桂西大型岩溶地下河系统离子来源及碳稳定同位素信息——以坡心地下河流域为例

为探讨坡心地下河系统内地表和地下水体的水化学离子特征、来源及其控制因素,无机碳来源及其稳定性。运用水化学计量法和同位素法对采自坡心地下河流域的38个采样点的水化学和碳稳定同位素样品数据进行分析。结果表明,地下河干流沿程受到局部岩性和支流稀释作用的影响明显,各水化学离子均有所变化。化学离子比例分析发现:大气降水对部分泉水的Cl~-和Na~+影响较大;碳酸盐岩溶解类型主要以灰岩溶解为主,地表水和地下河天窗的Mg~(2+)/Ca~(2+)摩尔比值与HCO_3~-呈负相关,说明在宏观上灰岩溶解程度越强烈,HCO_3~-值就越高,并且H_2SO_4和HNO_3积极参与流域内碳酸盐岩风化。硅酸盐岩的风化对地表和地下水体的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+有一定的贡献。此外,人为采矿活动和农业活动对SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的产生有较大的影响。质量平衡正推模型结果显示:受到区域岩性和水文条件的影响,地表和地下河天窗水体主要受碳酸盐岩溶解影响,硅酸盐岩溶解和大气输入也有一定的贡献,三大来源的相对比例在空间上变化较大。水体内的可溶性无机碳(DIC)主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解和土壤内CO_2的贡献。地表水和地下水的DIC浓度和δ~(13)C_(DIC)值差别较大,DIC值与δ~(13)C_(DIC)呈反相关关系,这说明来自土壤CO_2贡献的DIC越多,其对碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解能力越强。根据本研究区的数据与前人在西江干流的上、中、下游进行对比,结果表明碳酸盐岩风化产生的DIC可以被西江干流的水生植物利用,从而形成稳定的碳汇。     

Comparative study of surrogate models for groundwater contamination source identification at DNAPL-contaminated sites

Knowledge of groundwater contamination sources is critical for effectively protecting groundwater resources, estimating risks, mitigating disaster, and designing remediation strategies. Many methods for groundwater contamination source identification (GCSI) have been developed in recent years, including the simulation–optimization technique. This study proposes utilizing a support vector regression (SVR) model and a kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) model to enrich the content of the surrogate model. The surrogate model was itself key in replacing the simulation model, reducing the huge computational burden of iterations in the simulation–optimization technique to solve GCSI problems, especially in GCSI problems of aquifers contaminated by dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). A comparative study between the Kriging, SVR, and KELM models is reported. Additionally, there is analysis of the influence of parameter optimization and the structure of the training sample dataset on the approximation accuracy of the surrogate model. It was found that the KELM model was the most accurate surrogate model, and its performance was significantly improved after parameter optimization. The approximation accuracy of the surrogate model to the simulation model did not always improve with increasing numbers of training samples. Using the appropriate number of training samples was critical for improving the performance of the surrogate model and avoiding unnecessary computational workload. It was concluded that the KELM model developed in this work could reasonably predict system responses in given operation conditions. Replacing the simulation model with a KELM model considerably reduced the computational burden of the simulation–optimization process and also maintained high computation accuracy.     

Discriminant analysis for estimation of groundwater age from hydrochemistry and well construction: application to New Zealand aquifers

Concentrations of tritium, chlorofluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride have been measured at over 100 groundwater monitoring sites across New Zealand, followed by interpretation of groundwater age distribution using the exponential-piston flow model. Interpreted mean residence times ranged from less than 1 year to more than 100 years, with the 25th, 50th (median) and 75th percentiles being approximately 10, 40 and 100 years, respectively. Classification functions derived from discriminant analysis and based on nine input variables (well depth, electrical conductivity and the concentrations of the ions Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO₃, Cl and SO₄) allowed assignment of 71% of the sites to the correct of four age categories (mean residence time 10 years or less, 11–40 years, 41–100 years, or more than 100 years). The discriminant analysis classification functions were more effective than regression methods for estimating groundwater age from hydrochemistry and well depth, and can thus be used to predict the groundwater age category for any monitoring site in New Zealand.     

Pollution source identification methods and remediation technologies of groundwater:A review

Groundwater is an important source of drinking water. Groundwater pollution severely endangers drinking water safety and sustainable social development. In the case of groundwater pollution, the top priority is to identify pollution sources, and accurate information on pollution sources is the premise of efficient remediation. Then, an appropriate pollution remediation scheme should be developed according to information on pollution sources, site conditions, and economic costs. The methods for i...     

中国农业广义水资源利用系数及时空格局分析

为统一核算区域蓝水、绿水资源有效利用程度,构建了农业广义水资源利用系数（E_g）指标,核算中国31个省区粮食生产中的E_g,并基于空间自相关和通径分析方法对其时空格局及成因进行分析。中国1998-2010年E_g为0.588,大部分省区呈随时间增大趋势;E_g相似的省区在空间上显著地聚集,高值省区聚集于西部,低值省区集中于东南地区,且空间聚集现象呈减弱趋势;农业生产管理水平对E_g的影响大于气候要素,社会经济条件影响最小。结合广义水资源利用状况,西南省区可扩大粮食生产规模以发挥E_g较大优势,东北与华北粮食主产区应通过提高E_g以保障粮食安全和水资源可持续利用。研究可发展农业用水效率评价理论同时为国家粮食生产与水资源管理策略的制定提供参考。     

丰沛平原区地下水开采利用现状及潜在水源地分析

通过总结丰沛平原区水文地质条件和特征,对该区地下水开采利用现状及潜在水源地进行分析,计算了华栖隆起区岩溶水可利用资源量,探讨裂隙岩溶水利用的可行性。研究表明: 丰沛平原区地下水主采层位为中上更新统孔隙含水层和新近系—下更新统孔隙含水层,已形成丰县城关—孙楼—常店和沛县—龙固2个大型超采漏斗区,总面积超过750 km²,引发了大面积地面沉降; 华栖隆起区为裂隙岩溶水的富水地段,总可采资源量为667.51万m³/a,可作为潜在水源地进一步开展地下水勘查评价工作; 裂隙岩溶水过量开采可能引发地面沉降、岩溶地面塌陷等地质灾害,后期应对裂隙岩溶水开采情况进行长期监测,合理开发利用水资源。华栖隆起区岩溶水距离城区近,水量大,水质好,开发难度小,具有可观的经济价值。     

丰沛平原区地下水开采利用现状及潜在水源地分析

通过总结丰沛平原区水文地质条件和特征,对该区地下水开采利用现状及潜在水源地进行分析,计算了华栖隆起区岩溶水可利用资源量,探讨裂隙岩溶水利用的可行性.研究表明:丰沛平原区地下水主采层位为中上更新统孔隙含水层和新近系—下更新统孔隙含水层,已形成丰县城关—孙楼—常店和沛县—龙固2个大型超采漏斗区,总面积超过750 km2,引发了大面积地面沉降;华栖隆起区为裂隙岩溶水的富水地段,总可采资源量为667.51万m3/a,可作为潜在水源地进一步开展地下水勘查评价工作;裂隙岩溶水过量开采可能引发地面沉降、岩溶地面塌陷等地质灾害,后期应对裂隙岩溶水开采情况进行长期监测,合理开发利用水资源.华栖隆起区岩溶水距离城区近,水量大,水质好,开发难度小,具有可观的经济价值.     

矿井涌水水源判别的GRA-SDA耦合模型

选取矿井涌水水源判别中常用的灰色关联分析和逐步判别分析作为基础模型,分析了两者的优缺点及单独使用中存在的问题,提出耦合判别思路,设计了GRA-SDA耦合式水源判别模型。利用某矿区实际样本数据,选取Na++K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-共6组离子以及矿化度作为判别因子,对该模型进行实例验证。分析表明,该模型判别结果与实际情况吻合较好,与单独使用一种分析方法相比较,有效地提高了水源判别正确率。     

基于信息熵的岩溶水监测网优化:以徐州市典型水源地为例

在各级水利与自然资源部门地下水监测数据共享机制逐步完善背景下,针对日益凸显的原有监测系统中存在的监测井布局不合理问题以及岩溶含水系统具有的非均质性和各向异性特征,选取徐州市丁楼-茅村和七里沟2个典型水源地,分别采用互信息-距离(T-D)和最大信息最小冗余(MIMR)模型对研究区监测网信息冗余性和最优监测井组合进行了研究...     

Impact of transferred water on the hydrochemistry and water quality of surface water and groundwater in Baiyangdian Lake,North China

The hydrochemical composition of surface water and groundwater is a key parameter for understanding the evolution of water and its quality.In particular, little is known about the impact of transferred water on surface water and groundwater.In this study, Baiyangdian Lake was selected as a typical area for extensive groundwater exploration and surface water transfer in the North China Plain.Surface water and groundwater samples were sampled in dry/wet seasons and then analyzed before/after the water transfer, respectively.Generally, surface water and groundwater are extensively hydrologically connected based on hydrochemical evidence.It was found that the hydrochemical composition of the shallow groundwater is affected by the surface water and that the water quality of the deep groundwater is stable.However, inter-aquifer recharge processes from the shallow groundwater to the deep groundwater existed in the anthropogenic region impacted with high nitrate-ion concentrations.Also, the hydrochemical composition of the surface water and groundwater was dominated by rock-weathering and evaporation-precipitation processes.Due to the existence of the deep vadose zone in the alluvial fan, Na~+was exchanged into soil matrices during the leakage of the surface water.In addition, the transferred water resulted in surface water with good quality, and it also played as an important recharge source to groundwater.As the most important water resource for irrigation and drinking, deep groundwater should be paid more attention in the alluvial fan with frequent water transfer and extensive groundwater exploration.     

地下水污染源识别的数学方法研究进展

地下水污染源识别模型可利用有限的观测资料估计污染源位置、污染物泄露强度及其泄露过程,是制定地下水污染修复方案的依据。在阐明地下水污染源识别基本问题基础上,综述了污染源识别研究的两大类数学方法,一类为直接方法,包括反向追踪法和基于正则化的方法;另一类为间接方法,包括基于优化的方法和基于概率统计的方法。同时指出了当前污染源识别数学方法应用中存在的主要问题:地下水污染源识别问题的复杂性、地下水有机污染问题和模型求解效率的低下性。对土壤-地下水的联合管理、基于物联网的地下水污染监测、对非水相流体（Non-aqueous Phase Liquid,NAPL）类污染源识别以及基于图形处理器（GPU）的异构并行计算将是未来研究的重点方向。     

Hydrology,hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of wetlands: a case study in Izmir Bird Paradise,Turkey

Izmir Bird Paradise is one of the most valuable wetlands in Turkey, but this area is now being threatened by the drying out of marshes and water pollution. This wetland consists of two ecosystems: fresh- and saltwater. The recharge of marshes is from rainfall, the Gediz River and groundwater from Can Suyu Pond. The water type of the river is Ca-Mg-Na-HCO₃-SO₄, whereas the groundwater is a Na-Cl water type. The reasons for the drying are long-term drought (evapotranspiration at 894 mm is >> rainfall at 546 mm), and excessive pumping of groundwater and seawater intrusion into Menemen Plain. Therefore, an additional freshwater resource is necessary. This water can be supplied from the limestone levels of Neogene sedimentary rocks in and around Izmir Bird Paradise that have a Ca-HCO₃ water type. Water pollution levels were also analysed. In the freshwater ecosystem Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn values, in the open channel in Izmir Bird Paradise Sb, Fe, Ni and Cd values, and in the river Fe, Pb and Sb values exceed the TSE 266 and EPA 2000 standards probably due to agricultural and industrial sources.     

淄博市大武水源地地下水流场演变及其影响因素

大武水源地是我国北方罕见的特大型地下水源地,其地下水源流场的演变与补给来源,排泄方式有密切的关系,而上游水库的放水则使这种关系变得不明朗。加强补给边界的水位监测,进一步研究补给边界的非自然影响是提高该区地下水资源评价,预测和管理精度的有效手段。     

山西柳林泉域地下水化学信息的因子—克立格分析

本文尝试将因子分析与克立格法相结合,用以分析柳林泉域地下水化学资料,获取到地下水成因,循环深度等方面的信息。研究表明,因子－克立格法是一种有效,实用的研究区域水文地质问题的分析方法。     

淮南煤田地下水水化学空间分布及其形成作用

为探究淮南煤田地下水的空间分布情况及各项水化学作用的强度,将淮南煤田划分为松散层较厚的北部区域与松散层较薄的南部区域,收集了两区域16个矿井主要突水含水层的水化学测试数据,综合采用离子组合法、Gibbs图、氯碱指数等方法研究了各含水层的地下水水化学特征。研究结果表明：地下水总溶解固体与松散层埋藏厚度呈正相关,其均值范围在951.92~2 667.79 mg/L。随着松散层厚度的增大,脱硫酸、浓缩结晶及阳离子交替吸附等水化学成分形成作用得到增强,使SO₄^2-不断消耗形成HCO₃^-,导致溶解度小的HCO₃^-结合Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺析出,并最终形成以NaCl主导的高矿化度水体。该结论将为深部煤矿区水害防治、水资源利用等提供一定借鉴作用。     

采动影响下矿井突水水源Fisher判别与地下水补给关系反演

为了揭示采动影响下矿井突水水源误判原因,进而推测地下水补给关系,收集了朱仙庄煤矿历年水化学资料,建立了突水水源的Fisher判别模型,并根据水样误判结果以及矿井地质与水文地质条件,反演分析了地下水补给关系.研究结果表明朱仙庄煤矿煤系砂岩裂隙含水层全部水样回判正确,含水层较为封闭,与其他含水层无水力联系;新生界第四含水层、侏罗系砾岩含水层与石炭系或奥陶系灰岩含水层部分水样误判,矿井采动影响下不同时期含水层间的地下水存在不同程度的水力联系,矿井新生界第四含水层水源对侏罗系砾岩含水层存在补给,石炭系或奥陶系灰岩水则通过矿井南部露水补给新生界第四含水层.地下水动力条件的变化验证了地下水补给关系.建立突水水源判别模型,分析回代误判原因,反演地下水补给关系,为正确认识矿井采动影响下地下水循环条件提出了新的研究手段.