基于XNA的海洋环境三维动态可视化

基于微软的新型三维图形开发平台XNA Studio,进行海洋环境动态可视化方法研究,主要包括动态海面仿真和流场动态可视化。动态海面通过折射贴图和反射贴图模拟海面的光影效果;流场动态可视化通过运动矢量符号表达海流的流速、流向。此外还提出了基于贝塞尔曲线平滑的AUV水下漫游方法,解决了场景漫游中的关键问题。此方法可以达到良好的可视化效果,并且对系统图形硬件要求不高,适用性较好。     

三维动态地形视景仿真技术

三维地形的视景仿真有重要的应用背景与现实意义。文中围绕如何解决三维动态地形的实时仿真问题,讨论了三维地形的可视化技术及其简化技术(LoD模型),并讨论了地形多分辨率模型(TMRM)的生成算法,这些模型与技术对于提高三维动态地形的实时仿真实现有一定的参考价值。     

海洋标量数据的三维动态可视化系统研究

为了实现海量、多源、异构、多维、多格式、动态等特性海洋标量数据的三维集成可视化,设计了基于服务思想、面向通用标量数据格式的三维虚拟可视化体系架构,构建了海洋三维可视化原型系统,并对其体系架构和功能设计进行了详细阐述;采用基于几何对象的可视化方法,结合LOD动态调度、表面纹理及快速查询等关键技术,实现了海洋标量场数据的高效、快速三维动态可视化、要素值查询及时序分析等功能。该研究可为其他海洋环境要素数据的可视化与分析提供思路与技术借鉴。     

南海深水区水下溢油三维可视化模拟系统研发与应用

针对南海油气田勘探开发溢油污染防治需求,开发了国内首套深水区水下溢油三维可视化模拟系统,由三维海流预报模型、深水溢油模型、三维可视化仿真系统和数据库组成。海流预报模型基于ROMS模式,通过考虑波致混合影响,并利用最优插值技术同化卫星测高资料和嵌套技术,保障了预报结果的准确性。深水溢油模型由羽流模型和对流扩散模型组成,考虑了卷吸、油气分离、溶解、水合物生成、漂移、扩散等复杂过程。系统能够预测深水区水下油气泄漏后行为和归宿过程,提供油、气、天然气水合物粒子的大小、分布、移动速度和漂移轨迹、扩散面积、水体溢油残存量、水面溢油量等三维可视化动态模拟结果。目前系统已经在油气田勘探开发中得到应用,为南海深水溢油应急提供了重要支撑。     

海洋和大气数据多模式动态可视化系统的设计和实现

为了实现海洋和大气数据多模式动态可视化,本系统使用VC++和CG着色语言进行开发,渲染引擎基于OpenGL三维图形标准。提出了一系列面向海洋和大气数据的模式分析方法,包括:探针功能、线模式、面模式、体模式、矢量模式和动态时间序列分析等,实现了将海量多维海洋大气数据转换为三维空间或动态演变的图像,同时完成用户交互处理操作。并将可视化技术应用于长时间序列的海洋大气数据,通过实时动态的可视化图像来体现海洋大气数据的动态变化过程。结果表明,该系统可实现常见海洋和大气数据的多模式动态可视化。     

海洋叶绿素a浓度动态可视化研究

为了实现叶绿素a浓度数据的三维动态可视化效果,针对海洋环境数据多维、多时间及多格式等特点,在全面分析NetCDF(network Common Data Form)数据模型的格式、存储的基础上,结合GPU(Graphics Processing Unit)与osgEarth三维地球虚拟场景,提出一套海洋环境中叶绿素a浓度的动态可视化方法。实验表明,该方法具有一定的可行性和高效性,为海洋环境数据的动态可视化与分析提供了强有力的可视化平台。     

海上危化品漂移扩散过程三维动态可视化方法

全球化工产业的发展导致海上危化品泄漏事故频发,严重影响了海洋生态环境,如何开展快速、有效的应急响应已成为迫切需求。对泄漏危化品未来漂移扩散情况进行预测与可视化呈现是应急过程的一个重要环节,目前针对污染扩散可视化的相关研究在场景构建、渲染效率、可扩展性、交互控制等方面仍存在不足。该文提出了一种基于Unity3D引擎及其粒子系统的海上危化品漂移扩散过程三维动态可视化方法,在海洋周边三维场景构建和模型数据优化处理的基础上,通过粒子的动态更新实现了危化品扩散过程的可视化,并提供了针对场景漫游和扩散过程控制的交互接口。以杭州湾海域为例的模拟实验结果表明该方法的性能和效果满足实际应用需求,能够为海上危化品泄漏突发事故应急提供信息参考与辅助决策支持。     

海洋遥感卫星沿轨扫描数据动态可视化

为了实现海量、长时间序列、多维、动态等特性的海洋沿轨扫描数据的可视化表达,运用Net CDF数据模型对海洋遥感卫星沿轨扫描数据进行组织与管理,构建了海洋遥感沿轨扫描数据的动态可视化系统。采用基于几何形状的矢量场映射方法和基于表面纹理贴图的可视化方法,结合海量数据异步调度技术,实现了卫星扫描模式下风速数据、海表温度数据以及高度计数据的实时动态可视化表达。运用多要素同步表达的方式和交互式时间图例来提高数据的可读性以及系统的交互性。     

海洋风场动态可视化研究

针对海洋环境数据多维、多格式及动态性的特点,在深入研究OSG三维可视化仿真平台的基础上,采用颜色映射与点图标映射,结合几何着色器与osg Earth三维虚拟地球场景,提出一套海洋风场可视化的方法.实验结果表明,本方法很好的实现了海洋风场动态可视化,为海洋环境的动态可视化提供了一个强有力的研究平台.     

适应中国海岸空间形态的海籍影像数据块编码研究

我国海岸空间形态以台湾海峡为界,北部呈南北狭长型,南部呈东西狭长型,拟建海籍影像数据库需要适应这种特殊形态。为此,构建了二、四叉树混合分块模型,并针对该模型提出了改进的CMorton编码,利用长江口和杭州湾多分辨率卫星遥感数据构建了一个模拟环境对该编码进行测试。结果表明:与常用的行列号编码方式相比,改进的编码能够明显地缩短数据块的构建时间,能够满足海籍数据实时可视化的要求,有效地适应中国海籍影像对应的空间形态。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,