A numerical study on the 2D behavior of clayey basins

In this numerical study the effects of basin edge on the dynamic behavior of the clayey basins are investigated. For this purpose a range of bedrock inclinations at the valley sides from slighter 10° and 20° to steeper 30° and 40°, and three types of stiff, medium plasticity and soft clay materials are selected. The results of the 2D analyses show that not only the amplification pattern of different clay types is different, but also it differs for each material type under different motion intensities. Also, the frequency domain results show that different parts of the valleys are sensitive to different periods. It was seen that under two-dimensional conditions the amplification of clay types other than soft clay could be higher. Finally, the results of this research show the important effect of motion intensity on the 2D behavior of valleys.     

Comparing the performance of a 2‐D finite element and a 2‐D finite volume model of floodplain inundation using airborne SAR imagery

The performances of a finite volume model (SFV) and finite element model (TELEMAC‐2D) in reproducing inundation on a 16 km reach of the river Severn, United Kingdom, are compared. Predicted inundation extents are compared with 4 airborne synthetic aperture radar images of a major flood event in November 2000, and these are used to calibrate 2 values of Manning's n for the channel and floodplain. The four images are shown to have different capacities to constrain roughness parameters, with the image acquired at low flow rate doing better in determining these parameters than the image acquired at approximately peak flow. This is assigned to the valley filling nature of the flood and the associated insensitivity of flood extent to changes in water level. The level of skill demonstrated by the models, when compared with inundation derived using a horizontal water free surface, also increases as flow rate drops. The two models show markedly different behaviours to the calibration process, with TELEMAC showing less sensitivity and lower optimum values for Manning's n than SFV. When the models are used in predictive mode, calibrated against one image and predicting another, SFV performs better than TELEMAC. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A numerical study on the 2D behavior of the single and layered clayey basins

In this numerical study the effects of the stratification and change in material type on the dynamic behavior of the clayey basins are investigated. For this purpose two kinds of single and double layer basin models with the total depth of 100 m and width of 2 km have been selected. The single layer basins consist of soft, medium and stiff clayey materials, while double layer basins consist of a stiff sandy sub-layer overlaid by one of the soft, medium and stiff clayey soil layer. A range of bedrock inclinations at the valley sides from slighter \(10^{\circ }\) and \(20^{\circ }\) to steeper \(30^{\circ }\) and \(40^{\circ }\) are selected. A numerical study using finite difference based nonlinear code which utilizes appropriate static and dynamic boundary conditions, and includes hysteresis damping formulation based on user defined degradation curves is conducted using real earthquake motions of different strength and frequency content. The results of the 2D analyses show the differences in dynamic behavior of single and double layer basins from the aspect of amount and position of the maximum amplification and resonance period. It was seen that the shallower lateral parts of the basins are sensitive to lower periods while inner parts are sensitive to higher periods. Among other differences, the most important difference between the behavior of single and double layer basins was seen at the resonance period of the inner parts of the basins.     

Formation process of meandering channel by a 2D numerical simulation

A 2D depth-averaged model for hydrodynamic,sediment transport and river morphological adjustment is presented.The sediment transport submodel considers non-uniform sediment,bed surface armoring,impact of secondary flow on the direction of bed-load transport,and transverse slope of river bed.The bank erosion submodel incorporates a simple simulation method for updating bank geometry during either degradational or aggradational bed evolution.The model is applied to a 180°bend with a constant radius under unsteady flow conditions,and to Friedkin’s laboratory meander channels.The results are in acceptable agreement with measurements,confirming the two dimensional model’s potential in predicting the formation of river meandering and improving understanding of patterning processes.Future researches are needed to clarify some simplifications and limitations of the model.     

源和勘探区间导电体对有源电磁勘探影响的2D数值模拟研究(英文)

在CSEM野外工作中,通常把接收机置于离源3~5倍趋肤深度以外的远区。本文从正演和反演两个角度研究了当源和接收机之间存在导电体时,该导电体对远区中目标体响应的影响。2D有限元正演结果表明导电体主要影响中低频的观测结果,导电体的电导率越低,尺寸越大,影响也越大,并且影响程度随着观测频率的降低而逐渐加大。反演结果表明若不考虑源和勘探区间导电体的存在,反演得到的目标体横向位置会向源的方向移动,带来解释上的误差。在CSEM实际工作中,应该是采用多方位的场源作三维采集和三维反演,以减少源和勘探区间低阻体的影响。     

Experimental study of seismic behavior of two hilly sites in Tehran and comparison with 2D and 3D numerical modeling

Two hilly sites were selected to study seismic site response due to topography effects. The sites were selected in a manner to be as much as possible homogenous and free of the soft soil layers effects. The hills were instrumented by nine velocimetric stations to record microtremors and the obtained data were analyzed using horizontal to vertical spectral ratios. Some standard spectral ratio tests were performed on noise as well. Then the instrumented hills were modeled (both 2D and 3D) assuming a linear elastic constitutive behavior subjected to vertically propagating SV and P Ricker wavelets. All calculations were performed in time domain using direct boundary element method. Different transfer function components, amplification patterns and spectral ratios were calculated in frequency domain. The frequency of vibration, obtained by experimental studies, is between 4 and 5 Hz for both of the hills. The spectral ratios derived by numerical simulations were compared with the observed spectral ratios. They show relatively good similarities between the results of these two methods. The frequencies of vibration derived from different methods seem to be nearly identical. The agreement in term of resonance frequency between microtremors and numerical modeling suggests that noise measurements could represent a simple, even if preliminary, tool in order to identify possible topographic amplification.     

A comparative study of buried structure in soil subjected to blast load using 2D and 3D numerical simulations

The response of underground structures subjected to subsurface blast is an important topic in protective engineering. Due to various constraints, pertinent experimental data are extremely scarce. Adequately detailed numerical simulation thus becomes a desirable alternative. However, the physical processes involved in the explosion and blast wave propagation are very complex, hence a realistic and detailed reproduction of the phenomena would require sophisticated numerical models for the loading and material responses. In this paper, a fully coupled numerical model is used to simulate the response of a buried concrete structure under subsurface blast, with emphasis on the comparative performance of 2D and 3D modeling schemes. The explosive charge, soil medium and the RC structure are all incorporated in a single model system. The SPH (smooth particle hydrodynamics) technique is employed to model the explosive charge and the close-in zones where large deformation takes place, while the normal FEM is used to model the remaining soil region and the buried structure. Results show that the 2D model can provide reasonably accurate results concerning the crater size, blast loading on the structure, and the critical response in the front wall. The response in the remaining part of the structure shows noticeable differences between the 2D and 3D models. Based on the simulation results, the characteristics of the in-structure shock environment are also discussed in terms of the shock response spectra.     

3D particle size distributions from 2D observations: stereology for natural applications

We have developed a general formulation for stereological analysis of particle distributions which is applicable to any particle size or size distribution (not limited to log-normal, unimodal, etc.). We have applied numerical techniques to define intersection probability distributions for any shapes (previously only known for spheres), and quantified the errors involved in using spherical coefficients for various non-spherical particles. This stereological technique is based on knowing the probability distribution of random cross-sections through various particles so that ‘small circle' cross-sections can be subtracted from an observed population to provide the 3D size distribution of particles. The results indicate that the most important parameter controlling calculated size distribution is particle aspect ratio. For a distribution of particles with a specific aspect ratio or range of aspect ratios, variations of particle form (spherical vs. cubic; rectangular vs. elliptical) do not alter the results, so the technique can be applied to a range of particle shapes. Applications can be made in a petrology, volcanology, and other fields, only a few of which can also be treated using expensive X-ray techniques.     

Finite element numerical simulation of 2.5D direct current method based on mesh refinement and recoarsement

To deal with the problem of low computational precision at the nodes near the source and satisfy the requirements for computational efficiency in inversion imaging and finite-element numerical simulations of the direct current method, we propose a new mesh refinement and recoarsement method for a two-dimensional point source. We introduce the mesh refinement and mesh recoarsement into the traditional structured mesh subdivision. By refining the horizontal grids, the singularity owing to the point source is minimized and the topography is simulated. By recoarsening the horizontal grids, the number of grid cells is reduced significantly and computational efficiency is improved. Model tests show that the proposed method solves the singularity problem and reduces the number of grid cells by 80% compared to the uniform grid refinement.     

二维SH波方程的半解析解及其数值模拟

本文以波动理论为基础,半解析化求解地震勘探中常用的SH波方程.获得的主要结果包括:给出了二维均匀介质中SH波方程的解析解;利用Cagniard-de Hoop方法详细推导了二维双层介质中SH波方程的解析解,获得了透射波的解析解表达式.同时,基于SH波方程的解析表达式,给出了包含各种波(如直达波、反射波、首波以及透射波)的解析解和波形图.对于比较复杂的积分型解析解,利用数值积分方法给出了数值结果,并与优化的近似解析离散化方法(ONADM)和4阶Lax-Wendroff修正方法(LWC)的数值结果进行了比较,以验证解析解的正确性.本文的研究成果有望在检验波动方程数值新方法的有效性、波传播理论分析等方面得到应用.     

2D numerical simulations of earthquake ground motion: examples from the Marche Region,Italy

A detailed numerical simulation of the ground motion and a site response analysis for two towns in the Marche Region (Treia and Cagli) is carried out on the basis of structural models deduced from available geological and geophysical data. In both cases, the reference event is an M = 5.7 earthquake associated with a normal fault located beneath each town. The ground motion is computed using the 2D spectral element method (SPEM 2D). The method solves the propagation of the seismic field through complex geological structures and enables an estimate of the effects of deep crustal structure, superficial geology, and topography on ground motion. Numerical simulations of the seismic field are performed along 2D vertical planes containing the seismic source. Strong ground motion has not been yet recorded in the two towns; therefore, the numerical simulation of ground motion represents a way to overcome the lack of instrumental data. The simulations carried out for Treia show that ground motion is influenced by both source mechanism and effects due to propagation through the geological structure, while ground motion in Cagli features strong local effects, caused by the presence of alluvial deposits under a large area of the town.     

三角网格有限元法波动模拟的数值频散及稳定性研究

三角网格有限元法能够准确模拟复杂构造和复杂介质条件下的地震波场,数值频散和稳定性条件是地震波数值模拟中参数选择的主要依据.基于均匀的线性三角网格单元,根据结构刚度矩阵的组装原理以及平面波理论,推导了集中质量矩阵下两种网格结构的声波频散函数以及稳定性条件,并对数值频散特性以及稳定性进行了详细研究:三角网格单元中波动的数值频散除了受到空间采样间隔、单元网格纵横比和波传播方向等常规因素的影响外,还受到网格布局的影响,过锐或过钝的三角单元会对波动数值频散产生不良的影响,不同类型的单元网格、单元纵横比对应着不同的稳定性条件,正三角单元中的波动具有较好的数值频散特性,其数值各向异性(频散随波传播方向的变化)效应最弱,稳定性条件也较为宽松.最后通过数值模拟直观地验证了以上分析结果,为有限元正演三角网格的剖分和参数的设置提供一定的理论依据.     

基于龙门山断裂带中段平行逆断层格局 和动力学背景的特征地震数值模拟实验

本文构建一种应用有限元开展特征地震数值模拟的新方法, 并以龙门山断裂带中段的浅层构造和动力学机制为背景, 研究了平行逆冲断层分布格局对区域地震活动性的影响. 结果表明, 从断层活动相互影响的角度看, 包含3条平行逆断层的断裂带的整体地震活动性并不适用严格周期的特征地震模型, 当断层间距在20 km以下时, 随着断层间距的缩短, 对单条断层应用特征地震模型的适用性会逐渐降低. 龙门山断裂带中段的模拟计算结果显示, 后山断裂的地震活动相对独立, 区域活动性和中央断裂的断层活动很可能不适用严格周期的特征地震模型.      

2D numerical investigation of segmental tunnel lining under seismic loading

Segmental tunnel linings are now often used for seismic areas. However, the influence of segment joints on the segmental lining behavior under seismic loading has not been thoroughly considered in the literature. This paper presents a numerical study, which has been performed under seismic circumstance, to investigate the factors that affect segmental tunnel lining behavior. Analyses have been carried out using a two-dimensional finite difference element model. The proposed model allows studying the effect of the rotational joint stiffness, radial stiffness and the axial stiffness of the longitudinal joints. The numerical results show that a segmental lining can perform better than a continuous lining during earthquake. It has been seen that the influence of the joint distribution, the joint rotational stiffness, the joint axial stiffness, Young׳s modulus of the ground surrounding the tunnel, the lateral earth pressure factor and the maximum shear strain should not be neglected. Some important differences of the segmental tunnel lining behavior under static and seismic conditions have been highlighted.     

Turbulent mixing in the Northern North Sea: a numerical model study

The aim of this study is to intervalidate observations and numerical simulation results for the turbulent dissipation rate under strong wind conditions in the Northern North Sea during one week in October 1998. The observations were obtained by spatially and temporally averaging measurements of small-scale shear with a free-falling shear probe. The 1D numerical model used for this study is based on a state-of-the-art two-equation k− turbulence model with an algebraic second-moment closure scheme. It is discussed by means of annual and seasonal model simulations how the influence of heat and salt advection and internal waves can be accounted for. After these precautions, the agreement between observations and simulations of the turbulent dissipation rate are fairly good. Remaining differences cannot only be explained by problems such as undersampling and noise level, but also by idealising model assumptions.     

Contemporary hydrodynamics and morphological change of a microtidal estuary: a numerical modelling study

Contemporary hydrodynamics and morphological change are examined in a shallow microtidal estuary, located on a wave-dominated coast (Port Stephens, NSW, Australia). Process-based numerical modelling is undertaken by combining modules for hydrodynamics, waves, sediment transport and bathymetry updates. Model results suggest that the complex estuarine bathymetry and geometry give rise to spatial variations in the tidal currents and a marked asymmetry between ebb and flood flows. Sediment transport paths correspond with tidal asymmetry patterns. The SE storms significantly enhance the quantities of sediment transport, while locally generated waves by the westerly strong winds also are capable of causing sediment entrainment and contribute to the delta morphological change. The wave/wind-induced currents are not uniform with flow over shoals driven in the same direction as waves/winds while a reverse flow occurring in the adjacent channel. The conceptual sediment transport model developed in this study shows flood-directed transport occurs on the flood ramp while ebb-directed net transport occurs in the tidal channels and at the estuary entrance. Accretion of the intertidal sand shoals and deepening of tidal channels, as revealed by the model, suggest that sediment-infilling becomes advanced, which may lead to an ebb-dominated estuary. It is likely that a switch from flood- to ebb-dominance occurs during the estuary evolution, and the present-day estuary acts as a sediment source rather than sediment sink to the coastal system. This is conflictive to the expectation drawn from the estuarine morphology; however, it is consistent with previous research suggesting that, in an infilling estuary, an increase in build-up of intertidal flats/shoals can eventually shift an estuary towards ebb dominance. Thus, field data are needed to validate the result presented here, and further study is required to investigate a variety of estuaries in the Australian area.     

Comparing 1D and combined 1D/2D hydraulic simulations using high-resolution topographic data: a case study of the Koiliaris basin,Greece

The development of high spatial resolution digital elevation models takes place via the use of GeoEye-1 stereo-pair imagery, providing highly accurate geometrical representations of complex riverine systems. The combination of geographic information systems with hydraulic models facilitates the exploitation of satellite topographic information throughout the cross-section extraction process. One-dimensional HEC-RAS and combined 1D/2D HEC-RAS models are adjusted by making use of the resulting high-resolution input. Several hydraulic simulations are effectuated in order to test how significantly DEM resolution affects hydraulic modelling results, with regard also to the model dimensionality. The ability of the combined 1D/2D model, based mainly on the high-accuracy input data, provides an accurate estimate of the flood hazard area. Flood-prone areas could take advantage of high-accuracy results and facilitate the effective management of extreme events and sufficient decision making.     

Comparative influence of land and sea surfaces on the Sahelian drought: a numerical study

The aim of this work is to compare the relative impact of land and sea surface anomalies on Sahel rainfall and to describe the associated anomalies in the atmospheric general circulation. This sensitivity study was done with the Météo-France climate model: ARPEGE. The sensitivity to land surface conditions consists of changes in the management of water and heat exchanges by vegetation cover and bare soil. The sensitivity to ocean surfaces consists in forcing the lower boundary of the model with worldwide composite sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies obtained from the difference between 4 dry Sahel years and 4 wet Sahel years observed since 1970. For each case, the spatiotemporal variability of the simulated rainfall anomaly and changes in the modelled tropical easterly jet (TEJ) and African easterly jet (AEJ) are discussed. The global changes in land surface evaporation have caused a rainfall deficit over the Sahel and over the Guinea Coast. No significant changes in the simulated TEJ and an enhancement of the AEJ are found; at the surface, the energy budget and the hydrological cycle are substantially modified. On the other hand, SST anomalies induce a negative rainfall anomaly over the Sahel and a positive rainfall anomaly to the south of this area. The rainfall deficit due to those anomalies is consistent with previous diagnostic and sensitivity studies. The TEJ is weaker and the AEJ is stronger than in the reference. The composite impact of SST and land surfaces anomalies is also analyzed: the simulated rainfall anomaly is similar to the observed mean African drought patterns. This work suggests that large-scale variations of surface conditions may have a substantial influence on Sahel rainfall and shows the importance of land surface parameterization in climate change modelling. In addition, it points out the interest in accurately considering the land and sea surfaces conditions in sensitivity studies on Sahel rainfall.     

Instability of planetary flows using Riemann curvature: a numerical study

ABSTRACT

The instability of ideal non-divergent zonal flows on the sphere is determined numerically by the instability criterion of Arnold (Ann. Inst. Fourier 1966, 16, 319) for the sectional curvature. Zonal flows are unstable for all perturbations besides for a small set which are in approximate resonance. The planetary rotation is stable and the presence of rotation reduces the instability of perturbations.     

多重网格在二维泊松方程有限元分析中的应用

本文简要介绍多重网格(MG)算法的基本原理及基本步骤,然后将多重网格算法引入有限单元中,对二维泊松方程进行求解.单元数尺度从8×8逐次增加至1024×1024,并与单重网格中高斯-赛德尔迭代法(GS)、共轭梯度法(CG) 在程序运行时间以及迭代次数方面进行比较.结果表明MG在计算速度和迭代次数都明显优于GS、CG方法.在1024×1024网格中,MG不仅比GS快500多倍,比CG快60多倍,而且与理论解的误差更小.