寻求深海碳酸盐沉积含量的物理标志

运用岩心物理性质求取深海碳酸盐沉积的相对含量，是古海洋学研究中一种“多块好省”的办法，在低分辨率研究中取得成功，但在较高分辨率的研究中精度问题十分突出。采用大洋钻探（ODP）184航次船上颜色反射率和磁化率数据，结合实验室碳酸盐化学分析实测结果，运用最小二乘法等数理分析方法，分别建立颜色反射率和磁化率与碳酸盐含量之间的拟合方程，估算碳酸盐含量。结果表明，根据颜色反射率蓝色光波段值及其平方作为控制变量来拟合的碳酸盐含量，同实测值具有较高的一致性，误差较小；但是，用磁化率推算的碳酸盐含量同实测值比较则误差相当大。用岩心物理性质推测的拟合方程是在开展一定量实测分析的基础上建立的，不同站位的这种拟合关系不能套用，只有当其他影响成分含量相当稳定或有规律变化时，运用岩心物理性质求取深海碳酸盐沉积含量的方法才具有相当高的应用价值。     

Evaluating color reflectance spectral methods for estimating biogenic contents of South China Sea sediments

The biogenic contents of marine sediment cores are useful proxies for revealing past oceanic and climatic variability. Color reflectance spectral methods provide a rapid and non-destructive avenue for acquiring high-resolution biogenic content data from the split surfaces of marine sediment cores. This study presents new results on the applications of color reflectance methods for determining the biogenic contents of sediment cores retrieved from the South China Sea (SCS), a dynamic setting that receives biogenic components such as carbonate, total organic carbon (TOC), and opal from the sea, and terrestrial sediments transported by the Pearl River and Kao-Ping River from the north, and the Sunda Shelf from the south. Our study found that the color reflectance methods that are based on a regionally limited calibration provide more optimal estimates of the biogenic content of marine cores from the SCS than do basin-scale calibration methods. Though the regional calibrations appear to be successful, our analyses indicate the complexity of applying color reflectance methods in marine sediment core studies. We also performed a controlled experiment that was designed to quantitatively test how the carbonate content increased the influence of color reflectance changes, using outcropped, Pleistocene-aged sediment samples taken from the “Moon World (MW)” in southwestern Taiwan as control data. The results of this experiment suggest that the regression equations for estimating CaCO₃ content based on core data are not solely driven by input variables responding directly to CaCO₃ content changes, and that the composition of terrestrial sediment inputs into the SCS are complicated both spatially and temporally. Our studies also suggest that a better understanding of the compositional changes of terrestrial sediment inputs into the SCS will be required to minimize the uncertainties of biogenic content estimations by color reflectance methods.     

Changing color of Chinese loess: Geochemical constraint and paleoclimatic significance

Two loess–paleosol sequences on the central Chinese Loess Plateau were investigated to understand spatial and temporal variations in the soil color (e.g., lightness and redness) and factors that control those variations. Color difference between the original samples and pretreated samples suggests that loess lightness is influenced by the pedogenic matter (e.g., iron oxides, organic matter, and calcium carbonate) to varying degrees, depending on the concentrations. Iron oxides and organic matter darken the loess lightness, whereas carbonate lightens the loess lightness. By contrast, the redness is dominantly controlled by the types and concentrations of iron oxides. Variations in magnetic susceptibility and redness are associated with different magnetic minerals that formed mainly during post-depositional processes, and therefore both proxies can be employed to reconstruct the history and variability of the East Asian summer monsoon. Since the sensitivity of these two proxies to the summer monsoon variation is different, we generate a stacked summer monsoon index by combining these two records and interpret the stacked index as most indicative of precipitation variability. The fidelity of this new index is supported by an independent ratio, estimated from the first-derivative values of the color reflectance spectra. Our loess-based proxies provide a new understanding of the East Asian summer monsoon variability as a two-phase strengthening of summer monsoon intensity during the penultimate deglaciation.     

中国帕米尔地区黄土上部色度变化特征及古气候意义

以中国境内帕米尔黄土-古土壤序列为研究对象,对剖面上部进行土壤色度指标与其他常用气候替代指标（如磁化率、碳酸盐和有机碳）对比研究后发现:在帕米尔黄土沉积期间,亮度L*很大程度上受控于颜色分量a*和b*,进而可能与影响a*、b*的物质相对含量有关。红度a*在整个黄土-古土壤剖面中变化特征明显,与磁化率呈明显的负相关关系,可能与土壤中铁氧化物的种类和含量关系密切。由于a*和b*具有较高的相关性,认为它们具有较为一致的致色物质,可能受控于相似的气候因子。色度a*、b*和亮度L*的变化表明其可以作为帕米尔地区良好的气候代用指标,结合磁化率共同反映该地区的古气候变化过程。     

西峰剖面高分辨记录指标研究及古气候重建

对甘肃省西峰黄土- 红粘土剖面的夏季风替代性指标作了全面、系统的测试,包括磁化率、频率磁化率、碳酸盐、有机质和游离氧化铁的测定,并通过碳酸盐和磁化率值来初步恢复古气候变化特征。结果表明, 频率磁化率、有机质、游离铁和磁化率具有正相关关系,而碳酸盐变化与磁化率呈负相关,它们都可以很好地作为夏季风替代性指标。通过数学模型认为整个第四纪古气候变化大致可分为三个大的阶段：0~1.1 Ma BP,1.1~1.9 Ma BP和1.9~2.6 Ma BP。从0.1 Ma 以来,降水量和年均温都有降低趋势,说明气候向着越来越干冷的方向演化。     

广丰盆地晚白垩世周田组红层沉积特征及古气候意义

中国东南地区白垩系陆相红层分布广泛,是了解白垩纪温室气候陆地沉积响应的重要载体。但对这些红层的沉积环境尚有"水下"和"水上"之争议,古气候意义还需要进一步挖掘。以广丰盆地毛村剖面晚白垩世周田组为研究对象,通过野外剖面测制及古土壤样品色度、磁化率、碳酸钙含量等实验测试,分析沉积环境与古气候。周田组红层岩石类型可划分为古土壤、砂岩和砾岩。古土壤几乎分布于整个剖面,其中钙质结核、钙板层发育,可见遗迹化石及土壤滑擦面。砂岩与砾岩仅分布于部分层位,砂岩以中-粗砂岩为主,砾岩以中砾岩为主,发育平行层理和粒序层理构造。研究区古土壤样品的碳酸钙含量与低频质量磁化率联系密切,可作为气候变化的替代指标,而色度指标具有区域性,对该研究区的气候指示不明显。碳酸钙含量与磁化率曲线变化明显,记录了红层沉积阶段气候干湿交替的变化趋势。周田组红层沉积于强氧化环境并伴有季节性降水,古气候具有由相对湿热逐渐变化为干热的趋势。     

黄土高原风尘序列的碳酸盐成因及其风化过程

碳酸盐是黄土高原风尘序列的主要组成部分,其含量与原生碳酸盐溶解、再沉淀,以及含钙硅酸盐化学风化强度等密切相关。碳酸盐在表生环境下极易移动,且其迁移变化受大气降水、温度等古气候所制约,因此黄土次生碳酸盐记录了古气候的重要信息。甘肃西峰赵家川剖面碳酸盐含量、磁化率的系统测定和风尘序列地质特征研究表明,在整个剖面中,碳酸盐含量和磁化率曲线呈显著的负相关,并从剖面上部到红粘土底部,碳酸盐含量有增加趋势。黄土、古土壤和红粘土沉积分别处在不同风化阶段:黄土化学风化最弱,处于钙质残积阶段,古土壤处于强烈钙质淋溶阶段和硅铝残积阶段,红粘土化学风化最强烈,处于硅铝残积阶段或红土化阶段;不同的化学风化阶段古气候性质有别。     

磁化率测量在沉积锰矿床中的应用

为研究磁化率在沉积锰矿床中的应用,对广西下雷锰矿床的钻孔岩心进行了磁化率测量试验。结果表明,含锰岩系中矿层磁化率与围岩磁化率明显不同,通常碳酸锰矿磁化率值比围岩要高出1~2个数量级,而围岩中硅质岩、灰岩、泥岩的磁化率无明显差异。磁化率可作为野外快速判别含锰岩系的代用指标。通过讨论下雷原生碳酸锰矿的磁化率异常,认为碳酸盐矿物磁性很低,对磁化率的贡献极小,磁化率异常高值指示与其伴生的铁质矿物;碳酸锰矿中含有磁性矿物,其磁性强弱决定了矿层磁化率的大小;黏土矿物中的绿泥石可吸附含铁的强磁性物质,绿泥石及其含量是影响碳酸锰矿磁化率的一个重要因素。     

洛川黄土地层学

黄土和古土壤的磁化率与所含磁性矿物的浓度和颗粒大小密切相关。磁化率信号的主要载体是非常细的磁铁矿和(或者)磁赤铁矿。洛川黄土序列的磁化率曲线变化与成壤作用和粉尘堆积作用强弱有关,反映了气候的变化。磁化率值为识别黄土和古土壤层提供了一个工具。文中建议了黄土岩石地层单位命名的原则。洛川黄土-古土壤序列的磁化率曲线记录了最近2.5Ma气候变化的历史,与深海沉积的气候记录可以对比。     

新疆阿克苏地区中、上奥陶统碳酸盐岩磁化率与层序地层关系

通过对新疆阿克苏地区中、上奥陶统185块碳酸盐岩样品的磁化率测量和统计,结合碳酸盐岩微相分析和层序地层研究,探讨了碳酸盐岩磁化率变化与沉积环境、层序界面、准层序(组)等之间的关系。研究结果表明:深水低能环境下沉积的钙质泥岩、瘤状灰岩、泥灰岩等通常对应于磁化率低值,且磁化率曲线较为平直;浅水高能环境下形成的含鲕粒砂屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩等通常对应于磁化率高值;碳酸盐岩地层中淹没型层序界面对应于磁化率测量值的明显减小;准层序(组)的上部单元碳酸盐岩磁化率值比下部单元明显增大,并且其曲线常呈高频振荡状。     

南京市历史文化层中土壤重金属元素的分布规律初探

文章对南京市城区不同地点出现的多个文化层中土壤的理化特征进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,文化层中土壤的重金属元素含量比南京市非城市土壤和背景平均值有增高的趋势,局部地段有巨量增高。从剖面纵向上看(时间上),这种增高现象主要发生在近现代、明清和六朝3个历史时期,这与历史上这些时期南京相对发达有关;而从横向地域上看(空间上),重金属元素含量的分布明显可以分成两组,两个组分别代表了地域上的不同,如明故宫-大行宫-中山东路一带历史上许多时期是皇城区,而内秦淮河流域一带则可能是古代的手工业和制造业区、商贸区和普通大众的生活区,这种明显的差别揭示出南京在各历史时期上的城市功能区是各不相同的。磁化率特征研究结果表明文化层中土壤的磁化率在各历史时期分布是不同的,磁化率的高峰时期有近现代、清朝和明朝时期;频率磁化率特征研究结果表明磁性矿物主要是外源输入造成的。与此同时磁化率高峰时期基本上与重金属元素增高地段是一致的,这进一步印证了文化层中重金属元素增高主要是由于外源污染物质的输入造成的。     

松嫩平原南缘现代沉积物磁化率、粒度、色度特征及古气候环境意义

深入了解松嫩平原第四纪古气候演化过程,对本区黑土退化的气候影响因素研究有重要理论意义。选择松嫩平原南缘大黑山地垒长春—四平段郭家（GJ）、湾沟（WG）、平安屯（PA）、腰分水岭旁（YP）、西地（XD）、胡家甸（H）、肖家（XJ）7个现代沉积剖面进行磁化率、粒度和色度分析。结果显示：各剖面沉积物磁化率多表现为干燥时期较大、湿润时期较小、寒冷阶段较大、温暖适宜阶段较小的特点。颜色对磁化率影响较大,不同颜色砂或砂质黏土的磁化率从大到小依次为红褐色→浅黄色或灰绿色→灰黑色。碳酸盐岩或灰岩物源的存在,使沉积物色度和磁化率之间的关系相对复杂。磁化率会随沉积物粒度增大而增大,冻融风化和降雨增多导致沉积物粒度增大,使磁化率升高;但温暖适宜时期,磁化率受物源供给量的减小而减小。磁化率、粒度和色度三指标综合反映出研究区早更新世寒冷干燥→中更新世冷湿—暖湿—冷湿→晚更新世寒冷较湿润的古气候环境演化过程。     

福建白垩系沙县组地层磁学特征及其环境意义

广泛分布于中国南方的白垩系巨厚地层被认为是河湖相沉积,蕴含着丰富的古气候古环境变化的信息。白垩纪是典型的温室时期,其气候特征可以为当代和未来温室气候研究提供重要借鉴。对位于中国东南的福建省三明市沙县和永安地区的白垩系沙县组典型地层进行了系统的环境磁学参数测量,结合漫反射光谱(DRS)和色度指标,探讨了该地层磁学特征及其环境指示意义和红色的成因。结果表明:1)红色调和黄色调地层的主要磁性矿物分别为赤铁矿和针铁矿,均含有顺磁性矿物和极少量的亚铁磁性矿物;2)相对于粗粒的砂岩,细粒的粉砂岩赤铁矿含量较高;3)红色赤铁矿与黄色针铁矿均形成于成岩阶段之前,具体形成阶段与形成原因需要具体分析;4)红色调地层的赤铁矿指示高温的气候环境;黄色调地层的针铁矿指示局部的湿润环境。磁学参数变化的具体环境指示意义需要进一步研究。     

北大西洋ODP1049C孔Aptian-Albian期高频旋回大洋红层的成因:矿物学证据

北大西洋ODP171B航次1049C孔Aptian-Albian期沉积以出现大洋红层与灰色、白色沉积物高频旋回为特征。为了探讨大洋红层的成因,本文进行了矿物学、地球化学、沉积学等方面的研究。漫反射光谱、磁化率和活性铁数据表明,赤铁矿、针铁矿的出现是导致样品由白色向红色转变的矿物学原因。棕色和橙色样品中出现赤铁矿和针铁矿的特征峰,FeR/FeT平均值分别为0.23和0.24,明显区别于其他颜色的样品。磁化率与红层成良好的正相关关系,说明铁氧化物矿物含量的变化是导致磁化率变化的原因。X射线衍射结果表明,不论颜色如何,样品中均含伊利石、高岭石、蒙脱石、绿泥石等粘土矿物,其分布与样品颜色没有直接关系,很可能反映当时物源区气候稳定。ODP1049C孔岩芯沉积物出现橙色、棕色、白色、灰色等颜色的高频变化,颜色过渡接触界线清晰,说明导致红色变化的赤铁矿和针铁矿是沉积期低温氧化的产物。棕色样品中CaCO3含量最低,推测红层所对应的氧化条件是由于较低的有机质堆积速率造成的。     

Glacial–interglacial records of the reflectance of sediments from the Norwegian–Greenland–Iceland Sea (Nordic seas)

 The reflectance of sediments (gray level) were measured on 11 sediment cores from the Norwegian–Greenland–Iceland Sea (Nordic seas). The analyzed time interval covers the past five glacial–interglacial cycles. Although the results demonstrate that the gray-level method has a potential for stratigraphic purposes, it is indicated that gray-level changes in the Nordic seas are not necessarily driven by variations in the content of biogenic calcite. A detailed comparison of gray-level values with contents of total CaCO₃ (carbonate) and total organic carbon (TOC) reveals no overall causal link between these proxies. However, specific glacial core sections with layers containing organic-rich sediment clasts as a consequence of iceberg-rafting seem to correlate well with law gray-level values. Of those cores which show relatively high and comparable carbonate values in the last three main interglacial intervals (stages 11, 5.5, and 1), stage 11 is always marked by the highest gray-level values. A close inspection of the surface structure of the foraminiferal tests as well as the conduction of reflectance measurements on these tests leads to the conclusion that enhanced carbonate corrosion occurred during stage 11. The test corrosion not only affected the reflectance of the tests by making them appear whiter, it also seems responsible for the comparatively high gray-level values of the total sediment in stage 11. In contrast, the relatively low gray-level values found in stages 5.5, and 1 are not associated with enhanced test corrosion. This observation implies that variable degrees of carbonate corrosion can have a profound effect on total sediment reflectance. Received: 6 September 1998 / Accepted: 4 April 1999     

Influence of sedimentary setting on the use of magnetic susceptibility: examples from the Devonian of Belgium

Bulk magnetic susceptibility measurements on sedimentological samples from all geological periods have been used widely in the last two decades for correlations and as a proxy for sea‐level variations. This paper explores the link between magnetic susceptibility, depositional setting and environmental parameters. These environmental parameters include distal–proximal transects, microfacies successions and fourth‐order trends on different carbonate platform types (platform, ramp, carbonate mound or atoll) during different Devonian stages (Eifelian, Givetian and Frasnian). Average magnetic susceptibility values over a distal–proximal‐trending facies succession vary markedly with depositional setting. On carbonate platforms, average magnetic susceptibility generally increases towards the top of shallowing‐upward sequences. On a distal–proximal transect, average magnetic susceptibility is intermediate for the deepest facies, decreases for the reef belts and increases to a maximum in the back‐reef zone. In ramps and atolls, magnetic susceptibility trends clearly differ; average magnetic susceptibility generally decreases towards the top of shallowing‐upward sequences and is highest in the deepest facies. The strong relationship between magnetic susceptibility, facies and sequences implies a strong environmental influence. However, the different responses in the different platform types suggest that sea‐level changes leading to variation in detrital input is not the only parameter controlling average magnetic susceptibility values. Other primary or secondary processes also probably influenced magnetic mineral distribution. Primary processes such as carbonate production and water agitation during deposition are probably key factors. When carbonate production is high, the proportion of magnetic minerals is diluted and the magnetic susceptibility signal decreases. High water agitation during deposition will also selectively remove magnetic minerals and will lead to low average magnetic susceptibility values. These parameters explain the lowest values observed on the reef platform, inner ramp and atoll crown, which are all in areas characterized by higher carbonate production and greater water agitation during deposition. The lowest values observed in the lagoon inside the atoll crown can be related to detrital isolation by the atoll crown. However, other parameters such as biogenic magnetite production or diagenesis can also influence the magnetic signal. Diagenesis can change magnetism by creating or destroying magnetic minerals. However, the influence of diagenesis probably is linked strongly to the primary facies (permeability, amount of clay or organic matter) and probably enhanced the primary signal. The complexity of the signal gives rise to correlation problems between different depositional settings. Thus, while magnetic susceptibility has the potential to be an important correlation tool, the results of this investigation indicate that it cannot be used without consideration of sedimentary processes and depositional environments and without strong biostratigraphical control.     

水稻、小麦与土壤中重金属Cd含量的关系模拟研究

土壤污染防治工作已成为提升耕地质量、保护国土生态安全的重要任务之一.为了科学预测我国大宗农作物(如水稻、小麦)与土壤重金属含量的关系,减少安全利用类农用地的大量农产品与土壤的协同监测,实现重金属污染农用地的安全利用,本研究以重金属Cd为例,选取对水稻、小麦Cd含量影响较大的土壤Cd含量、土壤pH值、土壤阳离子交换量(C...     

沉积盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩地区热历史恢复方法探索

古温标是目前恢复沉积盆地热历史最常用方法之一,但在下古生界高过成熟碳酸盐岩由于没有合适的成熟度标定参数(古温标),对其经受的热历史和成烃史的恢复一直是困扰中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探的问题。目前常用的沥青反射率、牙形石色变指数、镜状体反射率等各类古温标,在用于早古生代碳酸盐岩地区的热历史恢复时都是借助于它们各自与镜质体反射率之间的关系,再利用现有的镜质体反射率模拟热历史方法来恢复热历史,因而存在不同的缺陷。重点介绍了利用有机质自由基浓度作为碳酸盐岩地区古温标的可能性。通过不同时间和温度下的热模拟得到的有机质自由基浓度数据,初步建立了三种类型有机质的自由基浓度(N)与时间-温度指数(TTI)的定量模型。这种有机质自由基浓度与TTI的关系式为碳酸盐岩地区古地温的恢复提供了新的方法。     

建立磁化率快速预测白马钒钛磁铁矿含量模型

根据白马钒钛磁铁矿区试验钻孔井壁岩矿石磁化率与钒钛磁铁矿含量的关系,矿区岩矿石磁化率与钒钛磁铁矿含量的相关性,建立了磁化率与钒钛磁铁矿含量的回归方程。通过此方程的应用可以快速判断井壁岩矿体的钒钛磁铁矿含量,指导采样布设。     

Application of Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence to GIS-based landslide susceptibility analysis

GIS-based spatial data integration tasks for predictive geological applications, such as landslide susceptibility analysis, have been regarded as one of the primary geological application issues of GIS. An efficient framework for proper representation and integration is required for this kind of application. This paper presents a data integration framework based on the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence for landslide susceptibility mapping with multiple geospatial data. A data-driven information representation approach based on spatial association between known landslide occurrences and input geospatial data layers is used to assign mass functions. After defining mass functions for multiple geospatial data layers, Dempster’s rule of combination is applied to obtain a series of combined mass functions. Landslide susceptibility mapping using multiple geospatial data sets from Jangheung in Korea was conducted to illustrate the application of this methodology. The results of the case study indicated that the proposed methodology efficiently represented and integrated multiple data sets and showed better prediction capability than that of a traditional logistic regression model.