Wind statistics for coastal stations in Cyprus

Summary ?A statistical analysis of wind speed and direction data for five selected meteorological stations at the Cyprus coast, is carried out in this study. Daily, monthly and annual variations of wind speed are established. The Weibull distribution statistics of the sites are also determined. In addition, an attempt is made to find the sea-breeze circulation effects in the same wind data. The wind statistics obtained are expected to serve as a validation test for wind energy applications, mainly along the southeastern coastline. Received April 5, 2001; revised February 13, 2002; accepted March 3, 2002     

浅析阿拉善盟风能资源特征与区划

文章拟对阿拉善盟风能资源特征进行分析,据此做出合理的风能资源利用区划,为进一步开发利用风能资源提供参考依据。     

云南风能资源及其开发利用研究进展

介绍了云南风能资源及其开发利用的研究现状和研究成果。分析了云南风能资源评价历程、分布特点和风电开发建设情况。总结了云南有关风电场选址、风能资源评估、风电功率预测预报以及山区风电场和风电机组设计的研究成果。剖析了云南风能资源及其开发利用中存在的问题并提出今后的发展方向。     

初夏华南两类季风槽的对比研究——1.诊断分析

本文采用多层非线性平衡模式及动能平衡和能量转换方程对华南两类季风槽进行了对比研究。研究表明,陆上类风的无辐散部分引起的垂直运动是基本的,而大尺度凝结加热和积云对流加热引起的垂直运动有很大的增幅作用,海上类垂直运动场主要靠弱积云对流维持。两类季风槽内辐散风的动能制造及次网格尺度效应都是主要的动能源,而无辐散风则引起负的动能产生。两类季风槽内都有一致的正斜压转换。      

阿拉山口地区风能资源特征及利用前景

利用阿拉山口地区1957—2007年各月及年平均风向、风速资料和2007年1月1日至2008年12月31日地面自动气象站24 h 10 min风速观测资料,用统计学方法分析得出阿拉山口地区年平均有效风能时数为4575 h,年平均有效风功率密度为166 W/m^2,该地区在春、夏、秋3季有效风能较大,冬季有效风能较小,属风能较丰富区,也是季节利用区,其风能储量大有潜力可挖。阿拉山口口岸是西部对外开放的重要枢纽和平台,对能源的需求在日益加大,在此开发利用风能对保护环境和促进经济发展都意义重大。     

山东即墨风电场风力资源分析

以即墨气象站风速风向为参考,利用其30年风速资料确定风电场代表年,根据铁塔气象观测资料分析即墨风电场的风力资源状况;依据“风能资源评价技术规定”对即墨风电场的风速风向进行了检验修正。分析了测风塔各高度风速日、年变化,风向频率年月变化。计算分析了测风塔不同高度平均风速、风功率密度、有效小时数等风能参数。计算了不同风电机型60~70 m轮毂高度年发电量及其随高度变化规律;估算了风电场年发电量。得出即墨风电场达到3级风场标准,具有开发价值。     

省级风能资源信息管理及辅助决策平台研制

风能资源的开发在湖北省已呈迅猛发展之势,但全省缺乏统一的风能资源开发的信息管理平台,不利于省级能源主管部门的科学决策和审批,亟需建立一套基于GIS技术的全省风能资源信息管理平台.在此背景下,以湖北省境内的测风数据、风能资源评估报告、风电场发电量数据、地理基础数据、高分辨率的高程数据和遥感影像数据等为基础,结合气象站数据、风能资源数值模拟数据,实现对全省风电项目建设进度的跟踪管理、测风数据的管理、风能资源分布的查询、实时数据的监控,再综合应用这些数据,通过MapGIS强大的空间分析功能,充分挖掘有价值的信息,实现了风电场的选址及辅助决策功能.     

鄱阳湖区风能资源储量及分布研究

利用鄱阳湖区4种观测站的风资料,计算了鄱阳湖区的平均风功率密度、有效小时数、年平均风功率密度、风能总储量及技术可开发量,评价了风能资源分布特征。并根据分析结果规划出了风能开发最佳期及较佳期。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖区风能资源丰富,技术可开发量约为210万kW。受狭管地形作用,该区域风向稳定,风能资源品质较优。为了给风电场的微观选址及中长期发展规划提出科学的依据,应进一步加大对风能普查及详查工作的投入;为了进行精细化风能资源测量,摸清风电场的场址分布、资源储量及装机容量,应在鄱阳湖区尤其在浅滩设置更多风能资源测量点。     

Mesoscale modelling of wind energy over non-homogeneous terrain

The use of numerical mesoscale models for the evaluation of wind energy potential over non-homogeneous terrain is outlined, focusing on the following: (i) an overview of modelling investigations of relevance to wind energy; and (ii) a discussion of the optimal implementation of mesoscale models in wind energy studies.     

Results from the MERKUR experiment: Mass budget and vertical motions in a large valley during mountain and valley wind

Summary Based on measurements made in March 1982 in the Inn valley during the MERKUR experiment, an attempt was made to compute the mass budget of a large alpine valley during periods of mountain and valley wind.The computations come from measurements of the alongvalley mass flux and assumptions on the fluxes in the slope layer and tributaries.Vertical motions in the valley's atmosphere have been evaluated from the mass budget computations. These motions, including the subsidence which compensates for daytime upslope winds and the subsidence which compensates for the valley wind flowing into tributaries during the day, are of great importance for the understanding of the thermal circulation.The results allow better estimation of vertical advection, which contributes to the budgets of momentum and energy.With 8 Figures     

一次暴雪过程前后近地层物理量场特征分析

利用铁塔风梯度观测资料和超声风温仪观测资料,对2008年1月18—21日暴雪前后,湖北黄石长江岸边近地层风场和湍流作了计算分析,探索其异常变化特征,为认识黄石地区暴雪近地层发生发展的物理过程提供依据。结果表明,暴雪前,风向转变,水平风速和垂直风速明显增大,湍流通量的输送较活跃,湍流动能和湍流强度有显著峰值出现;降雪过程结束后,湍流动能再次增大后缓慢减弱。可见此次暴雪过程前后近地层物理量场有异常变化     

A Simple Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Flow in Complex Terrain in the Context of Wind Energy Modelling

A simple temporal and spatial analysisis done on wind speed and direction data from a number ofmeteorological towers separated by distances between roughly 1 and 100 kilometres. The analysis is done in the context of expected model error in wind energy calculations. The study first uses single point statistics to show the evolution of mean values with time. It is shown that strong seasonal signals are present and that stable means are achieved only after averaging periods of a year or more. The study then uses discrete Fourier transforms to show that significant amounts of spectral energy reside in modes with periods of a few days to less than a day. Frequency dependent cross correlation values are then derived and used to show how correlation between towers diminishes with increasing frequency. The mechanism responsible for this diminished correlation is shown through the comparison of cross-correlation phase as a function of frequency and its relationship to distance between towers. Error in wind energy estimates are shown to be strongly related to correlation and therefore distance over which the prediction is made. In summary, much of the inaccuracy in modelling flow in the context of wind energy calculations is due to a lack of scale separation between the deterministic part of the flow, which is well modelled, and that part of the flow that is stochastic at the length and time scales modelled.     

风能资源评估技术方法研究

全球性的能源危急和气候变化,驱动了风力发电在世界范围内迅速发展,搞清风能资源是大规模发展风电的关键步骤。文中首先回顾了近10年来开展风能资源评估的技术方法发展历程,阐述了数值模拟技术的应用对风能资源评估技术方法的发展所起的重要作用。风能资源的数值模拟可以给出风能利用高度上的风能资源分布;可以模拟出基于气象站观测资料的统计分析无法找到的风能资源;可以弥补海上测风资料不足的缺陷,进行海上风能资源的评估。文中运用中国气象局的风能资源数值模式系统地对江苏省和青海省的风能资源分布进行了高分辨率的数值模拟,并采用气象站观测资料对数值模拟结果进行了检验,结果表明数值模拟可以较准确地模拟区域风能资源的分布趋势,但在风速值大小会有系统性偏差,需要有测风塔观测资料对数值模拟结果进行订正,说明了数值模拟技术与风能资源测量相结合是风能资源评估的有效技术手段。最后对中国风能资源数值模拟技术的发展进行了展望,表明了中国风能资源的开发利用对自主发展小尺度数值模式的迫切需求。     

我国西北大规模太阳能与风能发电场建设产生的可能气候效应

作为取之不尽的清洁能源,太阳能和风能将是未来潜力最大的可再生能源,是解决全球变暖、能源短缺、环境恶化等问题的有效途径。然而太阳能和风能的能量密度偏小,大规模建设太阳能和风能发电场将改变大面积的地表属性,有可能通过陆气相互作用过程,改变局地和区域气候,甚至有可能通过遥相关过程,产生更大的气候影响。本文利用RegCM4.5区域数值模式,模拟了在我国西北干旱和半干旱区域建设太阳能和风力发电场的气候效应,分析表明:（1）在西北地区大规模建立太阳能和风能发电场将导致局地地面净短波辐射增加,地表感热通量升高,近地面气温升高,增加新疆西部地区、河西走廊地区和我国黄淮等地的降水量,而华北部分地区降水减少。（2）地表反照率对气候的影响大于地表粗糙度对气候的影响,因此太阳能利用导致的气候效应大于风能利用的影响。（3）反照率改变导致低层形成气旋性环流,我国中部地区出现南风异常,西北地区产生异常东风;在高层形成反气旋环流,可以影响我国大部分地区。（4）当只在西北地区20%的面积上建立太阳能和风能发电场时,局地近地面气温不会产生明显的改变,河西走廊地区的降水稍有增加,环流的改变较弱,基本不会有显著的气候影响。     

萍乡地区风能资源分布初探

分析了萍乡地区风能资源的形成。采用风速的韦布尔双参数方法测算出平均风能密度、平均有效风能密度,以及年风能可利用时间。根据风能区划标准,对萍乡地区的风能资源可利用程度和分布特征进行了初步分析。分析结果表明,萍乡地区风能随海拔高度呈梯度分布,且北部高于南部;萍乡市和莲花县属“风能贫乏区”,武功山属“风能可利用区”。     

A survey on the assessment of wind energy potential in Greece

Summary In the present paper a statistical study of the available wind data for Greece is carried out to assess its wind energy potential. It is essential to establish the available wind energy for any given region in order to assess the relative potential at different sites. The applicability of the Weibull distribution is examined and tables and plots of Weibull parameters are given. The analysis showed that in the interior lowland parts of Greece, low available annual wind power densities exist (less than 20 w·m^–2). In the eastern parts, along the coasts, especially on the Aegean Sea islands, the annual average wind energy flux is found to be rather high (more than 600 w·m^–2 may be gained) which makes these islands possible locations for wind power utilization. On the other hand, the annual wind energy on the western parts along the coast and on the lonian Sea islands, a wind power of over 200 w·m^–2 may be extracted.With 4 Figures     

Quasi-40-day oscillation and its teleconnection structure together with the possible dependence on conversion of barotropic unstable energy of temporal mean flow

A study is made of the distribution of the diagnostic quantity vector E and the teleconnection structure of 30-50 (quasi-40) day oscillation, together with the dependence on the conversion of barotropic unstable energy of mean flow in terms of ECWMF daily 500 hPa grid data in winter, indicating that the energy transportation is closely associated with the westerly jet position, with zonal (meridional) propagation in the strong (weak) wind region, that considerable conversion of barotropic energy occurs at the jet exit region where low-frequency oscillation gains energy from the mean flow, leading to maximum kinetic energy for the oscillation observed there, which is marked by evident barotropy in striking contrast to the baroclinicity at low latitudes and that the teleconnection core is related to the center of action in the atmosphere and bound up with the pattern of the west wind.     

农林复合带一维非静力大气边界层模式及其模拟分析

建立了一个农林复合带地区一维非静力大气边界层能量闭合模式，对1000m以下的大气边界层内的风、温、湿作了24h的预报，并对下垫面3种不同参数化方案(农作物、森林、无植被)的输出结果与实测值进行了分析和比较；同时通过敏感性试验，突出比较了农作物和森林下垫面对大气边界层垂直流场，湍流垂直交换和湍能的影响。结果表明，本模式能改善边界层风速、位温和湿度预报的模拟效果，下垫面植被对边界层气象要素大小和分布有显著的作用，对湍能垂直分布有一定影响。     

Interactions of nocturnal slope flows with ambient winds

A quasi-one-dimensional numerical model containing a prognostic turbulent kinetic energy parameterization and simplified approximations to horizontal gradients is used to study interactions of thermally induced nocturnal slope flows with following and opposing ambient winds. It is found that a following ambient wind causes the peak perturbation wind to be weaker and to be realized at a greater height, while an opposing ambient wind leads to a stronger perturbation wind at a lower height. The reason for this response lies in the interactions of the shears of the thermal and ambient components through the mechanical production of turbulent kinetic energy.     

Relationship between wind power production and North Atlantic atmospheric circulation over the northeastern Iberian Peninsula

The wind power generated during winter months 1999–2003 at several wind farms in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula is investigated through the application of a statistical downscaling. This allows for an improved understanding of the wind power variability and its relationship to the large scale atmospheric circulation. It is found that 97 % of the variability of this non-climatic variable is connected to changes in the atmospheric circulation. The methodological uncertainty associated with multiple configurations of the statistical downscaling method replicates well the observed variability of the wind power, an indication of the robustness of the methodology to changes in the model set up. In addition, the use of the statistical model is extended out of the observational period providing an estimation of the long-term variability of wind power throughout the twentieth century. The extended wind power reconstruction shows large inter-annual and multidecadal variability. Alternative approaches to calibrate the empirical downscaling model using actual wind power observations have also been investigated. They involve the estimation of wind power changes from downscaled wind values and make use of several transfer functions based on the linearity between wind and wind energy. The performance of the latter approaches is similar to the direct downscaling of wind power and may allow wind power production estimations even in the absence of historical wind turbine records. These results can be of great interest for deriving medium/long term impact-oriented energy assessments, especially when wind power observations are missing as well as in the context of climate change scenarios.