大连湾海域沉积动力环境与物质输运

对大连湾内部及外侧海域采集的46个表层沉积物进行了粒度分析,研究了大连湾现代沉积动力环境、沉积物运移、搬运方式及营力的空间差异,探讨了大连湾内外沉积物运移交换及其影响机制。大连湾内物质来源较少,湾外基岩海岸的侵蚀碎屑、外海潮流携带悬浮沙是本区沉积物的主要来源。岬角沿岸、三山岛周边海域长期波浪辐聚,形成高能扰动环境;三山岛外侧水道为强潮流冲刷环境,涨、落潮流流速上的差异导致双跃移组分;大连湾内潮流波浪较弱,沉积物以悬移组分为主。湾口近岸以波浪破碎形成的沿岸流为主要搬运营力,沉积物自老窝咀、棒棰岛沿岸向大连湾内输运;湾口的中北部物质的交换以潮流为主要搬运营力,向北运移进入大连湾北部。大连湾虽然内外物质的交换较弱,但却具有对来自北黄海物质的"捕获"作用,对于研究古黄海暖流的形成演化指示了新思路。     

青岛近海潮流沉积体系

通过分析钻孔和浅地层剖面资料,研究了胶州湾及青岛前海潮流沉积体系。该体系包括大沽河-洋河潮控三角洲和与狭口海湾密切相关的涨、落潮流三角洲,潮流作用在各三角洲的形成过程中为主要的沉积动力。前者发育在湾西侧,形成了河口沙坝和分流间湾等沉积相;后者分布在湾口两侧,以潮道和潮流沙脊为主要特征。根据对各沉积相特征的分析,认为潮流沉积体系的演化已整体趋于稳定。     

湛江湾海域表层沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境

根据湛江湾海域2020年10月采集的61个表层沉积物样品粒度分析结果,对沉积物粒度参数进行了总结,划分了沉积物类型,结合Pejrup三角图解对湛江湾海域沉积动力环境进行了分区,运用Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析模型,探讨了沉积物运移趋势。结果表明,湛江湾海域表层沉积物类型共有5种,其中砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂分布最广,粒度组成以细砂为主,平均粒径均值为3.93Φ,分选较差,粒度分布曲线以正偏、正态分布为主。沉积动力判别图解揭示湛江湾海域沉积水动力较强,整体表现为湾内比湾外弱、湾外向外海方向逐渐减弱的特征。粒径趋势分析反映出湛江湾内整体向南部潮流深槽方向运移,湾外围绕沉积中心整体呈逆时针方向运移。湛江湾海域表层沉积物的运移和分布主要受泥沙来源及潮流、波浪、沿岸流等沉积动力环境的共同作用,近年来,人类活动的影响愈加明显。     

双台子河口区悬沙分布和运移特征

利用海流与悬沙含量实测资料相结合的方法,对双台子河口悬沙运动进行分析。结果表明本区含沙量与波浪、潮流等水动力关系密切,双台子河悬浮泥沙中的细颗粒物质经落潮流搬运至较深水域的潮道和浅海进行沉积,泥沙入海沉积后,接受海洋水动力作用的改造,部分细颗粒物质在水动力作用下会再次起动、运移。悬浮泥沙中的细颗粒物质主要有两个来源：一是波浪、潮流输运而来的大辽河、大凌河等河流物质,二是波浪、潮流对周边海域沉积物质的搬运。1990--2002年研究区整体处于淤积状态,淤积物主要为粒径在2～4Φ的粗颗粒物质,这些物质主要来自于波浪、潮流对河口潮滩的侵蚀、冲刷。     

烟台北部近岸海域表层沉积物粒度分布及沉积动力环境特征

基于烟台北部近岸海域56个表层沉积物样品的粒度资料,分析了研究区沉积物粒度分布特征。采用Pejrup三角图对研究区沉积动力环境进行了分区,利用Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析方法分析了沉积物的输运趋势,在此基础上探讨了研究区的沉积动力环境特征。研究结果表明,研究区粒度呈现中间粗、东西部海域细的分布格局;沉积动力环境可划分为AⅢ、BⅢ、BⅣ、CⅢ、CⅣ、DⅢ、DⅣ7个区,总体表现为"中间强、两侧弱,近岸强、远岸弱"的分布格局;研究区东西部开阔海域各存在1个沉积物汇聚中心,物质来源多样;研究区表层沉积物运移和分布与水动力条件基本吻合,且受沉积物来源的影响。潮流、沿岸流以及沉积物来源共同控制其沉积动力环境。     

青岛唐岛湾潮间带沉积物粒度及水动力

唐岛湾为半封闭狭长型海湾,水动力条件复杂。对湾内潮间带沉积物进行定点定时取样,并进行粒度测试。分析表明:沉积物以砂和粉砂质砂为主,分选较差,偏度正偏,呈宽峰态;概率累积曲线以两跳一悬式为主。利用粒级—标准偏差曲线研究现代沉积,沉积物中粒径158.6μm的组分受潮流影响显著,158.6~369.1μm和369.1μm的粒级组分则分别代表波浪和强水动力如风暴浪等的作用;且通过对各粒径组分的分析认为,粒径158.6μm的组分中潮汐作用的月周期性最为明显。在狭长型海湾中,潮流水动力强度可能并不大。最后结合相关资料,对唐岛湾内潮坪沉积、潮沟变化及沉积物冲淤变化进行了分析,以期对半封闭狭长型海湾潮间带沉积水动力研究及实施海岸带保护提供基础资料。     

海南岛崖州湾表层沉积物空间分布特征及其受控机制

基于崖州湾海域141个表层沉积物粒度分析数据,研究表层沉积物的粒级组分、粒度参数及其沉积动力环境特征。结果表明,研究区底质类型主要有泥质砂质砾、砾质泥质砂、砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂和粉砂6种,砂质粉砂分布最为广泛;粒径总体趋势表现为自北向南由细变粗再变细的NEE条带状分布特征,分选系数总体偏高,反映了该区复杂的物源和水动力条件。运用Flemming三角图式,结合粒度象、研究区物源、水动力条件及地形特征,将研究区划分为3个沉积环境:近岸主要受控于波浪掀沙和搬运作用,粒径较细,表现为波控沉积特征;中部主要受控于径流、波浪和潮流共同作用,粒径粗,分选差,表现为河口沉积特征;南部主要受控于潮流输沙作用,波浪作用减弱,粒径细,分选相对较好,表现为相对低能的沉积环境。沉积物输移趋势分析显示研究区中西部为一沉积物汇聚中心,近岸侵蚀物质、宁远河输运物质以及外海潮流输运物质均向该处运移。     

湄州湾现代沉积过程

湄州湾强劲的潮流导致外海泥沙输入,但受一定程度的限制,海湾周围的陆源碎屑成为沉积物质的主要来源。水动力,特别是潮流作用控制现代沉积的格局,潮流冲刷槽为粗粒沉积属海底冲刷产物,两侧的斜坡及潮坪,从湾中央向岸,从粗细混合沉积物过渡为细粒沉积,属淤积产物。     

莱州湾东岸三山岛段砂质海岸沉积物运移动力机制

通过对三山岛岸段冬夏重复的地形测量和表层沉积物的粒度分析,研究了其地貌特征与地形变化规律、沉积物类型、粒度特征、运移趋势,并探讨了沉积物运移的动力机制。结果表明:该岸段可根据1985黄海高程-1.2m(低潮水位)和-6.5m(闭合深度)平面划分为海滩、水下岸坡和浅海陆架三个地貌单元,各地貌单元表层沉积物分布规律与地形变化特征区别显著。其中水下岸坡和浅海陆架地貌单元主要受潮流作用,海滩地貌单元主要受波浪作用。在西向落潮流和西南向潮余流的作用下,水下岸坡地貌单元发育一个中等规模潮流通道-沙脊沉积系统。表层沉积物以向西运移的趋势为主,少数滞留于西部潮流沙脊处,与地形"东侵西淤"的变化规律相符,这些西向运移的沉积物最终离开研究区,补给莱州浅滩。     

凤凰岛东侧海域表层沉积物粒度分布特征与运移趋势分析

为了对凤凰岛近岸海域的工程建设和岸滩防护提供支持,通过凤凰岛东侧近岸海域的表层沉积物粒度组成及粒度参数的分析,结合Flemming三角图示法和Gao-Collins二维的"粒度趋势分析"方法,研究了该区域沉积环境及沉积物运移趋势。结果显示该区有5种沉积物类型,呈条带状分布,以黏土质粉砂为主体;研究区沉积物整体较细,分选较差,偏态多为正偏;研究区整体水动力较弱,表层沉积物中各级配泥沙分布与不同区域沉积环境关系密切。该区表层沉积物输运主要受潮流和波浪控制,北部区域沉积物运移主要受潮流控制,运移方向呈现由海向岸运输,南部区域沉积物运移受潮流波浪共同作用,运移方向呈现与岸线大致平行向东北方向运移,金沙滩、银沙滩沉积物动力过程主要受波浪控制,近岸处运移趋势呈现由岸向海运输,离岸处运移趋势由海向岸。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.