PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS IN MICROGRAVITY SURVEYS*

An economic and precise processing system for microgravity surveys is presented. Three computer processing modes covering areal ground and underground measurements, measurements in vertical shafts, and measurements of vertical gravity gradients with a 3 m high tower are dealt with. Diagrams for manual calculation of gravity effects of prismatic walls, vertical shafts, and horizontal galleries, as well as programs for calculation of accurate terrain corrections and corrections for gravity effects of bodies with complicated ground-plan are proposed. The method of processing microgravity data is two to three times quicker than any traditional way, with maximum accuracy preserved in resulting gravity micro-anomalies. Applications from the field of mining geophysics and archaeology are included.     

SOME RESULTS OF THE GEO-ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD IN GROUND WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS*

In the year 1958 the Service for Water Management of the ?Rijkswaterstaat” started its program of geo-electrical resistivity prospecting in the western part of the Netherlands. The aim of this program was to obtain data on the salinity distribution of the ground water. The ground water regime in this part of the Netherlands is most intricate. This is due to the geological and geo-hydrological conditions and to the low elevation of the land. Many reclaimed areas are up to several metres below mean sea level. The resistivity data obtained are closely related to the salinity of the ground water. On the basis of bore hole data it was even possible to arrive at calibration curves for the salinity of the ground water in sand deposits. Under special conditions it was also possible to draw conclusions with respect to the presence of less permeable formations as e.g. clay layers. Some remarks are given on the practical performance and the interpretation of the measurements. A review is given of the work done until now. Some results are shown by means of maps of the salinity distribution of the ground water in the western and northern parts of the Netherlands. Two examples are described of the use of the data obtained during the survey in the province of Zuid-Holland. Another two examples are presented of detailed investigations for special purposes in relatively small areas.     

VLF GROUND SURVEYS,A POWERFUL TOOL FOR THE STUDY OF SHALLOW TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES*

The suitability of VLF ground surveys in the investigation of shallow two-dimensional structures is analyzed. For such structures the polar formalism is derived, necessary in practice since the transmitters are generally not in the structural strike or profile. A simple vertical dike is considered to demonstrate the striking anisotropy which can be expected over such a structure, in particular the high apparent resistivity along the direction of a well-conducting dike and the low resistivity across it. The theory is then confronted with the practical example of an asymmetrical vertical dike resulting from a strike-slip fault. Modelling of the survey results is very successful and yields good confirmation of the polar behaviour. VLF ground surveys thus provide a quick and powerful tool for the study of geological accidents within about 100 m of the surface.     

THE DEEPER GROUND WATER IN LIBYA

Abstract

A synthetic diurnal energy budget averaged for each month of the year shows that Lake Ontario loses very little heat at night during April, May, and June. The nightly losses during July, August, and September are conjectured to contribute significantly to the deepening of the thermocline through vertical convection.     

THE UTILITY OF CARBORNE RADIOMETRIC SURVEYS IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION OF GLACIATED REGIONS*

Carborne gamma radiation surveys over petroleum reservoirs and faults in the glaciated Michigan Basin suggest that this mobile technique may be useful in reconnaissance subsurface exploration, especially in fault detection. This conclusion assumes favorable surface conditions, as well as proper instrumentation, field procedures, and interpretive techniques. Glaciated regions are relatively undesirable terrains for gamma radiation surveys. Thick deposits of glacial drift appear to repress the detection of subsurface features. Furthermore, extremely heterogeneous soil conditions, which are characteristic of many glaciated regions, result in excessive radiation interference. The operational conditions which produced optimum results consisted of continuous profiling on unconsolidated roads, employing two simultaneously operated scintillation counters. Optimum detection was obtained during relatively cool nighttime traverses.     

地震地下水位动态锯齿波的成因及排除办法

我们通过资料分析和模拟试验,研究了水位动态锯齿波的成因和排除办法,初步研究了井孔特征,井房气流效应与锯齿波的关系以及锯齿波在地下水观测中的应用。     

LES COURBES DAR ZARROUK ET LES SONDAGES DIFFÉRENTIELS DE RÉSISTIVÉ*

Differential and difference soundings of resistivity for real, imaginary and complex values of the newly introduced parameters ν and μ are considered. The transverse and longitudinal differential soundings, known up to the present, correspond with the values ν= 1 and ν=— 1. The point of departure is the generalization of the concept of Dar Zarrouk parameters and the dimensional analogy between D.Z. resistivity and transverse and longitudinal differential resistivities. Properties of generalized D.Z. curves as well as the method of their construction are given. The examples of differential and difference curves are presented and the properties of these curves are discussed; particulary the effective spacings are determined. The problems of the realization of differential and difference soundings are considered; the bisymmetrical and asymmetrical arrays are proposed as a practical ones.     

利用地下水氡浓度异常变化预报地震的探讨

本文论述了水氡预报地震的可能性;研究了水氡异常变化的特征;讨论了排除干扰、识别异常以及预报地震的时、空、强三要素等方面的问题。     

利用地下水氡浓度异常变化预报地震的探讨

本文论述了水氡预报地震的可能性;研究了水氡异常变化的特征;讨论了排除干扰、识别异常以及预报地震的时、空、强三要素等方面的问题。     

昌黎井水氡、水位、降雨之间的相关分析

对1982年至1997年昌黎井的水氡、水位月均值和昌黎气象站的降雨资料,以不同的时间尺度进行了相关计算。结果表明, 水氡与水位资料的趋势变化具有很好的相关性(R=0.833, n=168)和同步性。较小时间尺度的相关计算结果显示,水位、水氡与降雨不仅具有相关性、同步性,而且也具有差异性,这种差异性特征可作为地震前兆异常,并与唐山地区的地震对应较好,据此可作为短期地震预报指标。     

THE USE OF FILTERED BESSEL FUNCTIONS IN DIRECT INTERPRETATION OF GEOELECTRICAL SOUNDINGS *

We start from the Hankel transform of Stefanescu's integral written in the convolutionintegral form suggested by Ghosh (1971). In this way it is possible to obtain the kernel function by the linear electric filter theory. Ghosh worked out the sets of filter coefficients in frequency domain and showed the very low content of high frequencies of apparent resistivity curves. Vertical soundings in the field measure a series of apparent resistivity values at a constant increment Δx of the logarithm of electrode spacing. Without loss of information we obtain the filter coefficient series by digital convolution of the Bessel function of exponential argument with sine function of the appropriate argument. With a series of forty-one values we obtain the kernel functions from the resistivity curves to an accuracy of better than 0.5%. With the digital method it is possible to calculate easily the filter coefficients for any electrode arrangement and any cut-off frequency.     

黄土地区场地的地震地面运动参数特征

结合近年来中国西部黄土地区城市或厂矿企业地震小区划和岩土地震工程的最新研究成果,归纳分析了黄土的波速特征和非线性特征．结合实例阐述了影响黄土地区地震地面运动参数的主要因素．     

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WELL VELOCITY SURVEYS AND THE USE OF CALIBRATED ACOUSTIC LOGS*

In recent times, velocity surveys at marine well locations have been performed using non-explosive energy sources such as air-guns and gas guns. In addition, surveys in land wells have been successfully carried out using a modified version of the air-gun. This paper illustrates some of the characteristics of these devices and compares the data obtained from typical surveys with conventional dynamite surveys. Since data obtained from well velocity surveys using non-explosive sources are now commonly recorded on tape, they lend themself to further digital processing and interpretation techniques that were not previously so conveniently available. Some examples of these processes, e.g. the examination of attenuation, frequency and energy content of the recorded well geophone signals, are given in the paper. Examples of some other digital processes, using calibrated Acoustic logs, whether recorded digitally in the field or subsequently converted from analogue recordings, are also given in the paper. These include the construction of an Acoustic log in the vertical axis from logs obtained in deviated wells.     

沈阳金融中心超高层写字楼项目不同阻尼比长周期地震动参数的确定

介绍了沈阳金融中心超高层写字楼项目如何确定不同阻尼比的长周期设计地震动反应谱,从而避免在周期10s前出现反超现象。反应谱参数确定的原则是新设计反应谱外包或略高于原规范形式的设计反应谱。以“GB50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》”为基础,从两方面入手调整不同阻尼比的反应谱参数。一是修改反应谱下降段的形状,去掉直角坐标系下的直线下降段,将曲线下降段延长到原直线下降部分;二是修改下降段衰减指数。这样确定的反应谱在长周期部分不会过于保守,且调整参数的难度和工作量都大大降低。对于高于阻尼比5%和低于阻尼比5%的反应谱,在参数确定上也有不同考虑。     

地下水位变化引起的地面形变

本文探讨了抽用地下水对地面形变所造成的影响。文中应用了几个抽水试验实例, 说明了它们在时间上、空间上的相互变化关系。抽水所造成的地下水漏斗区范围内, 不仅能产生垂直形变, 而且在其影响的不同部位, 还形在压缩和拉伸的水平形变。对抽水引起的地面形变与其他因素所造成的地面形变的区别, 进行了视步的讨论。     

USE OF THE SEISMIC DYNAMIC DECONVOLUTION ALGORITHM IN DIRECT RESISTIVITY INTERPRETATION*

Seismic dynamic deconvolution is the mathematical basis on which a degree of unification in different prospecting methods is possible, relative to the parameter identification in horizontally stratified media. There is a basic structure which has some immediate applications to the inversion of resistivity data and possibly to other problems. For resistivity soundings there exists a key equation which is parallel to the energy conservation law in the theory of synthetic seismograms.