Sand Dunes Fixation in Baiji District,Iraq

This study was carried out at Sand Dunes Stabilization Researches Station in Baiji district (230km north of Baghdad,Iraq) to evaluate the effects of local soil conditioners manufactured from oil derivatives and plant residuals on sand dunes fixation as the first step for sand dunes stabilization.The results indicate that the fuel oil has the first place in improving wind erosion parameters in the study area,such as increasing mean weight diameter,dry aggregates percentage,the needed time for complete disaggregation by dry sieving,and decreasing the disaggregation rates.Bitumen emulsion occupies the second place ,while the plant residuals occupies the third place and has slight effects on the studied pa-rameters.Effects of conditioners on natural vegetation cover are negative in oil derivatives treatments,while positive in plants residuals treatments.     

Study of Sand Dunes and Their Effect on Desertification of Cultivated Lands in Shaanxi Province, China Using Remote Sensing Techniques

About half of the arid and semi-arid lands in the world are deserts that comprise various types of aeolian sand dunes deposits. In Shaanxi Province, aeolian sand dunes cover considerable areas of the Yulin desert and northern Jinbian. Sand dunes are moving in the main wind direction and converting some agricultural area to wasteland. Remote sensing of sand dunes helps in the understanding of aeolian process and desertification. Remote sensing data combined with field studies are valuable in studying sand dunes, regional aeolian depositional history. In particular, active and inactive sand dunes of the north Shaanxi Province were studied using remote sensing and geographic information system. In this study, we describe the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) images, covering north Shaanxi Province, which were used to study the distribution, shape, size, trends, density and movement of sand dunes and their effect on desertification of cultivated lands. Estimation was made depending on soil erodibility factor (Ⅰ) and local climatic factor (C) during the period (June to September). The result indicates that soil erosion caused sand drift of 8.957 5, 7.03 ton for Yulin and Jinbian, respectively. The mean sand dunes movement rate were 4.37, 3.11 m, whereas, monthly sand dune advance rate were 1.092 5, 0.777 5 m, for the two locations, respectively. The study reveals that cultivated lands extended obliquely to the direction of sand dune movement are extremely affected, while other segments that extend parallel to the direction of the movement are not affected. Accordingly the north Shaanxi Province was divided into areas of different classes of potential risk. Moreover, blown sands and sand movement from neighboring highlands also affect the area of western desert.     

Soil Loss by Wind Erosion for Three Different Textured Soils Treated with Polyacrylamide and Crude Oil, Iraq

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＬａｒｇｅａｒｅａｓｏｆａｒｉｄａｎｄｓｅｍｉａｒｉｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄａｒｅａｆ ｆｅｃｔｅｄｂｙｗｉｎｄｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ .Ａｐｐｒｏｘｉｍａｔｅｌｙ 2 8.4%ｏｆｔｈｉｓａｒｅａａｒｅａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｂｙｓｅｖｅｒｅａｎｄｖｅｒｙｓｅｖｅｒｅｗｉｎｄｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ (Ｋａｔｅｓｅｔａｌ.,1977) .ＩｎＩｒａｑ ,ｔｈｅａｒｉｄａｎｄｓｅｍｉａｒｉｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｎｅａｒｌｙ 75%ｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｌａｎｄ .5 0 %ｏｆｔｈｉｓｌａｎｄｉｓｓｕｂｊｅｃ…     

火星表面沙丘中冲沟的成因及对撞击坑壁冲沟成因的启发

借助于15幅高分辨率的HiRISE影像与107幅MOC影像,对火星表面撞击坑壁与沙丘中出现的非常年轻冲沟形态特征进行了详细研究,并据此检验冲沟成因假说.影像特征分析结果首先支持沙丘中冲沟是由液态水携带泥沙冲刷而成的理论,而撞击坑壁出现的多边形土证实火星表面下冰的存在,且在适当的条件下可转变为液态水形成冲沟.      

A field quantification of coastal dune perennial plants as indicators of surface stability, erosion or deposition

Dune plants both modify the wind field around them and are impacted by various stress factors, among them sand erosion and sand deposition. As coastal dunes are being either stabilized or remobilized, in response to the changes in the rates of sand and dune movement, the vegetation cover and composition are expected to vary reflecting the differences in the sedimentary conditions. In this field study 315 quadrats of 100 m², in which the perennial plant species were sampled, were analysed with respect to annual rates of sand erosion and deposition that were measured using erosion pins. A visual exploratory data analysis was introduced, based on selective filtering of samples according to their vegetation cover. This method, combined with established statistical tools, enabled the authors to uncover the inclination and indicative power of nine perennial dune plants to either a stabilized or a mobile environment, and to establish whether they are more prevalent in places undergoing sand erosion or sand burial. Two species were found to be clear indicators of a stabilized environment, Stipagrostis lanata , and Retama raetam . Of the species indicating a mobile environment, only one may be stated as a clear indicator of sand erosion: Silene succulenta , with Cyperus macrorrhizus coming close to being an indicator of a less mobile erosive environment. The best indicator species for sand burial was found to be, as expected, Ammophila arenaria , with Artemisia monosperma also indicating high rates of sand mobility especially when its relative cover is higher than 80%. Such information can be used to monitor natural processes of dune stabilization or reactivation, or to assess the success of a management plan that aims at stabilizing a dune, or at remobilizing it by removing vegetation.     

兰新铁路百里风区挡沙墙防沙效益研究

基于兰新铁路百里风区十三间房车站附近K1476＋875～K1477＋000沿线的集沙量观测系统,对2009年试验期间该处挡沙墙防沙功能的观测进行分析．结果表明：该地区大风以9、10级为主,集沙量与微地形关系密切,集沙量沿高度方向呈指数递减;地面构筑物的存在改变了风沙流场,挡沙墙上方的积沙量随挡沙墙高度增加而减小,增加挡...     

鄂西震旦系灯影组白鸡河锌矿床地质特征及成因探讨

在鄂西震旦系白云岩地层中,新发现了白鸡河锌矿床、凹子岗铅锌矿床、冰洞山铅锌矿床。白鸡河锌矿床矿石成分简单,富锌贫铅;矿石结构主要为细晶结构、交代结构;矿石构造变化大,存在角砾状、浸染状、纹层状、条带状及"雪顶"构造;成矿温度低,白云石化交代角砾岩作用普遍;矿石硫同位素为重硫,值域很宽,闪锌矿与方铅矿在相对封闭环境沉淀。矿床地质特征可与MVT型铅锌矿床相类比,成因为碳酸盐岩容矿的后生沉积铅锌矿床。     

轮南地区石炭系砂泥岩段S3层储层特征与评价

从沉积环境入手,依据岩芯、铸体薄片、测井解释、压汞试验、物性分析等资料,并结合区域地质背景对塔里木盆地北部轮南地区石炭统卡拉沙依组砂泥岩段S3砂组进行了研究。结果表明：该区砂泥岩段S3砂组优质储层的岩性为岩屑砂岩、含砾不等粒砂岩、粉砂岩等;储层孔隙类型以粒间孔、粒间溶孔为主,发育少量粒缘缝;碳酸盐岩胶结物在轮南地区砂泥岩段S3砂组储层中较为普遍;钙质体积分数较高。钙质主要以方解石、铁方解石、铁白云石胶结物的形式存在;优质储层的分布受控于沉积环境,集中发育在砂泥岩段S3砂组上部的三角洲前缘相的分流河道与前缘席状砂和砂泥岩段S3砂组下部潮坪相的潮道和砂坪微相里,所以这些区域是油气勘探的重点目标区。     

Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level,neotectonic and climate control in the coastal zone of northwest Portugal

The coastal zone of northwest Portugal can be subdivided into two geomorphological sectors: Sector 1, between the Minho River and the town of Espinho, where the coastal segments consist of estuaries, sandy and shingle beaches with rocky outcrops, and Holocene dune systems (foredunes and some migrating dunes with blow-outs). The estuaries and the foredunes in particular are very degraded by human activities. Sector 2, between Espinho and the Mondego Cape, where coastal lagoons and Holocene dune systems (foredunes, parabolic and transverse dunes) occur. This study deals with the macroscale, i.e. 100–1000 years, forcing by sea-level changes and neotectonic activity on the one hand, and mesoscale, i.e. 1–100 years, forcing by climate fluctuations on the other hand, on these (palaeo-)environments. It is shown in particular that sea-level changes and neotectonic activity play a dominant role in the evolution of the coastal zone since the Late Pleistocene. Sediment starvation on the shoreface is postulated to be one of the major causes for coastal erosion since at least the 15th century. The mesoscale role of climate is difficult to assess at the present stage of knowledge, mainly because of overprinting by the macroscale evolution of the coast. However, data on estuarine saltmarsh evolution in sector 1 point towards discrete changes in storminess, while the development of Medieval dune systems in sectors 1 and 2 are attributed to the Little Ice Age or, alternatively, to human occupation of the dune areas.     

Origin and evolution of polygonal cracks in hydrous sulphate sands,White Sands National Monument,New Mexico

The nucleation and propagation of polygonal cracks in hydrous sulphate dunes at White Sands National Monument, New Mexico, are affected by water availability, transport through the sand and exchange with the atmosphere. These gypsum sands are cohesive enough to crack due to capillary forces and gypsum cements formed during evaporation. Surface cracks form five‐sided polygons with a variety of triple‐junction angles. Cracks extend down to variable depths and polygons increase in size with depth, showing a maturation similar to experimentally produced polygonal columns in drying corn starch. Results from two years of monitoring crack geometries, temperature and humidity demonstrate that cracks form when water is lost to the atmosphere through the transport of water vapour. Subsurface relative humidity below 5 to 10 cm is almost always maintained at 100% by the evaporation and condensation of water in thin films on grains. The amplitude of daily temperature and thus absolute humidity changes decreases with depth, consistent with lower evaporation and condensation rates with increasing depth. Changes in absolute humidity and the contrast between humidity in pore spaces versus the overlying atmosphere result in significant water loss from the dunes except during times of precipitation and frost/dew condensation. This water loss allows cracks to nucleate and propagate into the dunes. This study hypothesizes that crack tips propagate into sand to the depth at which thin films of water on grains are drying, and that this depth varies from the surface of the dune during precipitation events to depths greater than 45 cm when dunes are drier.     

廊坊市规划区饱和砂土液化的危害及防治措施

在对河北省廊坊市规划区液化饱和砂土分布及危害调查研究的基础上,提出采用振冲碎石桩法、桩基础方法、CFG桩复合地基技术进行防治饱和砂土液化的措施。     

Environmental Isotopic Characterization of Groundwater and Surface Water in Northeast Missan Province,South Iraq

The present work studies the environmental isotopes assess groundwater characteristics of the different parts of the main aquifer in the northeast Missan Province in south of Iraq.Water samples of groundwater and surface water were collected for two dry and wet seasons during the water year of 2011–2012.The study shows that most of the groundwater in the aquifer falls above the global meteoric water line,and all the samples fall below the Mediterranean meteoric water line,indicating that these samples are a mixture of two water types.The tritium content of these samples supports this conclusion.The overall conclusion of this study indicates that there are two sources of groundwater recharge in the studied area:the ephemeral streams(Teeb and Dewerge) and major precipitation sources.According to the tritium levels at or below one tritium unit(TU) obtained from the water,supply wells are highly confined or "not vulnerable".Overall,the 3H results imply that recent recharge has taken place during the last four to five decades.In the recharge area,the high tritium content in the southern part of the Teeb area suggests that the recharge originates from rapid infiltration of surface runoff.Therefore,the groundwater resources in the study area should be protected from contamination,because it will influence the aquifer in a relatively short period of time if any contamination enters the recharge areas of the aquifer.     

济阳坳陷东部埕北地区Ng上段曲流河沉积相及砂体展布研究

埕北地区Ng~上段主要为曲流河沉积,储油砂体微相为由流河冲积平原亚相的曲流砂坝。由于它的单层薄,横向上变化大,分布复杂,直接影响到对它的勘探开发和储量计算。通过研究取芯井段的岩相、岩相组合、垂相沉积层序及各种电测井资料等,将Ng~上段曲流河沉积砂体划分为三种亚相,并建立了由流河沉积砂体的剖面结构和平面分布模式,进一步又以沉积小层和砂层组为单元研究了曲流河砂体的平面分布特征及纵向演化规律等,为下一步的精细油藏描述研究打下了可靠的基础。     

伊拉克艾哈代布油田白垩系生物铸模孔及体腔孔发育的灰岩储层特征及成因分析

伊拉克地区艾哈代布油田白垩系(含)生物灰岩的生物铸模孔和体腔孔普遍发育,是主要的储集空间。本文综合利用铸体薄片观察、物性实验数据和压汞曲线等资料对该类储层的特征和成因进行分析。生物铸模孔以绿藻铸模孔为主,常发育在生物碎屑滩和藻屑滩中;发育的体腔孔主要为底栖有孔虫和浮游有孔虫体腔孔,在滩间凹地及台坪中常见。研究区灰岩储层的平均孔隙度在20%～25%,为中高孔储层,渗透率与孔隙结构和孔隙组合类型密切相关。生物铸模孔和晶间微孔组合储层的孔隙结构相对较好,平均渗透率约在2×10-3～10×10-3μm2之间,为中高孔-中低渗储层;体腔孔和晶间微孔组合储层的孔隙结构相对较差,平均渗透率小于2×10-3μm2,属于中高孔低渗储层。生物铸模孔及体腔孔灰岩储层的发育受控于沉积环境和同生期溶蚀作用。藻屑滩沉积在较局限的环境,因同生期的暴露溶蚀作用,发育铸模孔。滩间凹地、台坪等相对静水环境沉积物中有孔虫含量较高,原生的有孔虫体腔孔发育。由于这两类孔隙分布相对"孤立",主要靠晶间隙连通,形成了储层的中高孔和低渗透的特征。     

榆林风沙滩区水资源可持续利用对策与建议

本文在对榆林风沙滩区内水资源条件、开发利用现状及存在问题等调查研究资料进行深入分析的基础上,结合国民经济各业未来发展对水资源的需求情况,确定了未来不同水平年的需水量和供水量,并通过供需平衡分析,提出了解决水资源短缺的途径和实现水资源合理开发利用的建议.     

地震分频解释技术在河道砂预测中的应用

地震资料分频处理技术是一种比常规地震属性识别储层更有效的方法。该方法将一定时窗内地震反射波通过离散傅里叶变从时间域换转换到频率域,用转换后的振幅谱和相位谱识别薄储层的厚度变化和边界。通过该技术可以对地震资料中所有单频信号进行有针对性的分析,已经证明是一种具有较高可信度的技术。针对胜利油田老河口油田老168井区馆陶组河道砂油藏厚度薄、横向变化大的地质特征,本文运用分频处理技术对该井区馆陶组地层砂体分布进行预测,并对储层非均质性进行了分析,经钻井证实,预测结果与实际情况十分吻合。     

塔北西部却勒地区古近系底砂岩段薄砂层储层地震预测

通过岩心、测井分析研究储层的岩性和物性,通过分析井点及剖面地震反射波特征来研究薄砂层储层发育处反射波属性;在储层岩性、物性及地震波形属性研究基础上,采用模型正演实验优选储层敏感属性,分析地震属性与薄砂层储层的预测关系;最终通过时间域属性优选、数学统计回归和频率域频谱分解等方法综合分析,建立预测薄砂层储层的经验公式,预测...     

东海陆架平湖海域改造砂沉积特征

东海陆架平湖海域分布的改造砂。其物质来源为晚更新世末生成的沙脊物质,是在晚更新世末至全新世初期间,原始物质被掀起再沉积的产物。     

济阳坳陷砂岩透镜体油气藏充满度大小及其主控因素

砂岩透镜体油气藏为岩性油气藏中的一种重要类型，为济阳坳陷目前和今后油气勘探的主要对象之一。统计结果表明，济阳坳陷砂岩透镜体油藏的充满度分布在26．8％至94．1％之间，平均为55％，其中绝大部分砂岩透镜体油藏的充满度在40％以上，而大于60％的砂岩透镜体最多。砂岩透镜体油气藏主要分布在沙河街组的沙四段、沙三段和沙二段地层中，其中沙三段砂岩透镜体油藏充满度最高，平均达59％；其次为沙二段平均为50％；沙四段最小，平均仅为33％。砂岩透镜体油气藏充满度主控因素的主因子分析结果表明控制砂岩透镜体油气藏充满度最重要的因素为砂岩透镜体的几何特征（砂体厚度和砂体面积）和运移条件（主要为砂岩透镜体内部断层数量、砂岩透镜体与生油洼陷中心的距离以及砂岩透镜体内部的剩余压力），次重要因素为砂岩透镜体的储集物性（砂岩透镜体的孔隙度和渗透率）。