Study on the characteristics and causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan

By comparing the testing data of the hydrochemistry components and organic pollution of karst water sample in Jinan with large amount of historical data, the author finds the long-existing problem of carbon tetrachloride pollution and the great change of hydrochemical characteristics of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan. Since karst water is the main water-supply source in eastern suburbs of Jinan, these problems have greatly affected the safety of water supply. Based on the analysis of hydrogeological condition in eastern suburbs of Jinan, this thesis discusses the causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation with hydrogeochemical theories so as to protect the precious karst groundwater and Jinan spring water. It is found that through research and analysis that there are mainly two causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation: the vulnerability of karst water in this area; the other being the serious pollution in this area caused by remaining pollution sources of the last century.     

Determining groundwater protection zones for the Quaternary aquifer of northeastern Nile Delta using GIS-based vulnerability mapping

The area of study lies at the northeastern part of Nile Delta. Global shoreline regression and sea-level rise have their own-bearing on the groundwater salinization due to seawater intrusion. A new adopted approach for vulnerability mapping using the hydrochemical investigations, geographic information system and a weighted multi-criteria decision support system (WMCDSS) was developed to determine the trend of groundwater contamination by seawater intrusion. Six thematic layers were digitally integrated and assigned different weights and rates. These have been created to comprise the most decisive criteria used for the delineation of groundwater degradation due to seawater intrusion. These criteria are represented by the total dissolved solids, well discharge, sodium adsorption ratio, hydrochemical parameter (Cl/HCO₃), hydraulic conductivity and water types. The WMCDSS modeling was tried, where a groundwater vulnerability map with four classes ranging from very low to high vulnerability was gained. The map pinpointed the promising localities for groundwater protection, which are almost represented by the very low or low vulnerability areas (53.69 % of the total study area). The regions having high and moderate groundwater vulnerability occupy 46.31 % of total study area, which designate to a deteriorated territory of groundwater quality, and needs special treatment and cropping pattern before use. However, the moderate groundwater vulnerability class occupies an area of about 28.77 % of the total mapped area, which highlighted the need for certain management practices to prevent the saltwater intrusion from expanding further to the south. There was a good correlation of the constructed vulnerability map with the recently gathered water quality data and hydrochemical facies evolution. The plotting of water quality data on Piper trilinear diagram revealed the evolution of freshwater into the mixing and the saline zones as an impact of seawater intrusion, which validates the model results.     

快速城镇化进程中珠江三角洲高铵地下水赋存环境及驱动因素

地下水中高浓度的铵态氮对生活饮用水安全及生态环境存在潜在威胁。相比较硝态氮，高浓度的铵态氮不仅有各种人为来源，天然沉积环境更是造成高铵地下水的主要成因。本文以城镇化快速发展的珠江三角洲为研究区，运用数理统计、主成分分析等方法深入探讨了研究区高铵地下水的赋存环境特征及驱动因素。结果表明，研究区地下水中NH₄⁺质量浓度介于未检出~180 mg/L。研究区1539组地下水样品中，NH₄⁺质量浓度大于10 mg/L的高铵地下水69组，其中含NH₄⁺质量浓度大于30 mg/L的高铵"肥水"23组。对比2005-2008年历史水化学数据，2009-2018年新增建设用地孔隙含水层高铵地下水样品比例增加25%。高铵地下水呈斑块状分布于三角洲平原区第四系底部低洼的基底、洼地等退积层序发育的淤泥质含水层中。淤泥层等富含有机质和总有机碳的沉积层是珠江三角洲地区的"生铵层"，有机氮的矿化是三角洲平原区城市化孔隙含水层中高铵地下水的主要驱动力。城镇化扩张引起生活污水及富铵工业废水的泄漏入渗是城乡结合部高铵地下水铵氮的重要来源。三角洲平原区中性至弱碱性富含有机质的还原环境是高铵地下水的主要成因。风化溶滤、阳离子交换吸附、海陆交互作用是珠江三角洲高铵地下水质演变的主要水文地球化学过程。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定食用植物油中多种有机锡化合物

有机锡化合物已广泛应用于食品包装材料及其生产过程中,对人体健康存在着潜在的危害。特别是食用植物油因甘油三酯(脂肪)含量较高,约占植物油的95%以上,给分析检测带来较大的基体干扰。本文采用低温冷冻提取结合固相萃取技术,建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定食用植物油样品中二丁基二氯化锡、二苯基二氯化锡、三丁基氯化锡、三苯基氯化锡同时分析的方法。实验对比了甲醇、乙腈、乙醇三种有机萃取溶剂分别在低温冷冻提取和常规液液振荡提取条件下的提取效率,并考察了PSA、中性氧化铝、弗罗里硅土及活性炭四种净化材料对食用油提取液的净化效果。确定了食用油中有机锡化合物的最佳提取净化方案为:以10 m L甲醇为提取溶剂在低温冷冻条件下充分提取两次,并通过50 mg活性炭净化提取液。为评价该方法的准确性,对食用油样品进行三个不同水平的添加回收实验,各有机锡化合物的平均回收率在74.2%~99.5%之间,接近或优于现行国标及相关研究(70%~120%),可应用于菜籽油、花生油、芝麻油、大豆油、玉米油及调和油等不同基质的食用植物油中有机锡化合物的同时测定。     

Estimating groundwater vulnerability to pollution using a modified DRASTIC model in the Kerman agricultural area,Iran

Groundwater contamination from intensive fertilizer application affects conservation areas in a plain. The DRASTIC model can be applied in the evaluation of groundwater vulnerability to such pollution. The main purpose of using the DRASTIC model is to map groundwater susceptibility to pollution in different areas. However, this method has been used in various areas without modification, thereby disregarding the effects of pollution types and their characteristics. Thus, this technique must be standardized and be approved for applications in aquifers and particular types of pollution. In this study, the potential for the more accurate assessment of vulnerability to pollution is achieved by correcting the rates of the DRASTIC parameters. The new rates were calculated by identifying the relationships among the parameters with respect to the nitrate concentration in groundwater. The methodology was implemented in the Kerman plain in the southeastern region of Iran. The nitrate concentration in water from underground wells was tested and analyzed in 27 different locations. The measured nitrate concentrations were used to associate and correlate the pollution in the aquifer to the DRASTIC index. The Wilcoxon rank-sum nonparametric statistical test was applied to determine the relationship between the index and the measured pollution in Kerman plain. Also, the weights of the DRASTIC parameters were modified through the sensitivity analysis. Subsequently, the rates and weights were computed. The results of the study revealed that the modified DRASTIC model performs more efficiently than the traditional method for nonpoint source pollution, particularly in agricultural areas. The regression coefficients showed that the relationship between the vulnerability index and the nitrate concentration was 82 % after modification and 44 % before modification. This comparison indicated that the results of the modified DRASTIC of this region are better than those of the original method.     

The hydrochemical facies and anomalous fluoride content in the Serra Geral aquifer system,southern Brazil: a GIS approach with tectonic and principal component analysis

Groundwater with high fluoride content and water mixture patterns were studied in Serra Geral aquifer system (SGAS) using three aspects, principal component analysis (PCA), tectonic scenery and hydrochemical interpretation from 309 groundwater chemical data information from deep wells. A four-component model is suggested and explains 81% of total variance in the PCA. Six hydrochemical facies were identified. These facies suggest two different fluoride sources. Tectonic approach shows the relationship between defined hydrochemical facies and regional fracture control. The applied methodology reveals a minimum level to understand hydrochemical mixtures. The fluoride enrichment mechanisms into the groundwater are comprised in advance to guide the future uses of SGAS to the public supply.     

The geochemical and isotopic composition of aquifer systems in the deltaic region of the Po River plain (northern Italy)

The chemical and hydrodynamic characteristics of groundwater in deltaic regions are strongly influenced by the complex stratigraphy of these areas, caused by the continuously varying depositional environments associated with their recent hydrographic evolution. As a case study, the eastern sector of the Po River plain, northern Italy, has been investigated to understand the quality of the available groundwater resources. Based on the analysis of hydrochemical and isotopic data, the recharge characteristics, the groundwater residence time and the aquifer vulnerability are defined. The results show significant qualitative degradation of the unconfined aquifer due to the shallow depth to water, while in the underlying confined aquifer, a hydrochemical facies of Ca–HCO₃ type prevails. The spatial variation and relationship between oxygen-18 and deuterium determine: firstly, hydraulic separation of the two hydrogeological units; secondly, direct infiltration of local precipitation to the unconfined aquifer; thirdly, the occurrence of waters originating in the Alps and locally from the Apennines, pervading the confined aquifer. The tritium results suggest local mixing between the superficial waters and the confined aquifer, occurring along the palaeo-river channels. This increases the pollution vulnerability of the confined hydrogeological unit within the plain, which is the only natural groundwater resource exploited for water supply.     

滹滏平原地下水系统脆弱性最佳地下水水位埋深探讨

笔者以滹滏平原为研究区, 采用统计分析的方法, 分析了地下水防污性与地下水资源脆弱性随地下水位埋深之间的变化关系。结果表明, 当地下水位埋深增大时, 地下水防污性增强的地区, 地下水资源脆弱性也增高;通过二者之间变化关系, 认为受地下水位埋深制约及地下水位埋深对二者的不同影响, 存在使地下水系统脆弱性最佳的地下水位埋深区间;通过地下水位埋深对地下水防污性与地下水资源脆弱性影响及其制约关系, 确定滹滏平原淡水区和咸水区地下水系统脆弱性最佳地下水位埋深分别为27~30 m和15~19 m。     

Evaluation of ground water quality using multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling

A methodology for characterizing ground water quality of watersheds using hydrochemical data that mingle multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling is presented. The aim of this work is to analyze hydrochemical data in order to explore the compositional of phreatic aquifer groundwater samples and the origin of water mineralization, using mathematical method and modeling, in Maknassy Basin, central Tunisia). Principal component analysis is used to determine the sources of variation between parameters. These components show that the variations within the dataset are related to variation in sulfuric acid and bicarbonate, sodium and cloride, calcium and magnesium which are derived from water-rock interaction. Thus, an equation is explored for the sampled ground water. Using Amos software, the structural equation modeling allows, to test in simultaneous analysis the entire system of variables (sodium, magnesium, sulfat, bicarbonate, cloride, calcium), in order to determine the extent to which it is consistent with the data. For this purpose, it should investigate simultaneously the interactions between the different components of ground water and their relationship with total dissolved solids. The integrated result provides a method to characterize ground water quality using statistical analyses and modeling of hydrochemical data in Maknassy basin to explain the ground water chemistry origin.     

Assessing groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution using statistical approaches: a case study of Sidi Bouzid shallow aquifer,Central Tunisia

The study region comprises the Sidi Bouzid shallow aquifer, which is located in the western part of Central Tunisia. It is mainly occupied by agricultural land with intensive use of chemical fertilizers especially nitrates. For this reason, nitrate measurement was performed in 38 water samples to evaluate and calibrate the obtained models. Several environmental parameters were analyzed using groundwater nitrate concentrations, and different statistical approaches were applied to assess and validate the groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution in the Sidi Bouzid shallow aquifer. Multiple linear regression (MLR), analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), and logistic regression (LR) were carried out for studying the nitrate effects on groundwater pollution. Statistical analyses were used to identify major environmental factors that control the groundwater nitrate concentration in this region. Correlation and statistical analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between the nitrate (dependent variable) and various environmental variables (independent variables). All methods show that “groundwater depth” and “land use” parameters are statistically significant at 95% level of confidence. Groundwater vulnerability map was obtained by overlaying these two thematic layers which were obtained in the GIS environment. It shows that the high vulnerability area coincides with the likelihood that nitrate concentration exceeds 24.5 mg/l in groundwater. The relationship between the groundwater vulnerability classes and the nitrate concentrations provides satisfactory results; it showed an Eta-squared correlation coefficient of 64%. So, the groundwater vulnerability map can be used as a synthetic document for realistic management of groundwater quality.     

柳江盆地浅层地下水硝酸盐背景值研究

为探索地下水硝酸盐背景值获取方法,文章以柳江盆地为研究对象,在对比分析国内外研究方法的基础上,首先采用绝对含量和毫克当量百分位数双因子法从宏观上剔除硝酸盐异常数据,然后再利用层次聚类分析结合主成分分析法,分析地下水水化学特征及识别异常分类,进一步剔除异常数据。最后剩余数据进行分布类型检验,采用浓度累计频率法确定地下水硝酸盐背景值范围。研究结果表明,绝对含量和毫克当量百分位数双因子法虽然不能完全剔除异常值,但可为后续层次聚类分析异常识别减少异常信息和子集;层次聚类分析法注重对各亚类的水化学特征分析来识别分析异常数据,具有识别人为异常和天然异常的优势。对比分析常用的数理学方法计算表明,2种方法结合,更能有效识别异常,计算出的地下水硝酸盐背景值更合理。异常数据剔除分析表明,柳江盆地浅层地下水硝酸盐异常与农业化肥的超量施用和居民生活污水与垃圾粪便的下渗污染具有密切的关系。     

Spatial and temporal study of nitrate concentration in groundwater by means of coregionalization

 Spatial and temporal behavior of hydrochemical parameters in groundwater can be studied using tools provided by geostatistics. The cross-variogram can be used to measure the spatial increments between observations at two given times as a function of distance (spatial structure). Taking into account the existence of such a spatial structure, two different data sets (sampled at two different times), representing concentrations of the same hydrochemical parameter, can be analyzed by cokriging in order to reduce the uncertainty of the estimation. In particular, if one of the two data sets is a subset of the other (that is, an undersampled set), cokriging allows us to study the spatial distribution of the hydrochemical parameter at that time, while also considering the statistical characteristics of the full data set established at a different time. This paper presents an application of cokriging by using temporal subsets to study the spatial distribution of nitrate concentration in the aquifer of the Lucca Plain, central Italy. Three data sets of nitrate concentration in groundwater were collected during three different periods in 1991. The first set was from 47 wells, but the second and the third are undersampled and represent 28 and 27 wells, respectively. Comparing the result of cokriging with ordinary kriging showed an improvement of the uncertainty in terms of reducing the estimation variance. The application of cokriging to the undersampled data sets reduced the uncertainty in estimating nitrate concentration and at the same time decreased the cost of the field sampling and laboratory analysis. Received: 23 July 1997 · Accepted: 31 March 1998     

塔城盆地地下水氟分布特征及富集机理

塔城盆地位于新疆维吾尔自治区西北部,干旱少雨,蒸发强烈.但相对于新疆其他盆地,塔城盆地地下水水质相对较好,溶解性总固体和F-含量相对较低.为解译这种差异及盆地内高氟地下水的成因,本文在对盆地地下水样品水化学组分系统分析的基础上,结合多种水文地质调查数据,利用数理统计、离子比及主成分分析等手段,研究高氟水的成因及其分布规...     

Hydrochemical system analysis of public supply well fields, to reveal water-quality patterns and define groundwater bodies: The Netherlands

Hydrochemical system analysis (HCSA) is used to better understand the individual state of and spatial patterns in groundwater quality, by addressing the spatial distribution of groundwater bodies with specific origins (hydrosomes) and characteristic hydrochemical zones within each hydrosome (facies). The origin is determined by environmental tracers or geomorphological and potentiometric maps, the facies by combining age, redox and alkalinity indices. The HCSA method is applied to all 206 active public supply well fields (PSWFs) in The Netherlands, resulting in the distinction of nine hydrosomes and eleven facies parameters—age (young, intermediate, old), redox ((sub)oxic, anoxic, deep anoxic, mixed) and alkalinity (very low, low, intermediate and high). The resulting classification of PSWFs provides a means to (1) predict their vulnerability; (2) optimize groundwater-quality monitoring programs; and (3) better delineate groundwater bodies, by considering groundwater origin and flow. The HCSA translates complex hydrochemical patterns into easily interpretable maps by showing PSWFs, groundwater bodies and hydrochemical facies. Such maps facilitate communication between researchers, water resources managers and policy makers and can help to solve complex groundwater resources management problems at different scales, ranging from a single well(field) or region to the national or European scale.     

华北平原与大同盆地原生高碘地下水赋存主控因素的异同

原生高碘地下水在我国有广泛分布,为查明不同区域地下水碘赋存机理的异同,通过选取我国大同盆地以及华北平原为代表性区域,完成区域地下水样品系统性采集及水化学、碘形态测试工作,对区域地下水水环境及其演化特征完成详细刻画.结果表明:大同盆地地下水总碘含量为2.86~1 286 μg/L,华北平原地下水总碘含量为2.40~1 106 μg/L,分别约有50.0%及49.5%地下水碘含量超过（GB19380- 2016）《水源性高碘地区和高碘病区的划定》中界定的100 μg/L国家标准.地下水水环境特征表明,在大同盆地,第四纪河湖相沉积所形成的,富含有机质、偏碱性、还原性、Na-HCO₃型水环境,利于赋存于固相介质上的碘以碘离子的形式进入地下水中,沿地下水流向,富集于盆地中心排泄区;在华北平原,由第四纪6次海侵形成的冲湖积、海积松散沉积物中富含Na、Cl、I等元素,其偏碱性、还原性、Na-Cl型水环境及低水力坡度的平缓地形利于赋存在固相介质上的碘以碘离子的形式进入地下水,沿地下水流向富集于沿海排泄区.控制两个地区高碘地下水形成的相同因素是偏碱性及偏还原的地下水环境,且该环境下碘的主要赋存形态均为碘离子,但大同盆地高碘地下水形成主要受富有机质环境影响,而华北平原高碘地下水形成的主要受富碘的海相沉积控制.      

基于统计方法评价沁水盆地南部煤层气开采对地下水环境的影响

针对沁水盆地煤层气开采对地下水环境的影响问题,基于统计学方法对采集的129件水样进行分析,系统评价了地下水与煤层气排采水之间的关系。Piper三线图对各含水层地下水和煤层气排采水水化学特征的分析表明,沁水盆地区域地下水常见离子以HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺为主,煤层气排采水水化学类型以HCO₃^-、Cl^-、Na⁺为主,与地下水水化学类型差异大。箱式图结果表明：煤层气排采水中F^-平均质量浓度远高于区域地下水中的,可选取F^-作为煤层气排采水的示踪剂;沁水盆地未出现地下水F^-质量浓度大范围升高现象,仅柿庄区块南部水样（1027-4、1027-5）和郑庄区块（1030-3）东南部水样地下水出现高F^-质量浓度。通过聚类分析评价地下水和煤层气排采水之间的F^-质量浓度关系,结果显示：柿庄区块南部煤层气排采水F^-质量浓度与Na⁺、HCO₃^-、Fe³⁺质量浓度相关性好,水样1027-4同时出现Na⁺、HCO₃^-、Fe³⁺偏高现象;郑庄区块东南部煤层气排采水F^-与NO₃^-质量浓度相关性好,但1030-3未出现NO₃^-质量浓度偏高现象。结果表明：沁水盆地煤层气开采未造成大范围地下水污染,但柿庄区块南部局部地区浅层地下水混入煤层气排采水。     

Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater system of biodiversity experimental field: Jena, Germany

Hydrochemical modeling, graphical methods, and different statistical techniques were applied to understand the nature of geological and hydrochemical processes in a shallow groundwater aquifer of the Jena biodiversity experimental field. Factor and cluster analyses were used to identify the governing underlying processes and to detect the spatial similarity between the sampling points. The hydrochemical modeling, using PHREEQC, was used to interpret the reactive minerals. Results of factor analysis indicated that there are five dominant factors which account for about 90 % of the variance of the chemical dataset in the cold season (March, April, November) and warm season (June, August). Factor analysis showed that 43 % of the variation in the cold season and 53 % of the variation in the warm season of the groundwater hydrochemical data are due to major cations and anions which reveals groundwater-geological matrix interaction. Redox and redox-sensitive elements are the next important factors and account for 15 % and 19 % variation in the cold season and warm season, respectively. The hydrochemical modeling using PHREEQC and X-ray diffraction results showed that calcite, dolomite, quartz, and siderite are reactive minerals and are responsible for changes in chemical composition. The hydrochemical data of the two seasons were also compared and the results showed that the groundwater chemistry of the study area varied seasonally in terms of some parameters such as mainly heavy metals (Ba, B, Fe, Mn, U, V, Zn, Sr, Ni), HCO₃ ^?, and DOC.     

长春莲花山地区地下水化学特征及成因分析

在调查取样的基础上,充分利用前人成果资料,应用SPSS及地下水污染分析软件,对莲花山地区区域地质条件、水化学参数空间分布特征、地下水化学类型、地下水化学成因进行分析研究,认为：莲花山地区地下水的硬度较高且矿化度较大;HCO₃^-浓度的平均值最大,在地下水的离子中占据主导地位;TDS（溶解性总固体）浓度较高且不同区域间浓度相差较大;莲花山地区部分区域偏硅酸、锶达到矿泉水标准,是矿泉水开发潜力区;研究区Na⁺和K⁺同时来自岩盐和硅酸岩的溶解;研究区浅层地下水中的Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来源于碳酸盐的溶解;莲花山地区浅层地下水发生了阳离子交换作用.     

模糊聚类分析法与舒卡列夫法在小范围内岩溶水化学分类中的比较分析

以西龙河峄山断层带水源地岩溶水系统为例,着重利用模糊聚类分析法进行了岩溶水化学分类,并且与舒卡列夫分类法得到的结果作了比较分析,最后得出结论:模糊聚类分析法分类更合理,更能系统地、全面地反映地下水各种属性、含水层间的水力联系以及地下水的补排关系.