模糊综合评判法在岩石可钻性分级中的应用

将传统的岩石物理力学性质测试方法与模糊理论中的模糊综合评判法相结合,总结出一种相对简单但有效的岩石可钻性分级模型.结合实际钻进的岩石,确定分级模型的影响因素分别是为压入硬度、摆球塑性系数、金刚石钻进时效;以正态分布函数作为隶属函数来计算模型的评价矩阵,通过模型确定岩石的可钻性等级.运用Matlab软件将计算过程实现程序化,模型计算结果表明该方法能够对岩石可钻性作出较客观精确的分析.     

基于模糊C-均值算法粗糙集理论的云模型在岩爆等级评价中的应用

岩爆等级评价具有模糊性和不确定性,而粗糙集理论的云模型对处理模糊性和不确定性问题具有独特优势,由此提出了基于模糊C均值（简称FCM）算法粗糙集的云模型理论在岩爆等级评价中的新模型。该模型选用岩石单轴抗压强度 、洞室围岩最大的切向应力 、岩石单轴抗拉强度 和岩石弹性能量指数Wet作为岩爆等级评价因子,依据岩爆分级标准计算各评价因子隶属于不同岩爆等级的云数字特征。同时,以国内外40例岩爆工程为研究对象,运用基于FCM算法的粗糙度理论进行因子属性重要性评价,计算各评价因子权重。根据正向正态云发生器,得到待评样本的综合确定度,由最大综合确定度判定岩爆级别。研究表明：该模型的评价结果与实际情况基本一致,具有一定的可行性,为岩爆预测提供了一种新的研究方法与思路。     

基于模糊集重心理论的岩体分类

将模糊综合评判方法应用于岩体分类可造成评判信息丢失,影响评判结果的准确性和可信度。针对该缺陷,引入模糊集重心理论,克服了综合评判方法中某些因素由于权值较小而被“淹没”的现象。在此基础上,选取了岩石质量指标、单轴抗压强度、岩体完整性系数、岩石软化系数、最大地震烈度和地下水渗水量这6个对岩体质量及其稳定性影响比较大的因素,以正态分布作为其隶属函数,采用加权平均值法确定各因素权重值,建立了基于模糊集重心理论的岩体模糊分类方法。结合具体的工程实例,阐明了上述各因素模糊集重心的计算方法。利用基于模糊集重心的岩体模糊分类方法,研究了某一地下工程围岩的稳定性级别,并与模糊综合评判方法计算的结果和围岩的实际稳定情况进行了对比,验证了方法的准确性和适用性。     

利用井径资料预测鱼卡煤田东部勘探区七煤顶板的稳定性

在煤田测井中，井径的变化对其它测井参数是一种干扰，但利用井径的相对变化值（井径扩大系数），可有效地评估岩石的强度等级和可采煤层顶底板的稳定性。统计鱼卡煤田东部勘探区29个钻孔孔径的变化值，按岩石抗压强度划分原则，将其七煤顶板稳定性划分为5个等级，据此固定了该煤田七煤顶板稳定性分布图。     

基于正态云模型的深埋地下工程岩爆烈度分级预测研究

岩爆是深埋地下工程开挖建设过程中常见的工程地质灾害,对其发生的可能性及其烈度分级预测一直是岩石地下工程的世界性难题。针对岩爆烈度评估过程中存在的模糊性和随机性问题,建立了基于德尔菲法和正态云的综合评判模型。在系统分析影响岩爆发生的相关因素的基础上,选取岩石单轴抗压强度与抗拉强度比σc/σt、切向应力与岩石单轴抗压强度比σθ/σc、岩石脆性指数Is和弹性变形能指数Wet构建评价指标体系,通过德尔菲科学方法确定其权重系数。基于云模型理论计算各评价因子隶属于岩爆级别的云数字特征,生成正态云滴,实现了岩爆烈度与评价指标值之间的不确定映射,保留了评估过程中的随机性。最后,利用国内外典型岩爆工程实例对所建模型进行检验,其判别结果与实际岩爆等级相符,且准确率高于功效系数法和集对分析理论,表明采用云模型对岩爆烈度进行预测是可行的、有效的。该模型具有较高的准确性和可靠性,能满足工程应用需要,在深埋地下工程岩爆预测中具有良好的工程应用前景。     

评价页岩压裂形成缝网能力的新方法

页岩储层的“体积压裂”,使美国页岩气产业取得巨大成功,有效评价压裂裂缝网络形成的难易程度,是压裂开采的首要目标,目前国内外尚未发现有效的评价方法,为此开发了一种新的测试方法。针对10种岩芯,测试岩石力学参数,并对比分析常用的3种页岩脆性评价方法。采用压后裂隙结构面迹长分布的分维值和面密度对裂缝进行定量表征,并对压后崩落碎块进行对比分析。通过实验认为,杨氏模量和泊松比判别法与塑性系数判别法用于评价岩石脆性,精确度更高;脆性岩石通常表现为高杨氏模量或（和）低泊松比的特征,与单轴抗压强度、抗张强度和压入硬度没有对应关系;压裂裂缝的分布具有统计意义上的分形特征,分维可用于定量评价压后裂缝网络复杂度;硬度越高,压后裂缝密度越小;脆性越强,压后裂缝密度越大。新方法是岩石脆性、硬度和天然裂缝系统（和沉积层理）特征的综合体现,用于评价页岩压后形成缝网的能力,不仅直观可靠,而且简单有效,有利于现场推广应用,对于今后页岩气或致密砂岩气开发的理论研究和现场应用具有一定的指导意义。     

基于模糊综合优化模型的地下水质量评价

在应用模糊综合评判法进行地下水水质评估中,存在地下水质量标准与方法要求的分级标准不匹配以及隶属度绝对化的问题。文中在模糊综合评判法的基础上,引入相对隶属度概念表征评价指标与水质标准间的模糊关系,从而建立起模糊综合优化模型。应用该模型对青岛市大沽河地下水源地水质状况进行评价和分析对比,研究结果表明,地下水质量标准符合优化模型对评判标准类型的要求,克服了传统模型存在的标准不兼容问题。指标实测值介于某中间等级时,该等级与左右相邻等级的相对隶属度值均大于0。与绝对的隶属度分布相比,优化模型拓展了指标在各等级隶属度的分布,真实反映了其相对的特征。水源地南部地区(监测井S1和S3)地下水的总硬度、溶解性总固体与其他特征污染物的含量均超过Ⅳ类水质标准,优化模型判定的水质等级也为Ⅳ类水,评价结果符合研究区的实际情况,表明优化模型是可靠的。     

工程岩爆灾害判别的RBF-AR耦合模型

岩爆是深部高地应力区地下岩体工程中的主要工程地质灾害之一,其发生及烈度预测是一个复杂的不确定系统问题。为了有效预测和判别深部工程岩爆灾害,在总体考虑岩爆各影响因素的基础上,选取地下工程中岩体完整性指数、岩石单轴抗压强度、岩石单轴抗拉强度、围岩最大切向应力、围岩抗压强度与其抗拉强度的比值、围岩切向应力与围岩抗压强度比值、弹性能量指数、岩爆倾向性指数作为岩爆预测的评判指标,提出了一种基于非线性参数优化的RBF-AR岩爆预测模型。在终南山隧道竖井岩爆判别中,利用RBF-AR法进行计算,计算结果与实际情况完全一致,表明该模型在岩爆预测中的可行性和有效性。     

岩石-钢纤维混凝土复合层抗压强度预测模型

为了研究岩石-钢纤维混凝土复合层单轴抗压强度的计算方法,对岩石、钢纤维混凝土和岩石-钢纤维混凝土(R-SFRC)复合层试件进行单轴压缩试验,分析混凝土强度等级(C30、C40和C50)和纤维掺量(0、40、60和80 kg/m3)对钢纤维混凝土和复合层单轴抗压强度的影响规律,应用RFPA2D模拟复合层单轴压缩损伤过程和应力-应变曲线,基于Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则建立R-SFRC复合层抗压强度预测模型。结果表明,复合层试件单轴抗压强度介于岩石和混凝土抗压强度之间,复合层中岩石和混凝土界面的相互约束改变了各层的受力状态,复合层中岩石强度降低而混凝土强度增大,复合层极限抗压强度为复合层中的混凝土强度。复合层试件的抗压强度随混凝土基体强度和钢纤维掺量的增大而增大,混凝土基体强度对复合层试件的抗压强度影响更显著;不同材料的复合层单轴抗压强度数值模拟值和理论计算值相对于试验值的误差范围分别为-5.41%～-0.69%和-8.67%～-1.21%,数值模拟和理论计算模型可用于复合层单轴抗压强度预测。     

矿山泥石流险情的变权云模型综合预测

为更合理预测矿山泥石流危险性,将云模型、变权理论和模糊熵理论三者融合,提出一种矿山泥石流危险性的变权云模型综合预测方法。选取山坡坡度、沟床纵比降、主沟长度、汇水面积、弃渣量、单位面积松散物源量、雨季降雨量、植被覆盖率为指标,计算各指标隶属于不同等级的云模型参数;结合变权理论与指标值动态确定不同样本的指标权重;应用正向高斯云发生器计算综合确定度;依据最大综合确定度隶属等级判定危险性级别,且应用模糊熵表示预测等级的模糊性,为矿山泥石流预警提供更详细的参考依据。最后,选取秦岭34个矿山泥石流实例对所建立模型进行验证,结果表明,该方法预测结果与实际吻合,能满足工程需要。     

Prediction of specific energy of carbonate rock in industrial stones cutting process

Specific energy (SE) measurements of circular saws were conducted on 12 different carbonate rocks. Rock samples were collected from the factories for laboratory tests. Bulk density, apparent porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, flexural strength, Schmidt rebound hardness, Shore hardness, point load strength index, Los Angeles abrasion values, and P-wave velocity values were determined in the laboratory. SE and rock properties were evaluated using simple regression analysis and empirical equations were developed. The equations were verified by statistical tests. Regression analysis showed that high correlations exist between SE and uniaxial compressive strength, Shore and Schmidt hardness, bulk density, apparent porosity, and flexural strength. It was found that the SE value of rocks in cutting process was highest for those rocks having the high density, compressive strength, flexural strength, Schmidt and Shore hardness, point load strength index, and P-wave velocity values.     

The Schmidt hammer in rock material characterization

The Schmidt hammer provides a quick and inexpensive measure of surface hardness that is widely used for estimating the mechanical properties of rock material. However, a number of issues such as hammer type, normalization of rebound values, specimen dimensions, surface smoothness, weathering and moisture content, and testing, data reduction and analysis procedures continue to influence the consistency and reliability of the Schmidt hammer test results. This paper presents: a) a critical review of these basic issues; and b) the results of tests conducted on granitic rocks of various weathering grades in the light of the conclusions of this review. It was found that a very good correlation exists between L and N hammer rebound values and that both hammers are fairly sensitive to the physical properties, particularly to dry density though less so to effective and total porosities. The N hammer, producing a lesser scatter in the data, proved to be more efficient than the L hammer in predicting uniaxial compressive strength and Young's modulus. The exponential form of the correlation curves was found to reflect microstructural changes during the course of weathering and the differences in the probing scales or mechanisms in the means of measuring these mechanical properties, and could be generalized to other crystalline igneous rocks. The possibility of predicting weathering grades from rebound values was also explored. The changes in the rebound values during multiple impacts at a given point produced a better indication of the weathering grade than a single impact value. It was concluded that increasing the impact energy and plunger tip diameter should significantly reduce the scatter in coarse-grained weathered rocks and hence improve the reliability of the Schmidt hammer as a rock material characterization tool.     

A new rock mass classification for Coal Measures Rocks

This paper examines a new rock mass classification system (RMCR) for Coal Measures Rocks which is based on extensive laboratory testing results. The new system has been developed using 12 parameters which consist of mineral content index, uniaxial compressive strength, uniaxial tensile strength, Young's modulus of elasticity, shear strength, cohesion of rocks, angle of internal friction, point load index, cone indenter index, Cerchar index, Shore schleroscope hardness and specific energy index. The RMCR value was obtained by a number of laboratory and in situ testing results which were obtained from the coal site. The objective of the RMCR is to estimate the rock mass properties for engineering purposes.     

Assessments of Strength Anisotropy and Deformation Behavior of Banded Amphibolite Rocks

Assessment of strength anisotropy in transversely isotropic rocks has been one of the most challenging subjects in rock engineering. However, far too little attention has been paid to banded amphibolite rocks. This study aim to evaluate strength and deformation anisotropy behavior of banded amphibolite rocks. The dynamic mechanical tests including ultrasonic pulse test, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian test and deformability test were performed on drilled rock samples as a function of foliation plane angle (β = 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°). The results obtained have shown that the dynamic mechanical properties of amphibolite rocks have different values concerning banding plane. Compression and shear waves taken parallel to the foliation plane show highest values than those obtained in the other directions. Under uniaxial test, the banded amphibolite has a U-shaped anisotropy with maximum strength at β = 90° and minimum strength is obtained when β = 30°. Strength anisotropic index ranges between 0.96 and 1.47. It seems that the high range value of anisotropic index is mainly due to slight undulation of foliation planes, that being not perfectly straight. The results of elastic deformation test show that there is no clear dependence on microstructures characteristics of subtype-amphibolite rocks that controlling modulus “shape-anisotropy”. However, in this study, Young modulus values of amphibolite rocks with β follow both types of shape-anisotropy, “U-shape” and “decreased order-shaped”. Thus, this study recommended that further research be undertaken regarding the role of modulus “shape-anisotropy” within the same lithotype.     

Investigation into Relationships Between Cerchar Hardness Index and Some Mechanical Properties of Coal Measure Rocks

This paper examines the relationships between Cerchar hardness index (CHI) and some mechanical properties of coal measure rocks in Zonguldak Hard Coal Basin. Some index properties (Cerchar hardness index, Shore scleroscope hardness, in situ Schmidt rebound hardness and point load strength) and strength (uniaxial compressive strength and Brazilian tensile strength) properties of 29 sedimentary rock samples are determined. Then, relationships between (CHI) and strength as well as and some other index values are evaluated using statistical methods. Linear relationships are found between CHI and uniaxial compressive strength, Schmidt rebound hardness. Power relationships are determined between CHI and Shore scleroscope hardness, diametral point load strength, point load strength anisotropy index. Besides, CHI tests are performed by means of bits having tip angles of 99° and 125° and excellent linear relationships are identified between them.     

Correlation of mineralogical and textural characteristics with engineering properties of selected granitic rocks from Turkey

Granitic rocks show a variety of engineering properties that may affect quarrying operations, tunneling, mining, slope stability and the use of rock as a construction material. The physical and mechanical properties are a function of the mineralogical and textural characteristics of the rock. The purpose of this study is to apply correlation analysis to investigate the relationships between petrographical and engineering properties of granitic rocks. A variety of granitic rock samples from different parts of Turkey were subjected to petrographic studies. The same samples were then tested to determine specific gravity, dry and saturated unit weight, water absorption, effective and total porosity, sonic velocity, Schmidt hardness, point load strength index, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. The relationships between these properties and the petrographical characteristics are described by simple regression analyses. The study revealed that the influence of the textural characteristics on the engineering properties appears to be more important than the mineralogy. It also determined that the types of contacts, grain (mineral) shape and size significantly influence the engineering properties of the granitic rocks.     

Correlation of Schmidt hardness with unconfined compressive strength and Young''s modulus in gypsum from Sivas (Turkey)

This study aims to express the relationships between Schmidt rebound number (N) with unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and Young's modulus (E_t) of the gypsum by empirical equations. As known, the Schmidt hammer has been used worldwide as an index test for a quick rock strength and deformability characterisation due to its rapidity and easiness in execution, simplicity, portability, low cost and nondestructiveness. In this study, gypsum samples have been collected from various locations in the Miocene-aged gypsum of Sivas Basin and tested. The tests include the determination of Schmidt hammer rebound number (N), tangent Young's modulus (E_t) and unconfined compressive strength. Finally, obtained parameters were correlated and regression equations were established among Schmidt hammer rebound hardness, tangent Young's modulus and unconfined compressive strength, presenting high coefficients of correlation. It appears that there is a possibility of estimating unconfined compressive strength and Young's modulus of gypsum, from their Schmidt hammer rebound number by using the proposed empirical relationships of UCS=exp(0.818+0.059N) and E_t=exp(1.146+0.054N). However, the equations must be used only for the gypsum with an acceptable accuracy, especially at the preliminary stage of designing a structure. Finally, by using the obtained Schmidt hammer rebound number from this study, unconfined compressive strength was calculated and compared with the calculated value from different empirical equations proposed by different authors. It can be said that it is impossible to obtain only one relation for all types of the rocks.     

多孔含水岩层的相似材料配比研究

以石膏、浮石、硅藻土等材料为相似材料对多孔含水岩层进行相似材料模拟。试验中采用四因素（硅藻土水泥石膏比、标准砂浮石比、骨胶比、重晶石骨料比）、五水平的正交试验方法,分别对多孔含水岩层的相似材料试件进行密度、单轴抗压强度、孔隙率、弹性模量以及软化系数的测定,得出相应的物理力学性质指标,采用直观分析法分析各因素对物理力学性质的影响规律。分析结果表明：由于各配比度不同,相似材料强度分布范围较广,在与多孔岩层的岩石参数对比中发现,在一定的相似条件下,基本符合多孔岩层岩石的相似要求;硅藻土含量与密度、抗压强度、弹性模量、孔隙率呈负相关,与软化系数呈正相关;浮石含量与密度、抗压强度、弹性模量、软化系数呈负相关,与孔隙率呈正相关。所加入的两种材料可较好地模拟样品的多孔特性。在允许波动范围之内,所建立的模拟多孔含水岩层的经验方程可用于工程实践。