浓度峰值大多出现在7月,低值大多出现在12月,其浓度分布从高到低依次为缙云山、蔡家、天生。（2）对比闪电日与非闪电日大气污染浓度,闪电日NO₂、CO平均浓度低于非闪电日,O₃则相反,闪电日缙云山O₃浓度超标率明显低于蔡家和天生。（3）NO₂浓度与地闪频次呈负相关,且天生和蔡家NO₂浓度波动大于缙云山,O₃浓度与地闪频次呈正相关。（4）夏季闪电日O₃气团传输路径主要来自南方。（5）地闪活动发生时O₃浓度高于非闪电日,其主要原因是夏季地闪频次较高,电解反应频繁,同时重庆夏季光照时间较长,光化学反应充分,两种反应的叠加效果大于降水清除作用。      

CO2辐射效应与生理效应对气候系统影响异同的模拟研究

基于CESM地球系统模式,模拟研究不同CO₂浓度变化情景下,在快响应阶段和平衡阶段,CO₂通过影响大气辐射传输过程的辐射效应和通过影响植被气孔的生理效应对气候系统的影响和作用机制异同。试验结果表明,在CO₂倍增的情况下,CO₂辐射效应和生理效应都会引起全球地表的增温。辐射效应在两个阶段的地表增温中均起主导作用,而在快响应阶段,生理效应在全球陆表增温中贡献率达到了(27.5±0.9)%。CO₂辐射效应和生理效应对全球水循环的影响有明显差异。在平衡阶段,CO₂辐射效应使全球地表蒸散增加(5.2±0.1)%,径流量增加(8.0±0.4)%;而CO₂生理效应使全球地表蒸散量下降(3.9±0.1)%,径流量增加(10.1±0.4)%。在快响应阶段,生理效应在蒸散量的变化中占据主导作用。在CO₂倍增试验基础上,又进行了大气CO₂浓度分别为400×10-6、600×10-6、800×10-6、1000×1...     

大气中O3和CO2增加对大豆复合影响的试验研究

利用OTC-1型开顶式气室,对大豆"中黄14"进行了长时期不同O3和CO2处理的接触试验,模拟研究CO2和O3浓度倍增及其交互作用对大豆发育期、黄叶率和绿叶率、根瘤、生物量及其分配、产量结构、籽粒品质及叶片膜保护系统的影响,结果表明:单独O3浓度倍增,发育期明显提前;生物量最多可减少近一半,产量最多减产60%以上;粗蛋白含量增加6.2%,粗脂肪含量降低7.6%;叶片脂膜过氧化加剧.单独CO2浓度倍增,开花后发育期有所延迟;对生物量及产量有明显的正效应,成熟时总生物量和籽粒产量分别比T5增加21.0%和20.3%;粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别下降3.3%和1.6%;结荚前叶片脂膜过氧化反应减轻.CO2和O3持续倍增和逐渐达到倍增交互作用处理,在生物量、产量方面表现为CO2的影响大于O3,在叶片膜保护系统方面表现为O3的影响大于CO2,粗蛋白含量下降,粗脂肪含量上升,叶片脂质过氧化加剧.熏气处理均可造成:黄叶率上升,绿叶率下降,凋落物增加,且单独O3浓度倍增的处理最明显,通气仅10天黄叶率就高于50%;超氧化物歧化酶活性增强;气孔阻力增加,蒸腾速率下降,且单独CO2浓度倍增的处理最明显,尤其在高湿阴天,气孔阻力和蒸腾速率变化最高分别可达增加234.0%和下降58.5%.     

珠江三角洲地区大气CO2浓度特征及地面风的作用

利用光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术在线观测了广州番禺大气成分站(GPACS)的大气CO₂浓度特征,分析了地面风对CO₂的作用。结果表明：(1)大气CO₂在珠江三角洲地区存在明显的地域不均匀特征,2014—2016年期间GPACS的年均本底浓度比全球背景地区平均增加了22.5×10^-6(22.5 ppm);(2)大气CO₂浓度在春季最高,冬、秋季次之,夏季最低,年均值为426.64±15.76 ppm;(3) CO₂的日变化为双峰结构,峰值分别在05:00—07:00和21:00—22:00,谷值在13:00—15:00,表明受到了自然过程以及人为排放源的复合影响;(4)风场显著影响CO₂的浓度分布,春、夏季CO₂浓度距平日变化与地面风速为显著负相关,秋、冬季则为显著正相关。在春、夏季,S-WSW和NNE-N风向上CO₂浓度较低,在秋、冬季,SSE-S和N方向均导致CO₂浓...     

唐山市PM2.5和O3行业来源解析

京津冀位于华北平原腹地,面临着严重的空气污染问题,尤其是河北省的重点工业城市唐山,长期位于全国空气质量最差的前十名。为改善空气质量,过去的十多年间我国颁布实施了多项污染防治计划,但唐山的PM_2.5和夏季O₃浓度仍超国家标准。为此,使用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)-CMAQ(Community Multiscale Air Quality Model)模型量化了唐山市2020年PM_2.5和O₃浓度的行业贡献并分析其协同控制可行性。工业源对唐山市PM_2.5浓度贡献最大,约占45%,其次是居民源约占16%。冬季能源、居民源和农业源占比为全年最高,分别达17%、19%和11%。O₃浓度的背景值约占一半以上,4月占比最高。在非背景值中,唐山O₃浓度最大来源为工业源,约占53%,其次是交通源,约占22%。生物源、交通源和能源行业的贡献在7月有所上升,分别约10%、27%和20%。不同污染情...     

气候变化可能不会引起我国北方冬小麦营养品质下降

为了探索未来气候变化对冬小麦营养品质的影响,采用开顶式气室与红外辐射器相结合的方法开展了冬小麦生长季增温和CO₂浓度升高的复合影响试验,在6个小麦生长季模拟了21世纪中后期两种可能的增温和CO₂浓度升高情景。结果表明,在生长季增温与CO₂浓度升高情景下,冬小麦冬后发育期前移,生育期平均气温较对照的增加幅度远小于生长季增温幅度,灌浆期遭遇的高温日数减少,主要生育阶段的平均太阳辐射强度减弱。在增温与CO₂浓度升高复合影响下,冬小麦籽粒蛋白质含量略有增加,籽粒淀粉与脂肪含量未显示规律性的变化趋势,增温对小麦蛋白质含量的综合影响弥补了CO₂浓度升高对籽粒蛋白质含量的负效应。如果不考虑小麦品种变化影响,预计未来气候变化可能不会导致我国北方冬小麦籽粒营养品质下降。     

潮州市PM2.5-O3复合污染特征及与气象要素的关系

利用潮州市区2014—2020年空气质量逐小时质量浓度数据，分析了PM_2.5、O₃质量浓度及复合污染的年、月、日变化特征，结合相应时段潮州国家站气象资料，分析PM_2.5-O₃与气象条件的关系。结果表明：2014—2020年潮州市区年平均ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(O₃-8 h)及复合污染出现日数均呈波动下降趋势，月平均ρ(PM_2.5)最高出现在3月，月平均ρ(O₃-8 h)最高出现在10月，两种污染物最低均出现在6月。复合污染出现较多的是10月至次年4月。PM_2.5、O₃污染具有一定相互作用，当其中一种污染物质量浓度较高时另一种污染物的质量浓度相应较高，同时污染物质量浓度的日较差也会相应增大；污染物峰谷值出现时间表现为空气污染较严重时，O₃峰值出现时间在16:00,PM_2.5峰值出现在19:00。PM_2.5-O...     

OTC-1型开顶式气室中CO2对大豆影响的试验结果

利用OTC-1型开顶式气室对大豆进行了长时期不同CO_2浓度处理的接触试验,结果表明:不同CO_2浓度处理对大豆生长发育、生物产量、籽粒产量及叶片光合作用率等影响显著,且均为正效应。     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O_3 and CO_2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part Ⅱ: Simulation Results and Analyses

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the enrichment of tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide concentration at striking rates has caused effects on biosphere, especially on crops. It is generally accepted that the increase of CO2 concentration will have obverse effects on plant productivity while ozone is reported as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. The Model of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Agroecosystems (DNDC) was adapted to evaluate simultaneously impacts of climate change on winter wheat. Growth development and yield formation of winter wheat under different O3 and CO2 concentration conditions are simulated with the improved DNDC model whose structure has been described in another paper. Through adjusting the DNDC model applicability, winter wheat growth and development in Gucheng Station were simulated well in 1993 and 1999, which is in favor of modifying the model further. The model was validated against experiment observation, including development stage data, leaf area index, each organ biomass, and total aboveground biomass. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the simulated results in development stage and biomass were sensitive to temperature change. The main conclusions of the paper are the following: 1) The growth and yield of winter wheat under CO2 concentration of 500 ppmv, 700 ppmv and the current ozone concentration are simulated respectively by the model. The results are well fitted with the observed data of OTCs experiments. The results show that increase of CO2 concentration may improve the growth of winter wheat and elevate the yield. 2) The growth and yield of winter wheat under O3 concentration of 50 ppbv, 100 ppbv, 200 ppbv and the based concentration CO2 are simulated respectively by the model. The simulated curves of stem, leaf, and spike organs growth as well as leaf area index are well accounted with the observed data. The results reveal that ozone has negative effects on the growth and yield of winter wheat. Ozone accelerates the process of leaf senescence and causes yield loss. Under very high ozone concentration, crops are damaged dramatically and even dead. 3) At last, by the model possible effects of air temperature change and combined effects of O3 and CO2 are estimated respectively. The results show that doubled CO2 concentration may alleviate negative effect of O3 on biomass and yield of winter wheat when ozone concentration is about 70-80 ppbv. The obverse effects of CO2 are less than the adverse effects of O3 when the concentration of ozone is up to 100 ppbv. Future work should determine whether it can be applied to other species by adjusting the values of related parameters, and whether the model can be adapted to predict ozone effects on crops in farmland environment.     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O3 and CO2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part II: Simulation Results and Analyses

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the enrichment of tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide concentration at striking rates has caused effects on biosphere, especially on crops. It is generally accepted that the increase of CO2 concentration will have obverse effects on plant productivity while ozone is reported as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. The Model of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Agroecosystems (DNDC) was adapted to evaluate simultaneously impacts of climate change on winter wheat. Growth development and yield formation of winter wheat under different O3 and CO2 concentration conditions are simulated with the improved DNDC model whose structure has been described in another paper. Through adjusting the DNDC model applicability, winter wheat growth and development in Gucheng Station were simulated well in 1993 and 1999, which is in favor of modifying the model further. The model was validated against experiment observation, including development stage data, leaf area index, each organ biomass, and total aboveground biomass. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the simulated results in development stage and biomass were sensitive to temperature change. The main conclusions of the paper are the following: 1) The growth and yield of winter wheat under CO2 concentration of 500 ppmv, 700 ppmv and the current ozone concentration are simulated respectively by the model. The results are well fitted with the observed data of OTCs experiments. The results show that increase of CO2 concentration may improve the growth of winter wheat and elevate the yield. 2) The growth and yield of winter wheat under O3 concentration of 50 ppbv, 100 ppbv, 200 ppbv and the based concentration CO2 are simulated respectively by the model. The simulated curves of stem, leaf, and spike organs growth as well as leaf area index are well accounted with the observed data. The results reveal that ozone has negative e ects on the growth and yield of winter wheat. Ozone accelerates the process of leaf senescence and causes yield loss. Under very high ozone concentration, crops are damaged dramatically and even dead. 3) At last, by the model possible effects of air temperature change and combined effects of O3 and CO2 are estimated respectively. The results show that doubled CO2 concentration may alleviate negative effect of O3 on biomass and yield of winter wheat when ozone concentration is about 70-80 ppbv. The obverse effects of CO2 are less than the adverse effects of O3 when the concentration of ozone is up to 100 ppbv. Future work should determine whether it can be applied to other species by adjusting the values of related parameters, and whether the model can be adapted to predict ozone e ects on crops in farmland environment.     

青岛大气臭氧及其前体物时间变化与污染特征

利用2003年12月—2005年3月青岛八关山观测资料,分析大气中O3、NOX和CO浓度时间变化规律与影响因素,探讨O3及其主要前体物NOX、CO间复杂的相互作用及相关关系。结果表明:青岛NO2日平均浓度年超标率为25%;受光化学反应及大气运动等影响,NOX与CO浓度为冬季高、夏季低,O3与之相反;NOX与CO浓度日变化呈双峰型分布,日间高于夜间;O3浓度峰值出现于午后(滞后于NOX约5 h),阴雨天夜间浓度出现回升。经滞后相关分析,NOX对O3浓度变化的累积效应作用时间为5—6 h;O3与NO、NO2浓度比值可较明显地验证出辐射强度与尾气排放对青岛及其他地区污染特征的影响。青岛CO与NOX比值在不同天气条件下维持在10.0左右,可用于定性估计其大气污染特征。     

CO2浓度倍增对大豆影响的试验研究

本文利用OTC-1型开顶式气室研究了CO2浓度倍增对大豆的影响， 结果表明:CO2浓度增加使大豆成熟期提前，株高增加；根瘤数量、干物重和单个根瘤的重量增加；叶片厚度、干物重及单位面积的叶片重量增加；总生物量、籽粒数量、籽粒产量和百粒重明显增加；光合作用速率和气孔阻力增加，蒸腾速率减小；粗蛋白含量减少，粗脂肪、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸增加。     

Effect of increasing CO2 on the stratospheric level of CO and O3

Production and destruction processes of carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) are examined in the light of increasing amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). It is found that doubling of CO2 will increase the stratospheric concentration of CO and will have positive effect on O3 concentration.     

大气中CO_2含量增长后的温室效应对我国未来农业生产的可能影响

大气中CO_2含量升高引起的气候变化是目前人们十分关注的问题,地球变暖是不少科学家的共同看法.本文根据赵宗慈估算的CO_2含量增加1倍时对我国气候的可能影响,分析了这种变化对农业热量资源及农业生产的可能影响.结果表明:积温将增加无霜期延长,种植界线向北推移,对我国粮食产量的影响区域间差异较大,三北地区为增产趋势,华南为减产趋势.     

银川大气污染物浓度变化特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用2013年银川地区6个监测点污染物质量浓度和同期气象要素数据,对区域内污染物浓度变化特征及其与气象条件的关系进行分析。结果表明：银川市区PM10年均值超标0.7倍,PM_2.5年均值超标0.4倍,SO₂和NO₂也有一定程度超标,CO和O₃未超标|1、2、11月和12月为SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO质量浓度较高月,O₃浓度最高月为5月,次高月为10月|9:00-12:00和21:00-00:00是SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和CO质量浓度较高的两个时段,O₃浓度一般于15:00达到最大;6类污染物普遍表现出季节性的准7 d周期和全年性的准30 d周期|空气质量状况良的频率是56 %,轻度污染26 %,优仅为12%;首要污染物以PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂为主|风速与SO₂、NO₂和CO具有良好的负相关关系,与O₃则呈显著正相关关系,风速对PM₁₀和PM_2.5影响较复杂,当风速小于某一值时,有利于PM₁₀和PM_2.5扩散,当风速达到一定程度后,又会导致PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度的增加|降水对污染物有较好的冲刷作用,且对SO₂的清除作用最明显,对O₃的清洁作用最弱。     

The possible influences of the increasing anthropogenic emissions in India on tropospheric ozone and OH

A 3-D chemical transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the influences of the increasing anthropogenic emission in India. The model is capable of reproducing the observational results of the INDOEX experiment and the measurements in summer over India well. The model results show that when NOx and CO emissions in India are doubled, ozone concentration increases, and global average OH decreases a little. Under the effects of the Indian summer monsoon, NOx and CO in India are efficiently transported into the middle and upper troposphere by the upward current and the convective activities so that the NOx, CO, and ozone in the middle and upper troposphere significantly increase with the increasing NOx and CO emissions. These increases extensively influence a part of Asia, Africa, and Europe, and persist from June to September.