用神经网络评价边坡稳定性

影响边坡稳定性因素是复杂且具有随机和模糊特性。神经网络的性能特征使适用于解决非性的边坡稳定性评价问题，本文建立了边坡稳定性评价的复合网络模型，并利用边坡工程的失稳及稳定实例对网络进行了训练和测试，计算分析表明，网络模型对于评价边坡的稳定性有较好的适用性。     

边坡稳定性的神经网络预测研究

根据神经网络法的基本原理，结合38个实际边坡工程稳定实例，应用VB5．0可视化编程语言，建立了边坡稳定性的神经网络预测模型，并运用该模型对部分边坡工程的稳定性进行预测，预测结果与边坡实际稳定状态相吻合，从而表明了神经网络法在边坡稳定性预测中的有效性。     

水下岩质边坡稳定性计算模式的探讨

论文讨论了水下岩质边坡稳定性分析中平面型滑动及其边坡后缘出现拉张裂缝等两种计算模式，着重分析了水下岩质边坡的受力机理，推导了考虑动水的水流速度及不同的滑动面倾角等水下岩质边坡稳定性评价公式，得到了岩质边坡稳定系数与水流速度的关系曲线和岩质边坡稳定系数与滑动面夹角的关系曲线。通过实例计算，讨论了水下岩质边坡后缘出现拉张裂缝后稳定性评价的主要影响因素及其变化规律。当考虑水流速度对边坡的作用时，边坡的稳定性明显下降。     

基于岩质边坡稳定性治理的生态恢复浅析

目前岩质边坡生态恢复问题在我国公路建设中研究较多，各种绿化方法不断涌现。这为岩质边坡生态恢复提供了强有力的技术支持，并使岩质边坡环境状况大大改善。然而边坡生态防护应基于稳定性之上。如今多是边坡稳定性治理后，再采取生态绿化，而未将稳定性治理与生态绿化作为整体综合性设计。论文提出对边坡稳定性治理与生态恢复整体考虑、综合设计的观点，可为非稳定岩质边坡生态恢复提供参考。     

澜沧江某水电站泄洪洞出口边坡稳定性评价

岩土质边坡是一种自然地质体，其稳定性在很大程度上具有不确定性、模糊性。模糊分析是边坡稳定性分析的有效途径之一。文章采用模糊数学分析法，构建了二次模糊综合评判模型，对影响边坡稳定性的诸多因素进行了分类归纳，并根据不同的稳定状态，将边坡划分为5个等级，再结合某水电站右岸泄洪洞出口开挖边坡稳定性的实际问题，利用梯形函数构建了与该边坡稳定性分析相关因素的隶属函数、运用专家评分法确定了各因素的权重，最终对该边坡的稳定性进行了评价。结果表明该评价分析结果与实际相吻合，评价效果较好。     

含地下硐室的露天矿边坡稳定性研究

地下硐室是危害露天矿边坡稳定性的重要因素，其分布情况更是评价露天矿边坡稳定性的重要条件，通过分析地下硐室的应力分布情况，利用极限平衡法及格里菲斯强度理论，讨论并研究了地下硐室对露天矿边坡稳定性的影响，发现地下硐室的直径和其走向与整体边坡走向的关系对露天矿边坡稳定性的影响很大。     

基于有限元强度折减法的单双面边坡稳定性分析

利用强度折减法和有限元分析软件ABAQUS，研究了单面和双面土体边坡的稳定性。首先，利用典型算例验证了所采用方法的可行性，然后通过模型数值模拟，分析了不同的坡体参数，如坡角、坡高、黏聚力和内摩擦角等情况下单面和双面边坡的稳定性。探讨了各参数对单面和双面边坡稳定安全系数的影响特征和规律，同时也展现了土体塑性应变区发生和扩展过程。结果表明:(1)坡角、坡高、黏聚力和内摩擦角等参数的单独变化对边坡安全性系数的影响规律基本一致、近似线性变化，对单面和双面边坡稳定性的影响规律相同；(2)双面边坡稳定性比单面边坡的有所降低，但边坡几何和物理参数取一定范围内的值时，两种趋于一致；(3)坡面顶部的位移拐点和坡体塑性应变区贯通之间并不是同时出现，土体边坡稳定性评价的不同判别准则之间存在差异。建议实际工程中边坡稳定性评价考虑采用双面边坡甚至更复杂边坡分析模型，同时需综合利用边坡稳定临界状态的不同判别准则。     

顺层岩质边坡稳定性分析及加固设计研究

以南京市栖霞古镇顺层岩质边坡为例，采用极限平衡法和强度折减法对开挖后边坡的稳定性、失稳原因和变形特征进行分析。针对边坡潜在的滑坡问题进行加固设计，模拟不同长度和倾角组合下锚杆加固效果，根据边坡稳定性系数及锚固后边坡位移和应力分布情况，确定锚杆长度7 m、倾角20°为最佳方案，并结合其他加固措施提高边坡的稳定性，分析结果表明，加固后边坡稳定性系数满足规范要求，边坡位移控制在安全范围内，加固设计方案合理可行。     

巴东长江公路大桥桥位边坡稳定可靠性研究

以巴东长江公路大桥桥位边坡为例，在前人稳定性评价的基础上，建立了基于剩余推力法和Sarma法的边坡稳定可靠性分析模型，分析表明边坡系统可靠性指标(β，Pf)能更准确地表达边坡稳定性、安全性和工程风险水平。     

结合边坡形态分析高边坡边坡稳定性问题

下坂地水利枢纽工程右坝肩高边坡的稳定性，对大坝及水库运行安全影响很大，结合工程地质条件，采用边坡形态及结构面综合分析、评价边坡的稳定性，提出了工程处理具体措施。     

矽卡岩化作用排碳到大气中的途径SCIEI北大核心CSCD

鉴于大陆岩浆弧上盘广泛分布有碳酸盐岩,岩体上升侵位过程使其碳通量明显的高于洋内岛弧,从而有可能影响着地质历史长时间尺度(百万年)的气候变化。陆弧碳的排放可分为两部分,一部分是与喷出岩相关的火山作用,另一部分是与侵入岩相关的脱碳过程。侵入岩的体量一般是喷出岩体量的10倍以上,由此与侵入岩有关的脱碳作用释放的碳通量不可忽视,可能类似与喷出岩有关的火山作用释放的碳通量甚至更大。火山作用能够将气体直接排入大气中,因此在以往的工作中研究较为充分。但与侵入岩相关的脱碳过程如:矽卡岩化,发生在地下,关于地下脱碳过程如何将碳释放到大气中还缺少详细的工作。本文,通过对比研究火山地区和非火山地区与侵入岩相关的深部脱碳过程,发现深部碳可以通过区域断层系统、地下水系统和热泉、火山通道、隐爆角砾岩筒、高频率的岩浆热液事件等途径瞬时地释放进入大气。通过初步估算,发现单个矽卡岩矿化事件所产生的二氧化碳通量(0.02~0.2Mt/yr)能够与目前地球绝大部分的普通单个火山的碳通量(<0.5Mt/yr)类比。因此岩浆深部脱碳过程对大气的影响至少与火山相当,其对气候的影响不可忽视。     

Farewell to Wynand Kleingeld (1946 to 2020)

Mathematical Geosciences -     

浅谈如何倡导敬业精神

本文从人生信念、道德境界以及我国传统美德等方面阐述了敬业精神对当今激烈的市场竞争中的重要作用,并推出大力倡导敬业精神,纠正行业不正之风的基本途径和方法。     

An extension to the DRASTIC model to assess groundwater vulnerability to pollution: application to the Haouz aquifer of Marrakech (Morocco)

An extension to the DRASTIC model is proposed in order to assess aquifer vulnerability to pollution. In contrast to the DRASTIC model, which considers the unsaturated and saturated zones together and computes a global intrinsic vulnerability index, the suggested approach discriminates between the aquifer vertical vulnerability (a concept related to the pollutant percolation) and the groundwater susceptibility (a concept that depends on the behaviour and uses of the groundwater). This approach is applied to the Haouz aquifer (Morocco) that supplies water to the Marrakech area. This aquifer is widely overexploited and there is evidence that the groundwater quality is threatened by various sources of pollution. Evaluation of the vertical vulnerability indicates that the aquifer mainly presents a moderate-to-weak vertical vulnerability. The zones potentially most favourable to pollutant percolation are mainly located in Central Haouz, along or near the surface wadis. The aquifer susceptibility is high in places located near the N’Fis, Baaja and Issil wadis. Everywhere else, low-to-moderate susceptibility is observed. This new approach therefore enables areas of vertical vulnerability and areas of susceptibility to be delineated separately. As a result, it constitutes a valuable decision-making tool for optimising the management of aquifer water resources and land-use planning.     

水平定向钻进地层适应性的评价方法

水平定向钻进的地层适应性对施工技术方案、钻具选择、参数选取和施工效益都有着重要影响。应采用钻进地层的岩土硬度、完整性和研磨性三方面指标,对比钻进技术工艺和技术器具特点,对钻进效率、钻孔的成孔和孔壁稳定性、以及钻具寿命等进行定性及定量的评价,从而有利于大大提高水平定向钻进铺管施工的技术和经济效益。     

Modeled Nitrogen Loading to Narragansett Bay: 1850 to 2015

Nutrient loading to estuaries with heavily populated watersheds can have profound ecological consequences. In evaluating policy options for managing nitrogen (N), it is helpful to understand current and historic spatial loading patterns to the system. We modeled N inputs to Narragansett Bay from 1850 to 2000, using data on population, human waste disposal, livestock, fertilizer, and atmospheric deposition. We found that total N loading to the bay increased 250% from 1850 to 2000, and 80% from 1900 to 2000. Loading to the upper bay increased far more than that to the lower bay, and the most important source shifted from non-point animal waste to human waste concentrated at sewage treatment facilities. We also modeled future N loads in 2015 under four management scenarios. Planned improvements in sewage treatment would reduce N loads 9% below business-as-usual, to the 1990 loading rate. Greater reductions, to circa 1900 rates of loading, may be possible.     

Metal ion binding to colloids from database to field systems

Nowadays, environmental problems related to soil pollution with heavy metals are numerous, therefore, it is important to understand metals behaviour in aquatic sediments and soils and to estimate their transfer. The fate of metals in the environment is closely related to their interactions with the major reactive compartments (organic matter, iron and manganese oxides, clays). The objective of this work is to develop an approach based on the combination of several models to study metal ion speciation in different environmental systems. Models used to describe the interactions of metals with the main reactive phases in the soil are CD-MUSIC (amorphous and crystallized iron oxides), NICA-Donnan (organic matter and manganese oxides) and cationic ion exchange model (clays). First, this work implies the definition of generic parameters to describe the interactions of the studied metals with iron and manganese oxides and part of this information is missing in the literature. Then, after a validation of the approach by comparison with analytical results, this multi-surface model is applied to test sites corresponding to one soil and two riverine environments.These new models give good predictions of the behaviour of major and trace metal ions even in heterogeneous systems characteristic of natural environment. The measured free metal concentrations in the solution are in agreement with those obtained from model calculations. In the case of the soil test site, the soil solution composition and speciation are predicted using the soil major constituents characteristics.     

Modelling intra-dependencies to assess road network resilience to natural hazards

Natural Hazards - Estimating the resilience of a road network (one of the essential critical infrastructures in times of crisis) to natural hazards is crucial in achieving the goals of disaster...