Morphometric analysis of Araniar river basin using remote sensing and geographical information system in the assessment of groundwater potential

Morphometric analysis using remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS), in the recent study, has become an efficient method in the assessment of groundwater potential of a river basin. The present study focused on the morphometric analysis of Araniar river basin using RS and GIS techniques in the identification of groundwater potential zones for effective planning and management of groundwater resources of the basin. The study area was divided into six subbasins for the purpose of micro-level morphometric analysis. The main stream of the basin is of fifth order and drainage patterns of subbasins are mostly of dendritic and parallel type. Based on the linear, areal and relief parameters of subbasins, the groundwater potential zones of the basin were identified and the results substantiated with geomorphology map derived from RS data. The elongated shape, favourable drainage network, permeable geologic formation and low relief of the subbasins WS3, WS5 and WS6 make them the promising groundwater potential zones of Araniar river basin. The statistical analysis and overlay analysis of the morphometric parameters also indicated the subbasins WS3, WS5 and WS6 as high groundwater potential zones. The groundwater potential zone map when overlaid with groundwater fluctuation map indicated the suitable sites for artificial recharge structures.     

Identification of landslide susceptible settlements using geographical information system of Yelwandi river basin,Maharashtra (India)

Natural Hazards - Landslides are one of the critical geological processes, which cause enormous damage to civil engineering structures and also lead to loss of life. The present study is an attempt...     

Flood occurrence hazard forecasting based on geographical information system

The application of Geographical Information system (GIS) in modeling flood and its prediction in catchments offers considerable potential. Several examples illustrate simple GIS techniques to produce flood hazard indices or its zonation using hydrologic-type models. Existing flood models can also be loosely coupled to a GIS, such as the HMS (Hydrological Modeling System) model. Forethermore, models can be fully integrated into a GIS by embedded coupling, such as the SCS (Soil Conservation Service) model. Installation of flood forecasting systems in watersheds with incomplete hydrometric data may reduce the flood-induced damages. In this study Geographical Information system used to up to date the watershed data and estimation of SCS model parameters which is sensible to considered the real time flood forecasting in Kasilian catchment of Mazandaran province. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of the linkage between GIS with a comprehensive hydrologic model, especially HMS. The use of GIS could produce a suitable agreement between observed results (extracted rainfall and runoff data of 1992, 1995 and 1996 from the related stations) with the calculated results of the hydrological model. The obtained results from rainfall-runoff process simulations of the model in this research showed that submergibility of the main watershed, Kasillian, does not depend on the outlet discharge rate of each one of its watershed independently. But it is related to how those two outlet hydrographs from main river watershed are combined. The model is capable of showing the flood characteristics temporally and spatially in each cross section of the channel network.     

矿山地理信息元数据系统设计

分析了在矿山地理信息系统中引入元数据的重要性和可行性,然后采用建模技术,设计并实现了矿山地理信息元数据标准原型,并给出了矿山地理信息元数据系统的基本架构。     

Data driven bivariate landslide susceptibility assessment using geographical information systems: a method and application to Asarsuyu catchment, Turkey

In the last decades, landslide hazard assessment has attracted many researchers' attention. A number of parameters are suggested to be responsible to quantitatively explain the mechanism of landslides; many of these parameters are very important and factual. However, some data types and models are site-specific and could not be applied to different locations. Furthermore, the data stored in continuous parameter maps are divided into a number of classes arbitrarily, depending on the vision of the expert. Basically, this division controls the result of bivariate analysis. Besides, the responsible portion of the parameter map controlling the mechanism is also weighted arbitrarily. Based on these two facts, the class boundaries put a prejudice on the produced susceptibility/hazard maps, which result in dependence on the knowledge of the user rather than being dependent on the data and the fact itself. The aim of this study is to refine the previously defined methods in a more data-dependent trend. To achieve this goal, two new concepts: seed cells and percentile maps are introduced. Seed cells are the zones that are considered to represent the best undisturbed morphological decision rules (conditions before landslide occurs) and would be achieved by adding a buffer zone to the crown and flank areas of the landslide. To quantitatively classify the input parameter maps, the data distributions of seed cells in the parameter maps are divided into a number of classes on the basis of their distribution's percentile break-points upon which the parameter maps are directly dependent on the seed cell distributions, hence to the data itself.     

Investigation of land use changes on soil erosion process using geographical information system

Land use change quantified for the last 50 years within and near a fast growing agricultural land in Neka River Basin, using geographic information systems. Land cover and land use change was projected for the next decade using topography, geology, land use maps and remote sensing data of the study area. The study explored the relationships between agricultural land growth and landscape changes. The land use changes assessed among the different land cover classes. It is important to mention that conducting of the present study a very severe land cover changes taken place as the result of agricultural land development. These changes in land cover led to the forest degradation of the study area. Relationship between land-use changes and agricultural growth offered a more robust prediction of soil erosion in Neka watershed. This study aims to find the relationships between land use pattern, erosion and the sediment yield in the study area. The land use coefficient has applied in the model of erosion potential method to forecast the effect of the land type to reduce the erosion. The results of this study indicated that the total sediment yield of the study area has notably decreased to 89.24 % after an appropriate land use/cover alteration. The estimated special erosion for the southern Neka Basin is about 144465.1 m³/km² where after management policy is predicted 15542.9 m³/km²/y. Therefore, the total difference for the study area has estimated about 128922.2 m3/km2/y.     

Landslides susceptibility mapping based on geographical information system,GuiZhou, south-west China

The purpose of this study is to assess the susceptibility of landslides around the area of Guizhou province, in south-west of China, using a geographical information system (GIS). The base map is prepared by visiting the field area and mapping individual landslide at a scale of 1:500,000 topographic maps. In the study, slope, lithology, landslide inventory, tectonic activity, drainage distribution and annual precipitation were taken as independent causal factors. Therefore, six causal factors maps are prepared by collecting information from various authorized sources and converting them in to GIS maps. The susceptibility assessment is based on the qualitative map combination model and trapezoidal fuzzy number weighting (TFNW) approach. Using a predicted map of probability, the study area was classified into four categories of landslide susceptibility: low, moderate, high and very high. In addition, the weighting procedure showed that the TFNW is an efficient method for landslide causal factors weighting.     

Hypsometric analysis and watershed management of Diyung watershed in north eastern India

The Diyung river descends in Nagaon district of Assam. After its confluence with main channel Kopili it causes enormous losses to life and property due to floods. Appropriate watershed treatment measures are, therefore, required for moderating the flood damage. In the present study landscape information viz., the hypsometric integral has been analysed. The Diyung watershed has been subdivided into 23 sub-watersheds for hypsometric analysis. The hypsometric integral for the entire Diyung watershed ranged from 0.14 to 0.56. According to the present study there are two stages of geologic/geomorphologic development, namely equilibrium stage and monadnock stage. The hypsometric integral indicates that surface runoff is the dominant process. Although static, the topographic characteristics indicate response of watershed to various natural phenomenon and dominant processes such as runoff and erosion. Based on the intensity of the processes sub-watershed can be prioritized for taking up appropriate conservation measures. The study also highlights the use of hypsometric integral for prioritizing watershed for planning engineering measures to mitigate the impact.     

Hypsometric analysis of the micro-watersheds with different management practices located on Shivalik foothills

In this paper, the hypsometric curves and integrals of four neighboring micro-watersheds draining into Patiala-Ki-Rao stream which is situated in the Shivalik foothills of district SAS Nagar in the Punjab state (India) has been presented to access and compare the erosion regimes under different management practices. Area-elevation ratio method has been used to compute hypsometric curve and integral values for each micro-watershed through ArcGIS 10.3 and Microsoft Excel. The 9-year data of runoff and sediment yield for all these micro-watersheds under different management practices has been analyzed for their effect on land cover and soil quality. Thus, the results of present study are very useful for comparing, planning, implementing, and controlling soil erosion in similar watersheds.     

Assessing stone degradation using an integrated database and geographical information system (GIS)

An integrated database and geographical information system (GIS) for the recording and monitoring of stone degradation are outlined. GIS requirements for stone degradation are summarized and a simple classification system for weathering forms identified and applied. The potential use of the system for identifying change in weathering forms using historic imagery is illustrated using an example from Oxford. Combining information from imagery of different buildings at different time periods, it is possible to put forward a possible scenario of weathering form evolution.     

Mapping groundwater quality for irrigation in Punjab, North-West India, using geographical information system

The state of Punjab—a part of the Indus basin of the Indian subcontinent has an excellent net work of irrigation facilities. However, due to intensive cultivation it is facing a major problem with respect to quality of groundwater for irrigation. In the present investigation, geo-referenced groundwater samples were analysed to map water quality using geographical information system. Electrical conductivity varied from 0.418 to 5.754 dS m^?1 with an average of 1.365 dS m^?1. The carbonate ranged between 0 and 120 mg L^?1, whereas bicarbonate ranged from 5 to 1,000 mg L^?1. Chloride varied from 7 to 2,347 mg L^?1. Calcium plus magnesium ranged from 12 to 1,216 mg L^?1 with a mean value of 169 mg L^?1. Sodium adsorption ratio ranged between 0.0 and 34.78 with an average of 2.66 meq L^?1/2. Residual sodium carbonate varied from 0 to 21.30 meq L^?1 with a standard deviation of 2.24. The Geographic Information System (GIS)-based mapping indicated that water in suitable category spatially covered 45.7 % of the state which is located mostly in the sub-mountain (Siwalik Hills), north-eastern undulating and piedmont and alluvial plain agro-eco-subregions. Marginally suitable groundwater spatially covered 46.1 % in the central alluvial plain and south-western alluvial plain agro-eco-subregions. Unsuitable groundwater covered 8.2 % of the state, mostly in the erstwhile sodic soils areas in the central alluvial plain and south-western alluvial plain agro-eco-subregions. GIS-based maps are effective in identifying hot spots which need immediate attention and call for strategic planning for sustainable management.     

基于面积-高程积分法的岷山雪宝顶-九寨沟地貌形态分析

近一个世纪以来,关于冰川成因主流的一种理论是冰川发育的构造-气候耦合模式,为了研究构造活动在冰川发育中的作用,选取构造活跃的岷山雪宝顶（5588m）-九寨沟为研究区,以DEM数据为基础材料,结合ArcGIS的地图处理软件ArcMap分析技术,采用面积-高程积分方法对雪宝顶地区、九寨沟地区和岷江西侧的地貌形态特征进行分析。研究结果显示：雪宝顶地区、九寨沟地区和岷江西侧面积-高程积分（HI）分别为0.54、0.46和0.39;面积-高程积分曲线均呈S型形态但逐渐变凹,反应3个区域构造活动特征。地貌演化阶段均属于壮年期,但雪宝顶地区靠近幼年期,岷江西侧接近老年期,反应区域先后抬升或者抬升的幅度依次减小。3个地区1810个板块的HI值呈现出明显的区域分异,显示冰川作用和岩性差异对局部面积-高程积分值的大小的影响。研究区的冰川发育与构造作用密切相关。

     

Pb isotope evidence for contaminant-metal dispersal in an international river system: The lower Danube catchment,Eastern Europe

Lead isotope signatures (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb), determined by magnetic sector ICP-MS in river channel sediment, metal ores and mine waste, have been used as geochemical tracers to quantify the delivery and dispersal of sediment-associated metals in the lower Danube River catchment. Due to a diverse geology and range of ore-body ages, Pb isotope signatures in ore-bodies within the lower Danube River catchment show considerable variation, even within individual metallogenic zones. It is also possible to discriminate between the Pb isotopic signatures in mine waste and river sediment within river systems draining individual ore bodies. Lead isotopic data, along with multi-element data; were used to establish the provenance of river sediments and quantify sedimentary contributions to mining-affected tributaries and to the Danube River. Data indicate that mining-affected tributaries in Serbia and Bulgaria contribute up to 30% of the river channel sediment load of the lower Danube River. Quantifying relative sediment contributions from mining-affected tributaries enables spatial patterns in sediment-associated metal and As concentrations to be interpreted in terms of key contaminant sources. Combining geochemical survey data with that regarding the provenance of contaminated sediments can therefore be used to identify foci for remediation and environmental management strategies.     

岩溶地下河流域地下水资源评价——以湖南湘西大龙洞为例

采用降水入渗系数法和径流模数法,计算得到天然资源量和可开采资源量等.该方法可根据不同计算块段的水文地质条件赋予不同参数,结果更接近实际;通过水文分析法,求得不同降水频率年份的径流量和天然资源量,认为2003水文年为偏枯年.统计法求得在天然和建库条件下的可采资源量.而用动态分析法,计算了可采资源量和天然调蓄量,认为大旱年份系统天然调蓄量仍小于估测地下库容.上述不同方法计算得到的结果,特别是可采资源量,可靠程度较高,可比性强,为拟建水库设计提供了科学依据.     

Groundwater assessment in Salboni Block, West Bengal (India) using remote sensing, geographical information system and multi-criteria decision analysis techniques

An approach is presented for the evaluation of groundwater potential using remote sensing, geographic information system, geoelectrical, and multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The approach divides the available hydrologic and hydrogeologic data into two groups, exogenous (hydrologic) and endogenous (subsurface). A case study in Salboni Block, West Bengal (India), uses six thematic layers of exogenous parameters and four thematic layers of endogenous parameters. These thematic layers and their features were assigned suitable weights which were normalized by analytic hierarchy process and eigenvector techniques. The layers were then integrated using ArcGIS software to generate two groundwater potential maps. The hydrologic parameters-based groundwater potential zone map indicated that the ‘good’ groundwater potential zone covers 27.14% of the area, the ‘moderate’ zone 45.33%, and the ‘poor’ zone 27.53%. A comparison of this map with the groundwater potential map based on subsurface parameters revealed that the hydrologic parameters-based map accurately delineates groundwater potential zones in about 59% of the area, and hence it is dependable to a certain extent. More than 80% of the study area has moderate-to-poor groundwater potential, which necessitates efficient groundwater management for long-term water security. Overall, the integrated technique is useful for the assessment of groundwater resources at a basin or sub-basin scale.     

岩土工程分析信息系统的开发

岩土工程分析信息系统运用地理信息系统的思想将工程可视化、区域地质灾害分区、数据库管理、数值模拟计算、分析预测功能集成,实现了以工程可视化为中心,以各种数据库为依托,并提供计算分析等完整功能系列的实用工具。系统功能齐全,交互灵活,对工程勘测、施工与设计具有一定的实用价值。     

景观空间结构分析在城市水系规划中的应用

作为城市重要的生态基础设施,河流与水系的功能正常发挥与否取决于其结构特征以及格局的完善程度,而水系规划对城市河流结构与水系格局的改善具有关键作用。运用景观生态学关于廊道与网络的分析方法,将河流与水系看作水景观元素中的廊道和网络,通过计算和比较水系规划前后河流廊道与水系网络的一些指标,反映河流结构和水系网络特征的变化情况,以此评价水系规划的科学性和合理性,揭示水系规划在改善城市河流廊道的空间结构和提高水系网络的连接度方面的景观生态学本质;并以太仓市水系规划为例进行了研究。结果表明,规划后全市水系网络的连结数与最大可能连结数之比(γ)和网络中实际环路数与最大可能出现环路的比值(α)指数值分别比现状提高了30%和119%,河流廊道的空间结构得到了明显改善。对四个水利片区的研究发现各区的γ和α值具有较为明显的空间差异,γ和α值表现为现状指标值越低、城市化影响越强烈的地区,规划后其值提高的幅度越大。     

Shoreline change rate estimation and its forecast: remote sensing,geographical information system and statistics-based approach

The present study indicates that coastal geomorphology is controlled by the natural processes and anthropogenic activities. The changes in shoreline positions of Udupi coast, western India, are investigated for a period of 98 years using multi-dated satellite images and topographic maps. The study area has been divided into four littoral cells and each cell into a number of transects at uniform intervals. Further, past shoreline positions have been demarcated and future positions are estimated for 12 and 22 years. The shoreline change rate has been estimated using statistical methods—end point rate, average of rates and linear regression—and cross-validated with correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error (RMSE) methods. Resultant changes from natural processes and human interventions have been inferred from the estimated values of the back-calculated errors. About 53 % of transects exhibit ±10 m RMSE values, indicating better agreement between the estimated and satellite-based shoreline positions, and the transects closer to the cell boundaries exhibit ~57 % uncertainties in shoreline change rate estimations. Based on the values of correlation coefficient and RMSE, the influence of natural processes and human interventions on shoreline changes have been calculated. The cells/transects dominated by natural processes record low RMSE values, whereas those influenced by human interventions show lower correlation coefficient and higher RMSE values. The present study manifests that the results of this study can be very useful in quantifying shoreline changes and in prediction of shoreline positions.     

Application of a resistivity survey and geographical information system (GIS) analysis for hydrogeological zoning of a piedmont area, Himalayan foothill region, India

A Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used for the integration of the results of 70 vertical electrical soundings and hydrogeological data in the piedmont zone of the Himalayan foothills region of Uttaranchal, India. Indian remote sensing (IRS) LISS-III data has been used to prepare thematic maps for the geomorphology and slope maps of the area. The ranges of electrical resistivity values have been assigned to the different formations by calibrating electrical resistivity values with the borehole data. Electrical resistivity, groundwater level monitoring, and borehole and remote sensing data have been integrated in the GIS analysis to delineate the hydrogeological zoning in the study area. Suitable weights were assigned to the different features affecting the groundwater potential. The total score for a particular location is translated in terms of groundwater potential of the area. The results indicate that the southern part of the study area has a very good groundwater potential for meeting the demand of water for irrigation and domestic purposes whereas the steeply sloping area in the northern part, having high relief, has a poor groundwater potential. The resulting delineation of groundwater potential zones are in general agreement with the available yield data of the tube wells.

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Resumen Se ha utilizado un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) para la integración de los resultados de 70 sondeos eléctricos verticales y datos hidrogeológicos en la zona piamonte de la región al pie de los Himalaya de Uttaranchal, India. Se han utilizados datos de sensores remotos Indios (IRS) LISS-III para elaborar mapas temáticos de la geomorfología y mapas de pendientes del área. Se han asignado los rangos de valores de resistividad eléctrica a diferentes formaciones mediante la calibración de valores de resistividad eléctrica con datos de barrenos. Se han integrado datos de resistividad eléctrica, monitoreo de niveles de agua subterránea, y barrenos, y datos de sensores remotos mediante un análisis SIG para delimitar la zonificación hidrogeológica del área de estudio. Se asignaron pesos apropiados a las diferentes características que afectan el potencial del agua subterránea. El puntaje total de un lugar particular se ha transformado en términos de potencial de agua subterránea del área. Los resultados indican que la parte sur del área de estudio tiene muy buen potencial de agua subterránea para satisfacer la demanda de agua por riego y uso doméstico mientras que el área de pendientes pronunciadas en la parte norte, de alto relieve, tiene potencial pobre de agua subterránea. La delimitación de zonas potenciales de agua subterránea encaja muy bien con los datos disponibles de rendimiento de pozos entubados.

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Résumé Un système d’information géographique (SIG) a été utilisé pour l’intégration de résultats en provenance de 70 sondages électriques et données hydrogéologiques dans la zone de piedmont, au pied de l’Himalaya dans la région de Uttaranchal en Inde. Des données du satellite IRS LISS-III ont été utilisées pour préparer des cartes thématiques sur la géomorphologie et les pentes de la zone d’étude. Les valeurs de résistivités électriques ont été assignées aux différentes formations en les calibrant sur les données de sondages. La résistivité électrique, la piézométrie, et les données de sondages et de télédétection ont été intégrées dans une analyse par SIG pour délimiter les zones hydrogéologiques de l’aire d’étude. Des poids ont été assignés aux différents éléments affectant le potentiel en eau souterraine. Le résultat final pour une localisation particulière est traduit en terme de potentiel en eau souterraine. Les résultats indiquent que la partie Sud a un potentiel très bon pour la demande en eau domestique et eau d’irrigation, tandis que les zones plus pentues dans la partie Nord, caractérisée par un relief élevé, présente un potentiel assez pauvre. La délinéation globale des zones à différents potentiels s’accorde assez bien avec les données disponibles concernant la capacité des puits.