Mapping groundwater conditions in different geological environments in the northern area of UAE using 2D earth resistivity imaging survey

A water resources database was developed and used to characterize the geological and hydrogeological settings of groundwater aquifers in the northern part of the United Arab Emirates. An intensive 2D Earth Resistivity Imaging (ERI) survey was conducted in selected areas to assess the available groundwater resources and delineate the salt-water intrusion. Drilling information of the existing monitoring wells as well as their records of water table elevations and groundwater salinity were used to measure the horizontal and vertical variations in lithology, degree of saturation, and groundwater salinity and thus to improve the interpretation of ERI data. The results of the chemical analyses of water samples collected from the wells along with the 2D ERI survey profiles were used to obtain an empirical relationship between the inferred earth resistivity and the amount of total dissolved solids. This relationship was used along with the true resistivity sections resulting from the inversion of 2D ERI data to identify and map three zones of water-bearing formation (fresh, brackish, and salt-water zones) in the coastal areas. The results indicated that the depth to the fresh-brackish interface exceeded 50 m at the upstream of the wadies and was in the order of 10 m or less in the vicinity of shoreline. Because of the high resistivity contrast between dry and water saturated fractured rocks; this method was very successful in detecting water-filled fractures and cavities in the carbonate aquifer. The application of this method was unsuccessful in clayey aquifers as it was not possible to isolate lenses of gravel and/or saturated with saline or brackish water from the surrounding clayey materials.     

碳酸盐岩油气储层高精度成像方法研究

碳酸盐岩油气储层在世界油气储层中占据着重要的地位,其油气总量约占全球油气总量的70%,具有埋藏深、构造复杂、非均质性强等特点。如何获得碳酸盐岩油气储层在地下的准确位置及构造特征,是油气勘探急需解决的难题。叠前逆时偏移成像技术采用精确的地震波动理论,能够对任意复杂构造进行高精度成像。本文针对碳酸盐岩油气储层成像难的问题,研究各向异性叠前逆时偏移成像技术,并将其应用于碳酸盐岩油气储层勘探中。通过采用精确的频散关系,推导各向异性纯qP波方程,利用高精度有限差分进行纯qP波模拟,通过叠前逆时偏移方法对纯qP波进行叠前深度偏移成像。基于典型的碳酸盐岩油气储层实际地质条件,建立逼近真实地质情况的碳酸盐岩地球物理模型,对上述模型进行偏移成像试验,结果表明各向异性逆时偏移成像技术是一种有效的碳酸盐岩油气储层勘探方法。最后将该方法应用于典型碳酸盐岩靶区的实际地震资料,并获得了精确的成像结果,进一步验证了各向异性逆时偏移成像技术在碳酸盐岩油气储层勘探中的重要作用。     

阿联酋下白垩统舒艾巴组生物礁沉积模式

本文在露头分析和钻井资料研究的基础上,结合区域地质背景,对阿联酋地区下白垩统舒艾巴组生物礁沉积特征进行了分析,确定了该区生物礁的沉积模式及有利储层发育相带。舒艾巴组沉积时期,具备优越的生物礁发育条件,造礁生物主要为厚壳蛤。研究区舒艾巴组碳酸盐台地具有"缓斜坡镶边台地"沉积特征,自盆地边缘向盆地内部,依次发育浅海低能碳酸盐陆架、浅海高能碳酸盐陆架、深水低能碳酸盐陆架、盆地斜坡相和深海盆地相。浅海高能碳酸盐陆架-盆地斜坡相带为生物礁发育带及油气富集区。其中浅海陆架边缘的高能相带为厚壳蛤生物礁发育的最有利区域,储层物性最好,厚壳蛤礁主要形成于早期存在的藻类粘结灰岩台地高点和台地边缘,礁核和礁前为优质储层发育带。研究该区生物礁的沉积模式与分布规律,对该区生物礁储层油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

Characteristics of Carbonate Reservoir and Its Forming Conditions in Continental Lake Basin of China

For decades of exploration, geologists have made great achievements in the exploration of lacustrine carbonate rocks. By dissecting four typical cases of lacustrine carbonate rocks, such as Lucaogou Formation of Permian in Junggar Basin, Da'anzhai Section of Jurassic in Sichuan Basin, Cretaceous in Yin'e Basin and Oligocene in Qaidam Basin, the reservoir characteristics, hydrocarbon generating capacity and reservoir forming model of source rocks were analyzed. The results show that: \mathrm{①} Lacustrine carbonate reservoirs are generally dense, with nano-micron reservoir space as the main reservoir space, including dolomite intergranular pore, organism cavity and accumulation pore, micro-fracture system and its corrosion expansion pore. Saline environment is beneficial to dolomitization and can improve the reservoir capacity of lacustrine carbonate rocks, but most of the permeability is less than 0.1 mD. \mathrm{②} Lacustrine carbonate rocks have not only reservoir capacity, but also can be used as source rocks. The abundance of organic matter is not high and the maturity is generally low. However, dispersed soluble organic matter in source rocks can generate and expel hydrocarbons in large quantities at low maturity stage, which has high liquid hydrocarbon yield. \mathrm{③} Oil and gas reservoirs are characterized by "high initial production, large reduction of production and long-term low and stable production", and are typical "fracture-pore" reservoirs. Fracture networks provide migration pathways in the process of primary migration and accumulation of oil and gas in geological history and oil and gas exploitation nowadays. \mathrm{④} Oil and gas reservoirs are "continuous" unconventional reservoirs, which often form regional oil and gas field groups together with conventional reservoirs in adjacent areas. The research results lay a theoretical foundation for re-evaluating the exploration potential of lacustrine carbonate rocks.     

United Arab Emirates limestones: impact of petrography on thermal behavior

The thermal behavior of selected limestones from representative localities of the United Arab Emirates is investigated for their suitability for soft-burnt lime production. The limestone samples were collected from the Ghalilah, Musandam, Shauiba, Muthaymimah, Dammam and Asmari formations. The samples were characterized for petrography, mineral and chemical composition, together with physico-mechanical characteristics. Investigative methods included transmitted light microscopy (TLM), cathodoluminescence (CLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as X-ray micro-tomography (μ-CT), XRD, XRF and Archimedes method. The limestone samples were fired in an electrical muffle furnace for 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 hours at 800, 900, 1,000 and 1,100 °C. After firing the lime grains were tested to determine their hydration rate and microfabric. The Ghalilah and Musandam limes show the lowest and highest maximum hydration rates, respectively, due mainly to the impure nature of the former, and the smaller lime crystallites and dominance of post-calcination micro-cracks of the latter. The Dammam and Asmari limes preserve a “ghost” microfabric of the original limestone. Higher allochem contents impose lower activation energy requirements for calcination, which implies earlier calcination of the allochems. The Musandam, Shauiba and Muthaymimah limestones may be useful for the production of reactive soft-burnt lime under the applied firing conditions, however, the Dammam and Asmari limestones need more advanced calcination conditions than the applied ones. The Ghalilah limestone was found to be unsuitable for the production of lime.     

中国深层和超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏形成分布的基本特征与动力机制及发展方向

随着油气资源对外依赖度加大,中国的油气勘探已经拓展到深层和超深层领域,并相继在中西部盆地发现了塔河、普光、安岳、靖边、顺北等一批大型油气田,展示出广阔的勘探前景。中国已探明的深层和超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏特征与全球的有很大差异,经典的油气地质理论指导这类油气田勘探遇到了前所未有的重大挑战,需要完善和发展。通过调研和比较全球已探明的碳酸盐岩和砂岩油气藏地质特征,发现它们的油气来源条件、油气藏形成条件、成藏动力、演化过程特征等类同;同时,发现碳酸盐岩和砂岩油气藏的矿物组成、孔隙度和渗透率随埋深变化特征、孔渗结构特征、储层物性下限、油气藏类型等有着很大不同。中国深层和超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏与全球的相比较具有五方面差异:地层年代更老、埋藏深度更大、白云岩储层比率更大、天然气资源比率更高、储层孔渗关系更乱。中国已经发现的深层碳酸盐岩油气藏成因类型可以归为五种:沉积型高孔高渗油气藏、压实成岩型低孔低渗油气藏、结晶成岩型低孔低渗油气藏、流体改造型高孔低渗油气藏、应力改造型低孔高渗油气藏;它们形成的动力学机制分别与地层沉积和浮力主导的油气运移作用、地层压实和非浮力主导的油气运移作用、成岩结晶和非浮力主导的油气运移作用、流体改造介质和浮力主导的油气运移作用、应力改造和浮力主导的油气运移作用等密切相关。中国深层和超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探发展的有利领域和油气藏类型主要有三个:一是低热流盆地浮力成藏下限之上自由动力场形成的高孔高渗常规油气藏;二是构造变动频繁的叠合盆地内外应力和内部流体活动改造而形成的缝洞复合型油气藏;三是构造稳定盆地内局限动力场形成的广泛致密连续型非常规油气藏。改造类非常规致密碳酸盐岩油气藏是中国含油气盆地深层和超深层油气资源的主要类型:它们叠加了早期形成的常规油气藏特征,又具有自身广泛连续分布的非常规特征,还经受了后期构造变动的改造;复杂的分布特征,致密的介质条件和高温高压环境使得这类油气资源勘探开发难度大、成本高。      

A nonlinear microseismic source location method based on Simplex method and its residual analysis

Source location is one of the most valuable features of the microseismic technique due to its ability to delineate the unstable areas. In this paper, the precise formulas of the station residual and event residual are derived for the L1 norm statistical standard and the L2 norm statistical standard based on the residual analysis. Then, the error space for microseismic source location is proposed and analyzed. Based on the above research, a nonlinear microseismic source location method using the Simplex method is developed. This new method can search the microseismic source directly in the error space through four deformations of the simplex figures, and it is able to make use of both P-wave and S-wave velocities. Finally, the performance of the Simplex microseismic source location method is tested and verified by laboratory experiments. Test results show that the Simplex microseismic source location method can improve the accuracy and stability of the source location greatly when P-wave and S-wave velocities are involved simultaneously and correctly. The results also demonstrate that the L1 norm statistical standard always provides more accurate and reliable solutions than the L2 norm statistical standard when there are some major but isolated errors in the input data. However, none of the optimization methods are able to function when the errors in the input data are systematic and extreme, which indicates that an early detection and correction of these errors is of primary importance for microseismic source location.     

The problem of rock assimilation by Somma-Vesuvius magma

Mineralogical and chemical compositions of ejected carbonate inclusions of Vesuvian gaseous phase are compared with those of carbonate sediments of the Somma-Vesuvius area. The basement of Vesuvius mainly consists of Mesozoic limestones. Most of these are characterized by extremely low insoluble residues. In this area thick dolomite beds occur in the Triassic system only. A calcareous layer of approximately 100 to 150 meters thickness characterized by high Sr contents (0.19% Sr in the average) is to be found within the Triassic dolostones. Several carbonate ejecta also show high Sr contents (0.1% Sr) but chemical composition of some of these ejecta differs somewhat from that of the Triassic layer high in Sr. Contact with the volcanic volatile phase and melt has produced some alterations in the composition of many ejecta. Magnesian calcites are abundant and periclase, brucite, tremolite, phlogopite and magnesite were found in the ejecta examined. Silicon, manganese, iron, zinc and, to a smaller extent, potassium and copper have been most probably transported from the volcanic gas phase into ejected carbonate inclusions. Owing to metasomatic actions of the volcanic volatile components, rearrangement and alteration of Ca and Mg contents occurred in the carbonate minerals of several ejecta. Under the influence of volcanic pressure and temperature, magnesium content originally in dolomite might be transformed into the calcite structure. \(\frac{{{\text{MgO}}}}{{{\text{CaO + MgO}}}}\) molar ratios of several carbonate ejecta do not correspond with those found in sedimentary limestones and dolostones. It cannot be proved whether the Mg of the mixed calcite-dolomite ejecta has been partially introduced from the volatiles or lost from the carbonate phases.     

四川盆地海相碳酸盐岩天然气富集规律

四川盆地作为中国六大气区之一,为中国天然气快速发展作出了突出贡献。其海相克拉通沉积厚度达4000～7000 m,天然气富集层系以海相碳酸盐岩为主。为了指导该盆地海相碳酸盐岩下一步天然气勘探的方向和目标,本文结合前人研究成果和多年来的勘探经验,从控制油气成藏的关键地质要素出发,系统总结了四川盆地海相碳酸盐岩天然气富集规律,认为:"源控性"——烃源岩在空间上的互补性分布总体控制了天然气的纵横向展布,纵向上距离烃源岩较近的储集层含气性普遍较好,平面上油气藏围绕优质烃源岩发育区(生气或油中心)呈环带状分布;"相控性"——有利的沉积相带对储层发育、天然气富集控制作用明显,即"相控储、储控藏";岩溶作用改善了碳酸盐岩气藏储集层的储渗条件;古隆起继承性的发展控制了油气的早期运聚成藏;现今构造对天然气藏再调整、再分配的重要控制作用。综合应用天然气富集规律认识,四川盆地获得多个重大突破和发现,提交探明储量超万亿m3,极大地促进了中国天然气的快速发展。     

A shear‐dilation‐based model for evaluation of hydraulically stimulated naturally fractured reservoirs

The role of shear dilation as a mechanism of enhancing fluid flow permeability in naturally fractured reservoirs was mainly recognized in the context of hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir stimulation. Simplified models based on shear slippage only were developed and their applications to evaluate HDR geothermal reservoir stimulation were reported. Research attention is recently focused to adjust this stimulation mechanism for naturally fractured oil and gas reservoirs which reserve vast resources worldwide. This paper develops the overall framework and basic formulations of this stimulation model for oil and gas reservoirs. Major computational modules include: natural fracture simulation, response analysis of stimulated fractures, average permeability estimation for the stimulated reservoir and prediction of an average flow direction. Natural fractures are simulated stochastically by implementing ‘fractal dimension’ concept. Natural fracture propagation and shear displacements are formulated by following computationally efficient approximate approaches interrelating in situ stresses, natural fracture parameters and stimulation pressure developed by fluid injection inside fractures. The average permeability of the stimulated reservoir is formulated as a function of discretized gridblock permeabilities by applying cubic law of fluid flow. The average reservoir elongation, or the flow direction, is expressed as a function of reservoir aspect ratio induced by directional permeability contributions. The natural fracture simulation module is verified by comparing its results with observed microseismic clouds in actual naturally fractured reservoirs. Permeability enhancement and reservoir growth are characterized with respect to stimulation pressure, in situ stresses and natural fracture density applying the model to two example reservoirs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国海相碳酸盐岩的分布及油气地质基础问题

中国海相碳酸盐岩在陆上与海域广泛分布,尤以陆上最具特色。中国大陆由小克拉通地块、微地块及其间的造山带镶嵌构成,发育于这些克拉通上的海相古生代盆地规模小、盆内分异明显、盆缘改造强烈,受中新生代巨厚沉积物覆盖,海相碳酸盐岩埋深大、热演化程度高,储集层非均质性强,油气成藏与分布复杂。自威远、靖边气田发现以来,尤其是近年塔河、普光、元坝、安岳等大型油气田发现以来,海相碳酸盐岩的油气勘探前景逐渐明朗。长期的勘探实践发现了海相碳酸盐岩发育礁滩体、白云岩、岩溶缝洞体、裂缝带等四类储集体,它们受沉积、成岩与构造演化的共同制约;礁/滩储层、斜坡区岩溶、风化壳岩溶、裂缝带均可大规模成藏。目前,海相碳酸盐岩的深化研究与持续勘探面临一系列重大难题。在基础科学层面,古老生物群落、古生态、古气候与古地理特征及其耦合关系,克拉通盆地的成因与构造-沉积分异机制,原始盆地面貌及其演化过程,沉积充填动力学等研究方面亟待加强;在油气勘探应用层面,在岩相古地理重建、碳酸盐岩台地边缘精细刻画与台地内部结构细化、碳酸盐岩储集层多期叠加改造机理、岩溶储集层成因分类、非均质碳酸盐岩储集层描述和评价技术等研究方面需要不断深入,在源-储配置、油气成藏过程、油气保存与调整再分配,油气富集规律方面需要深入探索。建议整体与动态研究海相碳酸盐岩层系的"成盆-成岩-成储-成藏"的全要素、全过程,厘定古裂陷槽、古台地、古隆起的分布,落实烃源岩、有利储集层(礁滩体、白云岩、顺层与层间岩溶、裂缝带等)的分布及其配置关系,构建符合实际的油气成藏模式,为油气资源潜力评价和有利区带预测奠定基础,促进中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探的持续发现。     

Analytical investigation of hydraulic fracture-induced seismicity and fault activation

More recent public discourse has taken place regarding the potential correlation between seismic activity and hydraulic fracturing in shale gas reservoirs. Public fears about the risk of seismicity stem mainly from past earthquakes induced by conventional deep injections because the two types of projects share similar mechanisms of rock failure and fault activation. Although previous earthquake risks associated with fluid injection were not serious, the situation would be far more problematic if hydraulic fracturing in a shale gas reservoir triggered a similar-sized earthquake due to potential environmental issues. In fact, almost all documented injection-induced earthquakes have been associated with long-duration and high-volume injection rather than short-term (hours) pressurization (e.g., hydraulic fracturing). In general, hydraulic fracturing operations mostly induce microseismic events through rock failure and activation of small fractures. Although shale reservoirs in tectonically active zones pose a high risk of inducing large-magnitude seismic activities, the internal geological conditions and external stimulation conditions are impossible to be satisfied simultaneously to trigger activation of an entire fault and to result in a destructive earthquake during hydraulic fracturing operations.     

页岩油气富集的主控因素及误辩:以美国、阿根廷和中国典型页岩为例

页岩气富集不均匀,无论对于不同页岩油气藏还是同一页岩油气藏不同地方,产量都是有高有低.有必要系统分析和对比全球不同页岩油气的地质、石油系统与油气富集的关系,总结页岩油气富集的主控因素,从而采取合理的勘探和开发技术.以美国、阿根廷和中国典型页岩为例,基于野外和岩心观察、样品属性测试分析、储层表征、石油系统分析及油气测试,探究了页岩油气富集的主控因素及存在的认识误区.结果表明,富含有机质和脆性矿物的页岩主要分布于远离造山带物源的非深水的沉积和构造背景,富含石英和高伽马页岩并非判断优质储层的矿物和岩石物理标准,优质碳酸盐页岩应以富含碳酸盐和低伽马值为标准.页岩油气藏实际是细粒富含有机质的自生自储或与富含有机质烃源岩相邻的贫有机质细粒沉积储层.天然裂缝对页岩油气富集具有有利和不利的双重作用.因此,页岩油气富集同时受到沉积和构造环境、岩相及矿物组成、天然裂缝的耦合影响,且对不同沉积盆地、不同属性页岩的影响差异明显.      

Geomechanical Characteristics of Gas Shales: A Case Study in the North Perth Basin

Gas shales are one type of unconventional reservoirs which have attracted significant attention for gas production in recent years. Gas production from very tight shales requires employment of hydraulic fracturing as a stimulation technique. To design hydraulic fracture operation the mechanical properties of the targeted and surrounding formations should be estimated. Also, the magnitude and orientation of in situ stresses in the field need to be known to estimate the fracture initiation and propagation pressures. This study focuses on gas shale characteristics in the North Perth Basin and uses data corresponding to well Arrowsmith-2 (AS-2) which is the first dedicated shale gas well drilled in Western Australia. A log-based analysis was used to build the rock mechanical model (RMM). The RMM results were used to set up a hydraulic fracturing laboratory experiment. The test was done in the presence of three principal stresses to mimic the real field stress conditions. The test results include the pressure–time curve which was used to estimate the initiation and propagation pressure at that depth. The results were used to draw some practical conclusions related to hydraulic fracturing operation in the field.     

低渗孔隙型碳酸盐岩油藏储层特征及剩余油分布规律

为揭示低渗孔隙型碳酸盐岩油藏储层微观孔隙结构特征和水驱剩余油分布特征,以中东某孔隙型碳酸盐岩油藏为例,基于油藏物性测试、恒速压汞孔喉参数统计、CT扫描孔隙参数分析和水驱油流体微观分布特征等,得出孔隙型碳酸盐岩储层的微观孔隙、喉道发育特征及其影响下的剩余油分布规律;在此基础上,将孔隙型碳酸盐岩与砂岩储层研究结果进行对比,进一步明确了两类储层孔隙结构及剩余油分布特征差异。结果表明：与低渗砂岩储层相比,低渗碳酸盐岩储层呈现出"孔隙大而数量少""喉道数量多且类型全"的特征,并建立孔喉发育特征模型;由于孔隙型微观孔隙结构的影响,低渗碳酸盐岩储层大孔隙中的剩余油仍然是需要研究的对象,同时明确了剩余油挖潜开发方式建议。     

Characteristics and differential accumulation of oil/gas in Lower Paleozoic marine carbonate on northern slope of Tazhong Low Rise,Tarim Basin,NW China: a case study of Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation

Marine carbonate reservoirs, as a focus of petroleum exploration and development all over the world, are involved with high exploration risk and prediction difficulty owing to high heterogeneity and diversity of reservoir beds. In the Tarim Basin, NW China, carbonate reservoirs with resources about 38 % of the whole basin in a large prospecting area are mainly distributed in the Cambrian and Ordovician in central (Tazhong) and northern (Tabei) Tarim. Recently on the northern slope, Tazhong Low Rise, Central Uplift, Tarim Basin, a breakthrough has been made in the karsted weathering crust of Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation and reef-flat reservoir of Upper Ordovician Lianglitag Formation. As a new frontier of exploration, oil/gas distribution and controlling factors of carbonate reservoirs in the Yingshan Formation are not clearly understood. In this work, play elements of the Yingshan Formation, such as seal-reservoir bed assemblage, oil/gas properties, and faulting, were studied by core and slice observation and field investigation. High-quality reservoir beds of Yingshan Formation are quasi-layer distributed in the interstratal karst belt about 250 m below the unconformity. The reservoir beds of fracture–void and void are formed by faulting, associated fracturing, and karstification. The Yingshan Formation is a large-scale condensate gas reservoir with partly oil. Owing to different oil–gas infilling periods, isolated pools far from the faults are primarily oil in the Hercynian; oppositely, condensate gas reservoirs near the faults are intensely influenced by gas invasion during the Himalayan movement. Laterally, oil/gas distribution is controlled by stratal pinch-out and strike-slip faults. Vertically, cap rock of the third to fifth members of the Lianglitag Formation and Yingshan interior high resistivity layers are superimposed with Yingshan reservoir beds to form several seal-reservoir bed assemblages. Oil and gas are superimposed and affected by gas invasion with characteristics of oil in the upper horizon and gas in the lower horizon.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷致密砂岩气藏成因类型

为深化对库车坳陷致密砂岩气藏成因类型的认识, 采集致密砂岩储层岩样, 开展了油气充注史和孔隙度演化史研究.通过流体包裹体岩相学和显微测温厘定了油气充注史, 利用沉积-构造-成岩一体化模型恢复了储层孔隙度演化史, 根据两者的先后关系, 划分了致密砂岩气藏的成因类型.结果表明, 依南2侏罗系气藏存在两期油气充注, 第一期是吉迪克期到康村期(23~12 Ma)的油充注, 第二期是库车期到现今(5~0 Ma)的天然气充注, 储层孔隙度在库车期前(12~8 Ma)降低到12%以下, 形成致密砂岩储层.迪那2古近系天然气藏存在两期油气充注, 第一期是康村期到库车期(12~5 Ma)的油充注, 第二期是库车期到现今(5~0 Ma)的天然气充注, 储层孔隙度在西域期(2~0 Ma)降低到12%以下, 形成致密砂岩储层.综合分析认为, 库车坳陷存在两种成因类型的致密砂岩气藏, 依南2侏罗系气藏致密储层形成之后充注天然气, 成因类型为"致密深盆气藏"; 迪那2气藏古近系致密储层形成之前, 天然气已大量充注, 成因类型为"致密常规气藏".这对深化库车坳陷致密砂岩气勘探与开发有重要意义.      

中国海相油气田勘探实例之七塔里木盆地和田河气田的勘探与发现

和田河气田位于新疆塔里木盆地中央隆起巴楚凸起南缘的玛扎塔格构造带,含气面积143.45km2。气田发现于1997年9月,是塔里木盆地已探明的最大的古生界海相碳酸盐岩气田,1998年探明天然气地质储量616.94×108m3。气田由七个气藏构成,气源为寒武系海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩形成的古油藏油裂解气和过成熟干酪根裂解气的混合气,主力产气层为奥陶系碳酸盐岩潜山以及石炭系海相碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩,它们与各自上覆的石炭系不同泥岩段构成良好的区域性和区带性储盖组合。论述了气田的勘探和发现历程、气藏的主要地质特征,总结了应用油气晚期成藏理论取得油气突破的勘探实践与认识启示。     

微地震技术评价中牟区块体积压裂的效果

微地震监测技术是页岩气开采过程中对页岩气储层压裂效果评价和指导压裂过程的重要手段,可通过观察、分析压裂过程中诱发微地震事件,获取压裂裂缝参数、导流能力、裂缝展布发育方向等信息。中牟区块牟页1井具有低孔、低渗储层特征,对含气层段的三层储层,采用大排量水力压裂施工,进行地面微地震监测、井中微破裂成像技术压裂监测及微地震监测;牟页1井监测压裂结果显示为缝长251～496m,缝宽120～252m,改造体积约为237.5×104～387.7×104 m3,方位角64°～80°。压裂实施使储层裂缝开启含气层段得到改造,指导了实时压裂和压裂效果评价。     

Two-dimensional modeling of the accumulation of carbonate deposits in marine environments

A program is developed for modeling the accumulation of deep-water, shallow-sea, reef and fragmentary carbonate deposits in marine environments. The formation of the Maldives carbonate platform is modeled using the developed program. The comparison of the modeling results and the geological cross-section demonstrates that the algorithms allow the construction of geological cross-sections in sufficient detail.